非人灵长类性打搅行为研究进展

性打搅行为是指非人灵长类社群内非交配个体对正在发生性行为个体的干扰行为,该行为在非人灵长类中普遍存在,通过综述目前已知的36种非灵长类的性打搅行为的报道,探讨性打搅行为的功能和意义。性打搅行为具有更高度的种间和种内差异,种间的性打搅的方式不同、同时受到社会结构和婚配制度的影响;在种内受到性别、年龄、等级等因素的影响。结合川金丝猴性打搅的研究结果,从性打搅的类型、被打搅的反应、性打搅的功能以及相关假说等方面入手,对非人灵长类性打搅行为进行系统总结,旨在为我国相关领域的研究提供参考,为生殖行为学研究者启发思路,推动本领域的发展。     

Enhancement of sexual motivation in male rats by yohimbine

Yohimbine hydrochloride, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, increased sexual motivation in male rats as evidenced by increased mounting performance in mating tests conducted after genital anesthetization, increased percentage of male rats ejaculating in their first heterosexual encounter, and induction of copulatory behavior in sexually inactive male rats. These observations lead to the suggestion that alpha-adrenoceptors are important modulators of sexual arousal in intact male rats. These results indicate that pharmacological treatment of sexual (libido) dysfunction may be useful.     

DNAs of the two mating-type alleles of Neurospora crassa are highly dissimilar

The mating-type alleles A and a of Neurospora crassa control mating in the sexual cycle and function in establishing heterokaryon incompatibility in the vegetative cycle. The A and a alleles were cloned, and they were shown to encode both the sexual functions and vegetative incompatibility. The mating-type clones contain nonhomologous DNA segments that are flanked by common DNA sequences. Neurospora crassa and all heterothallic and pseudohomothallic Neurospora species contain a single copy of one mating-type sequence or the other within each haploid genome. The six known self-fertile homothallic isolates contain an A homolog, but only one species also contains a homologous sequences. Homothallism in these species is not due to mating-type switching, as it is in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Strychnine: its action on spinal motoneurons of cats

In cats strychnine does not alter measurably the potential, threshold, after potentials, or refractoriness of the membrane of the spinal motoneurons. Increased reflexes probably result from increase of excitatory impingement upon motoneurons. Spikes recorded during a rapid succession of nerve impulses produced by strychnine ("strychnine burst") suggest that soma membrane resistance is appreciable during stimulation.     

掘氏疫霉有性生殖后代交配型和致病力遗传研究

规定了掘氏疫霉有性后代单卵孢株的交配型及其遗传稳定性和致病力分化．结果表明，Ａ２和Ａ１Ａ２；型在遗传上不稳定，在单卵孢株保藏过程中可以发生变异，部分Ａ２菌株改变为Ａ１Ａ２型，而Ａ１Ａ２菌株改变为Ａ２交配型，但有部分Ａ１Ａ２菌株可以稳定保持其自孕能力．掘氏疫霉有性生殖后代发生明显的致病力分化现象，来自同一亲本的单卵孢后代对黄瓜、瓠子、笋瓜的致病力有明显差异，说明有性生殖对掘氏疫霉致病力变异可能起主要作用．     

Botulinus toxin: effect on the central nervous system of man

Electrical stimulation of multiple peripheral nerves, elicited "H" reflexes in a patient, 61 years old, with botulism. These reflexes are extremely suggestive of some central release or failure of inhibitory control of a monosynaptic or polysynaptic spinal reflex arc. This "central" action of botulinus toxin is similar to that suggested for tetanus toxin.     

Behavioral development after forelimb deafferentation on day of birth in monkeys with and without blinding

Four infant monkeys underwent somatosensory deafferentation of both forelimbs within hours after birth. Ambulation, climbing, and reaching toward objects developed spontaneously in each case. Thumb-forefinger prehension could be trained by operant shaping methods. Two infants deafferented at birth and blinded by eyelid closure were retarded in motor development by only 1 to 2 weeks. Results indicate that topographic sensory feedback and autogenetic spinal reflexes are not necessary after birth for the development of most types of movement performed by the forelimb musculature in monkeys.     

玉米大斑病菌有性杂交后代的交配型与寄生适合度分化

【目的】了解玉米大斑病菌有性杂交后代交配型和致病性分化情况,明确有性杂交与菌株变异间的关系。【方法】以01-12和01-15为出发菌株,人工诱导玉米大斑病菌的有性后代,获得F1代菌株,再以F1代菌株40和42为亲本,获得有性杂交F2代菌株;对有性后代进行交配型和寄生适合度测定;采用毛细管电泳技术分析不同致病类型菌株的毒素含量。【结果】在室内条件下连续诱导产生玉米大斑病菌的2个有性世代,获得了79个F1代菌株和32个F2代菌株;后代菌株的交配型发生了明显分化,出现了A、a、Aa和中性菌株,其中F1代A、a分离比例明显偏离1﹕1;寄生适合度测定结果表明,F1代和F2代菌株较亲本均发生了寄生适合度分化,其中F1代中较亲本寄生适合度增强的菌株占30.00%,减弱的菌株占50.00%;F2代中较亲本寄生适合度增强的菌株占21.87%,减弱的菌株占31.25%;毛细管电泳结果表明,强致病力菌株的毒性组分含量明显高于弱致病力菌株。【结论】有性杂交是导致菌株交配型及致病性发生分化变异的主要因素之一,菌株的致病力强弱与其毒素含量呈一致关系。     

鸡性分化前抑制雌激素合成对性行为和视前内侧核的影响

 在受精蛋孵化第3天从气室注入100 μl生理盐水或芳香化酶抑制剂(AI),出雏后常规饲养到8月龄性成熟,观察其性行为,检测血清性激素水平,观察下丘脑视前内侧核(POM)形态结构变化。结果发现,AI处理母鸡获得雄性交配行为,血中雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T)含量发生变化,雄性交配频率与血清T/E2 比呈正相关。1日龄雌雄雏鸡POM细胞大小和形态无明显差异,AI处理后细胞均变大;性反转母鸡POM细胞形态较正常母鸡无明显变化,但细胞密度降低,细胞变小。结果表明,在胚胎期抑制芳香化酶活性可以引起血清性激素水平、性行为雄     

Induction of mating behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor

Ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen, in dosages too low to provoke mating, displayed this behavior when given subcutaneous injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) 48 hours later. Two hours after the injection of LRF, components of female sexual behavior appeared. The lordosis reflex followed mounting by the male, and darting and hopping behavior was quite prevalent. On the other hand, treatment with estrogen followed by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin-releasing factor did not induce copulatory behavior. The results suggest that LRF may play a role in induction of mating behavior.     

黑果枸杞色素对果蝇性活力及寿命影响的研究

对果蝇给予不同剂量的黑果枸杞色素,观察果蝇生存天数,纪录果蝇交配持续时间和交配对数,来研究黑果枸杞色素对果蝇性活力及寿命的影响。结果显示:含有黑果枸杞色素的培养基对果蝇性活力无有效作用,但能有效延长果蝇寿命,有剂量依赖关系,对雄性果蝇的延长寿命效果更明显。     

Developmental plasticity in sexual roles of butterfly species drives mutual sexual ornamentation

Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation.     

Mating behavior: facilitation in the female rat after cortical application of potassium chloride

Mating behavior in ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen can be greatly enhanced by subcutaneous injections of progesterone. Application of potassium chloride to the cortex of females previously treated with estrogen can also induce greatly increased sexual receptivity as indicated by the lordosis response. This facilitation of mating behavior by a treatment known to cause functional decortication suggests that mechanisms mediating female mating behavior are under tonic inhibition by an inhibitory system which involves the cerebral cortex.     

中国主要稻区稻瘟病菌交配型分布及其育性能力的差异

 用4 个稻瘟病菌的标准交配型菌株,对1998～2003 年中国13个省(区)、市,670个稻瘟病菌单孢分离菌株的可育性和交配型进行了测定。结果表明,中国稻瘟病菌广泛存在MAT1-1、MAT1-2两种交配型菌株。可育菌株占测试菌株的40.3%,MAT1-1和MAT1-2菌株分别为21.9%、18.4%。不同稻区稻瘟病菌有性世代的形成能力有很大差异。用PCR技术对中国稻瘟病菌交配型进行快速分子测定,发现MAT1-1和MAT1-2菌株分别占62.5%和37.5%,绝大多数稻区同时存在两种交配型菌株。结果提示,尽管     

沙柳木蠹蛾性行为的生物学特性

沙柳木蠹蛾(Holcocerus arenicola staudinger)是为害沙柳(Salix psammophila)根部的一种钻蛀性害虫。通过对沙柳木蠹蛾羽化行为、性比和寿命的调查,对各日龄雌蛾求偶和交尾发生时间的统计分析,明确了沙柳木蠹蛾性行为的动态节律。结果表明:沙柳木蠹蛾在19:00～21:00羽化最为集中;雌雄性比平均为0.66∶1;成虫平均寿命4.8±2.2d,其中雌蛾的寿命稍高于雄蛾。雌蛾在进入暗期1～2h内求偶行为明显,最大求偶百分率出现在羽化后的第二晚。1日龄成虫的交配高峰在暗周期的前2h,而2～4日龄成虫的交配高峰是在暗期的1h内;交配持续的平均时间为38.41±11.42min。随着蛾龄的增大,雌虫的求偶和交配行为发生的时间提前。沙柳木蠹蛾的性活动高峰出现在羽化后连续3个暗周期的前半段,可作为利用性信息素防治沙柳木蠹蛾最佳时段的参考依据。     

Infantile experience with suckling odors determines adult sexual behavior in male rats

Because infant rats learn about odors that elicit suckling, and because certain chemosensory cues that help elicit mating behavior in adults are similar to those that elicit suckling, an experiment was undertaken to assess the influence of suckling-associated odors experienced during infancy on adult sexual behavior. Rat pups lived with and suckled dams whose nipple and vaginal odors were altered with citral, a lemon scent. The rats were weaned and never exposed again, until testing, to citral or females. At about 100 days of age, the males were paired in mating tests with a normal sexually receptive female or with a sexually receptive female that had been treated perivaginally with citral immediately before testing. The males ejaculated readily when paired with citral-treated females but were slow to achieve ejaculation when paired with normal females. These findings implicate an infantile experience as a determinant of adult sexual behavior in a mammal.     

Unidirectional spread of secondary sexual plumage traits across an avian hybrid zone

Theory predicts that traits under positive selection can rapidly cross a hybrid zone in spite of a substantial barrier to neutral gene flow between hybridizing taxa. An avian hybrid zone between Manacus candei (white-collared manakin) and M. vitellinus (golden-collared manakin) is reported here that displays an unusual pattern of noncoincident clines. Male secondary sexual traits of M. vitellinus have spread into populations that are genetically and morphometrically like M. candei. These birds have a lek breeding system in which male mating success is highly skewed, suggesting that sexual selection is driving male sexual traits across the zone.     

普氏野马的繁殖规律

总结了圈养条件下普氏野马（Ｅｑｕｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）的繁殖规律。如野马的性成熟、配种年龄、发情季节、发情持续期、发情周期、妊娠期、发情征状及交配行为等；并提出了母马隔年产驹及配种旺季（５～６月份）控制公马每天交配次数的措施。     

Sexual selection in males and females

Research on sexual selection shows that the evolution of secondary sexual characters in males and the distribution of sex differences are more complex than was initially suggested but does not undermine our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved. However, the operation of sexual selection in females has still received relatively little attention. Recent studies show that both intrasexual competition between females and male choice of mating partners are common, leading to strong sexual selection in females and, in extreme cases, to reversals in the usual pattern of sex differences in behavior and morphology.