Bilateral corneoconjunctival dermoids and nasal choristomas in a calf

A 5-day-old Angus x Hereford calf presented for bilateral haired masses on the eyes and nasolabial planum since birth. The masses were surgically excised from the inferonasal cornea and bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes and the left and right side of the dorsomedial nasolabial planum. Histopathology of the excised tissue confirmed bilateral corneoconjunctival dermoids with ectopic lacrimal glands, and bilateral nasal choristomas and ectopic nasal glandular tissue. Surgery was curative and healing was uneventful. Bilateral ocular dermoids in combination with nasal choristomas and ectopic glandular tissue have not been documented previously in cattle.     

Effect of temperature, relative humidity and medium on the aerosol stability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

Aerosols of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were generated with a Devilbiss 40 nebulizer from Eagle's minimum essential medium, nasal secretion from a noninfected calf and nasal secretion from a calf artificially infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and aged in a rotating drum at temperatures of 6 degrees C or 32 degrees C and relative humidities of 30% or 90%. The aerosols were sampled at seven minutes after start of spraying, one hour, two hours and three hours with an all glass impinger (AGI-30) and titrated for infectivity in cell cultures. Physical decay was determined by a rhodamine B tracer technique. During spraying (seven minutes from start of spraying), the virus was usually more stable in aerosols of nasal secretion from a noninfected calf and at 90% relative humidity. In nasal secretion from a noninfected calf the virus survived best at 90% relative humidity when the temperature was 6 degrees C and best at 30% relative humidity when the temperature was 32 degrees C. During aging, biological decay was greater at the higher temperature, and at 6 degrees C, the highest decay rates occurred at 30% relative humidity in Eagle's minimum essential medium and at 90% relative humidity in nasal secretion from a noninfected calf. The stability of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infected nasal secretion was not widely different from that in noninfected nasal secretion, although under certain conditions greater survival occurred in the noninfected secretion.     

A parapoxvirus isolated from nasal secretion of a calf with respiratory disease

A virus was isolated in cultures of calf kidney and calf testicle cells from the nasal secretion of a 4-week-old calf with acute respiratory disease. This virus, designated I-74, was identified by electron microscopy as a parapoxvirus.     

A nasal dermoid sinus in an English bull terrier

A five-year-old, entire female English bull terrier was presented with a six-week history of intermittent facial swelling and nasal pain, following an incident of nasal trauma. A small opening was present at the mucocutaneous junction on the dorsal nasal planum. Examination under general anaesthesia allowed catheterisation of this opening and confirmed the presence of a tract passing caudally. Plain radiographic examination of the region was unremarkable. Positive contrast sinography demonstrated contrast material filling a midline tract that passed caudally and subcutaneously towards the nasal bone. This tract was surgically excised. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue, together with the clinical findings, led to the diagnosis of nasal dermoid sinus.     

Identification of bovine carriers of Moraxella bovis by comparative cultural examinations of ocular and nasal secretions

The carrier state of Moraxella bovis was investigated, using bacteriologic examinations of ocular and nasal secretions from cattle under experimental and natural conditions of exposure and management. Moraxella bovis was isolated throughout the year from the ocular and nasal secretions of cattle naturally affected with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. There was also 1 case of nasal transmission of M bovis without isolation of M bovis from ocular secretions and 1 case of M bovis isolation from the vagina of a calf contracted by contact with a calf affected with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The frequency of isolations and duration of infections, as determined by examination of ocular and nasal secretions, indicated that these secretions were comparable in the identification of M bovis carriers. The increased cultural isolations of M bovis from nasal secretions after shipment relative to the number of isolations before shipment indicated that shipment may serve as a stress factor causing an increase in the number of carriers.     

Intranasal epidermoid cyst causing upper airway obstruction in three brachycephalic dogs

This case report describes three brachycephalic dogs with intranasal epidermoid cysts that were causing additional upper airway obstruction. Although epidermoid cysts have been described in several locations in dogs, to the authors’ knowledge intranasal epidermoid cysts have not been previously reported. All dogs had mucopurulent to haemorrhagic nasal discharge. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed the presence of unilateral or bilateral intranasal cystic lesions obstructing the nasal cavities partially or completely, with atrophy of the ipsilateral nasal turbinates. The cystic lesions were surgically excised in all dogs using a modified lateral alveolar mucosal approach to the affected nasal cavity. Aerobic, anaerobic and fungal culture of the cystic contents were negative and histology of the excised tissue was consistent with a benign intranasal epidermoid cyst in each dog. Upper airway obstruction was clinically improved in two dogs.     

Transmission of tuberculosis from experimentally infected cattle to in-contact calves

Five of a group of six calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. Two more uninoculated calves were introduced to the group 84 days later. All the inoculated calves were subsequently shown to be excreting M bovis in nasal mucus. The uninoculated calf in the initial group of six became infected and subsequently excreted M bovis. The two uninoculated calves which were introduced later did not become infected. It was concluded that contact with nasal mucus from the infected cattle resulted in infection of the uninoculated calf and that the density of accommodation of animals excreting M bovis was an important factor in transmission of the disease.     

Establishment of an attenuated strain of bovine respiratory syncytial virus for live virus vaccine

To develop a live virus vaccine for the prevention of bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus infection in calves, an attempt was made to produce an attenuated virus. The RS-52 strain of BRS virus, isolated from the nasal secretions of a naturally infected calf, was subjected to serial passages in adult hamster lung established (HAL) cells at 30 degrees C and the attenuated rs-52 strain as a live virus vaccine was established. The rs-52 strain multiplied better at 30 degrees C than at 34 or 37 degrees C in HAL cells. The differences in the highest virus titers of this strain between the culture temperature of 30 degrees C and that of 34 or 37 degrees C were more than 2.25 log TCID50. Colostrum-deprived newborn calves and 2 approximately 4 months old calves inoculated with the rs-52 strain manifested no abnormal clinical sings at all. However, all inoculated calves produced serum neutralization antibody. When the colostrum-deprived newborn calves immunized with the rs-52 strain were challenged with the virulent NMK7 strain of BRS virus, they exhibited no pyrexia or other abnormal clinical signs at all. An attempt was made to recover the virus from nasal secretions of these calves, but in vain. On the other hand, a nonimmunized control colostrum-deprived newborn calf developed slight fever, mild cough, and slight serous nasal discharge after challenge exposure. The virus was recovered from nasal secretions of this calf. From these results, it was considered that the rs-52 strain could be used as an attenuated live virus vaccine for prevention of BRS virus infection.     

Immunologic responses of calves to aerosolized antigen: humoral response to ovalbumin

The humoral response of cattle to ovalbumin (OA), a nonenvironmental well-defined antigen, was studied. During 9 weeks of aerosolization, weekly serum and nasal secretion concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, IgM, IgA, and IgE were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for OA specific antibody. Data from 3 calves given aerosol OA were compared and contrasted with data from 3 calves given aerosol saline solution and 1 calf given parenteral OA. The presence of cytotropic (skin sensitizing) antibody was evaluated during weeks 6 and 9 by direct skin testing with OA. A humoral response was induced in all 3 calves given aerosol OA. Serum IgG1 and IgG2 titers reached a maximum of 64,000 and 2,000, respectively, in calves given aerosol OA compared with 521,000 and 16,000, respectively, in the calf given parenteral OA. The ELISA did not detect an OA-specific IgM response. In contrast, all 3 calves given aerosol OA had serum IgA concentrations that increased to a peak by week 9. The mean IgA absorbance value for the 3 calves given aerosol OA was slightly greater than 5 times that of the calf given parenteral OA. Similarly, nasal secretions from calves given aerosolized OA had absorbance values that were 15-fold greater than that from the calf given parenteral OA. Calves given aerosol OA had antigen-specific IgE responses during weeks 6 to 8. The ELISA results were compared with results of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. The presence of skin-sensitizing antibody was indicated by positive skin tests in the calves given aerosol OA and the calf given parenteral OA by week 9.     

Open Nasal Cavity and Frontal Sinus Treatment of Chronic Canine Aspergillosis

Five dogs with nasal aspergillosis were treated by surgical exposure and delayed closure of the nasal cavity and involved frontal sinus. Diseased tissue was excised, and 10% povidone-iodine solution was applied three times daily with cotton-tipped applicators. Skin wounds were closed at weeks 6 through 8. In one dog, the frontal sinus was partially obliterated with a temporalis muscle flap before skin closure. At months 6 through 34, all dogs were clinically free of aspergillosis. Open treatment has potential clinical application as a primary approach to nasal aspergillosis or for cases that are unresponsive to previous medical management.     

Isolation of a rhinovirus of bovine origin in the Sudan

A virus isolated from the nasal secretions of a calf with acute respiratory disease was found to possess the general properties of rhinoviruses. Serologically it was related to the M-17 strain, a type 1 bovine rhinovirus, but distinct from the EC11 strain representing type 2. Seroconversion in neutralising antibody to the isolate was demonstrated in paired serum samples derived from the calf. This is the first report of bovine rhinovirus isolation in the Sudan and Africa. Whether bovine rhinoviruses play any significant role in bovine respiratory disease in the Sudan is not known and has yet to be determined.     

Isolation of bovine coronavirus from feces and nasal swabs of calves with diarrhea.

Fecal and nasal samples were collected from 180 calves with diarrhea and 36 clinically normal co-habitants, and tested for virus using HRT-18 cell cultures derived from human rectal adenocarcinoma. A cytopathic virus was isolated from 5 fecal and 56 nasal samples obtained from diarrheic calves. All calves in which the virus was isolated from diarrheic feces were positive for virus isolation from nasal swabs. The virus was also isolated from the nasal swabs of 10 clinically normal calves that were co-habitants with diarrheic calves. Because they were morphologically similar to coronavirus, agglutinated mouse erythrocytes and serologically identical with the Nebraska calf diarrhea coronavirus, new isolates were identified as bovine coronavirus. The demonstration of viral antigens in nasal epithelial cells by a direct immunofluorescence was in close agreement with the virus isolation in HRT-18 cell cultures. This is the first report on the isolation of bovine coronavirus from newborn calves with diarrhea in Japan. The evidence that the virus was frequently isolated from nasal swabs is of great interest for understanding the pathogenesis of bovine coronavirus infection.     

Experimental reproduction of winter dysentery in lactating cows using BCV -- comparison with BCV infection in milk-fed calves

Infection models were developed for adult cows and for young calves using the same strain of bovine coronavirus (BCV), which for the first time allows experimental reproduction of winter dysentery (WD) in seronegative lactating cows. The cattle were infected through direct contact with an experimentally inoculated calf. All experimental cattle shed faecal BCV with development of diarrhoea, being profusely watery with small amounts of blood in the most severely affected animals, including both cows and calves. The cows, in contrast to the calves, showed depressed general condition and appetite leading to a marked decrease in milk yield. Further age-associated differences were a shorter incubation period in the two youngest calves, but with milder fever and milder decrease in white blood cell counts. These findings shed light on the apparent epidemiological differences between WD and calf BCV diarrhoea suggesting that, (1) the same strains of BCV cause natural outbreaks of calf diarrhoea and WD, (2) seronegative cows are more severely affected by the infection than seronegative conventionally reared calves, and (3) unaffected general condition in diarrhoeic calves may lead to underestimation of the occurrence of calf diarrhoea in WD outbreaks.In response to infection, all cattle produced early interferon type 1 in serum and, except for one calf, in nasal secretions. A finding not previously reported is the detection of interferon type 1 responses in bovine milk. All cattle developed high IgM antibody responses and long-lasting IgA antibody responses both systemically and locally. The serum IgM antibody responses came earlier in most of the calves than in the cows. Prolonged IgM antibody responses were detected in serum and milk, while those in nasal secretions were much shorter. BCV-specific IgA was present in nasal secretions from all cattle throughout the 6 months follow-up. The IgA antibody response in serum was detected up to 17 months post-infection and the duration showed an age-related variation indicating a more prominent IgA memory in the adult cattle and in the older calves than in the younger ones. BCV-specific IgG was detected in all cattle during the experimental period of up to 22 months. In conclusion, WD was reproduced in seronegative lactating cows. The cows showed a more severe general diseases than seronegative calves infected concurrently. Very long-lasting IgA antibody responses were detected both systemically and locally.     

A paravaccinia virus isolated from cattle.

Isolation of viruses from calves with acute respiratory tract disease were attempted on bovine embryonic lung cell cultures. An isolate obtained from one calf with oral lesions and respiratory disease, designated 44-M-E482, was characterized as a paravaccinia virus on the basis of biological and physical properties. The calf from which the paravaccinia virus 44-M-E482 was isolated did not possess serum neutralizing antibody in its convalescent sera; neither did experimentally inoculated calves possess serum neutralizing antibody to the isolate. However, a low titer of serum neutralizing antibody was produced in one calf after several intravenous injections of the virus. Inoculation of calves with 44-M-E482 into the oral mucosa, skin, nasal cavity and pharynx did not cause any noticeable illness or lesions. The relation of 44-M-E482 to the viruses which cause bovine papular stomatitis and pseudocowpox is discussed.     

The pathogenesis of turbinate atrophy in pigs caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica

The pathogenicity of 3 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica designated B58, PV6 and B65 was compared by intranasal infection of gnotobiotic piglets. Strain B58 was a phase 1 isolate that produced haemolysin, an adhesin for calf erythrocytes, adenylate cyclase, mouse lethal factor, dermonecrotic factor and cytotoxin. B65 was a variant of B58 that produced no detectable haemolysin, adhesin or adenylate cyclase and 10-fold smaller amounts than B58 of mouse lethal factor, dermonecrotic factor and cytotoxin. Strain PV6 was a phase 1 isolate that produced only haemolysin, adhesin and adenylate cyclase. After nasal infection of gnotobiotic pigs, 10(3.2)-10(6.2) colony forming units ml-1 (cfu ml-1) of strains B58 and PV6 were cultured from nasal washings during the next 25 days. In contrast, only 10(1.0)-10(2.8) cfu ml-1 of strain B65 were recovered during the same period. Only pigs infected with strain B58 had turbinate atrophy when they were slaughtered 25 days after infection and neutralising antibody to cytotoxin was detected only in these pigs. These results suggested that the cytotoxin, which may be the same as the mouse lethal and dermonecrotic factors, was the cause of turbinate atrophy. They also support the view that the adhesin for calf erythrocytes is required for colonisation of the nasal cavity in vivo.     

Subconjunctival cyst associated with Thelazia gulosa in a calf.

A large subconjunctival cyst of 4 weeks' duration was surgically excised from the left eye of a 7-month-old Simmental calf. Two white, partially mineralized, approximately 1-cm-long, fertile female nematodes subsequently identified as Thelazia gulosa were found embedded in the cyst wall. Thelazia spp are generally regarded as nonpathogenic or mildly pathogenic in cattle in North America, despite reported infection rates ranging from 12.2 to 34.2%. Additionally, parasitic subconjunctival nodules associated with Thelazia spp rarely have been reported in the past, and cyst formation has not been described. It was postulated that in this calf, immature or adult worms may have penetrated normal tissue barriers, or entered via an earlier conjunctival wound, and created an inflammatory response with subsequent cyst formation.     

Conjunctival-corneal intraepithelial neoplasm in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

An adult female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) presented with an enlarging nasal limbal mass of the left eye. The mass was excised and the surgical bed treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Histopathologic examination of the excised tissue showed the mass to be a superficial dysplastic ocular lesion, or conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm. A 5-yr follow-up period has passed without complications or recurrence, suggesting that as is the case in humans (Homo sapiens), excision and cryotherapy is an effective treatment for these lesions in elephants. This is the first report of any ocular neoplasia in an elephant.     

Intralesional administration of formalin for treatment of epidermal inclusion cysts in five horses

Five horses with unilateral epidermal inclusion cysts located in the nasal diverticula were sedated and treated with intralesional injection of neutral-buffered 10% formalin (volume range, 2 to 4.5 mL). After aspiration of the cyst, formalin was injected intralesionally until leakage of fluid around the needle was observed. After several weeks, desiccation of the cyst was evident; it was excised 2 weeks after treatment in 3 horses, digitally removed by the owner of 1 horse, and never removed in 1 horse, because the owner declined further treatment after resolution of the original swelling of the nasal diverticulum. Swelling of the cyst after treatment was observed in all horses; nasal discharge (2 horses) and a mild episode of epistaxis (1 horse) were the only other complications of the treatment. Intralesional administration of formalin appears to be a simple and effective treatment for epidermal inclusion cysts in the nasal diverticula of horses.     

Comparisons between two isolates of stomatitis papulosa virus

The cytopathology and length of latency in single-step growth curves of two isolates of stomatitis papulosa virus are compared in this report. Isolate 721 was obtained from a calf with oral ulcers and isolate 8665 was obtained from a calf with respiratory disease and oral ulcers. In single-step growth curves, the latency period of isolate 721 was 8 h while that of isolate 8665 was 6 h. The cytopathic effect produced by isolate 721 in bovine lung cells was characterized by enlargement of the cell, cell-to-cell adherence and large intracytoplasmic accumulations of viral inclusion material. Isolate 8665 caused rapid cell degeneration and detachment, with small accumulation of viral inclusion material. Neither of the two strains grew in bovine alveolar macrophage cultures or in the respiratory epithelium of fetal bovine tracheal explants. Intragingival inoculation of these isolates in cattle resulted in oral lesions without clinical signs of respiratory of systemic involvement. Virus was recovered from the oral lesions and from nasal secretions for as long as 10 days. Inoculation of dexamethasone-treated cattle resulted in a similar clinical condition although virus was recovered for 20 days from oral lesions and nasal secretions. Seroconversions from negative to 1 : 2560 were detected in inoculated cattle by indirect immunofluorescence.     

Aerosol stability of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus.

Aerosols of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus were generated with a Devilbiss 40 nebulizer from Eagle's minimum essential medium and nasal secretion from a non-infected calf and stored in a rotating drum at temperatures of 6 degrees C or 32 degrees C and relative humidities of 30% or 90%. The aerosols were sampled at seven minutes, one, two and three hours after the start of generation with an all glass impinger (AGI-30) and titrated for infectivity in cell cultures. Physical decay was determined by a rhodamine tracer technique. Media, temperature or relative humidity had little effect on the survival of parainfluenza type 3 virus during spraying (zero to seven minutes). During aging of aerosols at 32 degrees C and 30% relative humidity, parainfluenza type 3 virus was less stable in Eagle's minimum essential medium than in nasal secretion from a noninfected calf, but at 6 degrees C and 30% relative humidity, the virus was more stable in Eagle's minimum essential medium. At 32 degrees C, the virus was less stable during aging at 90% relative humidity than at 30% relative humidity. The virus was consistently more stable during aging of aerosols at 6 degrees C than at 32 degrees C.