短蛸呼吸、循环、排泄和生殖系统δ受体的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸呼吸、循环、排泄和生殖系统中δ受体进行定位研究.试验结果表明,短蛸呼吸系统、循环系统、排泄系统、生殖系统中均有δ受体存在,充分说明δ受体在短蛸体内分布是比较广泛的.可以发现短蛸δ受体大多阳性较弱.δ受体可能参与短蛸呼吸、循环、泌尿、生殖、内分泌等功能的调节.而δ受体在短蛸不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各器官的功能不同有关.     

短蛸外套膜和足甲硫氨酸脑啡肽的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸外套膜和足中甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(met-Enk)进行定位研究。试验结果表明,短蛸外套膜、腕、腕间膜、漏斗中均有met-Enk存在,外套膜背面、腕和腕间膜上皮组织及其附近的部分细胞和神经纤维呈met-Enk强阳性或阳性;外套膜腹面和漏斗上皮组织及其附近的部分细胞和神经纤维呈met-Enk阳性或弱阳性。met-Enk在短蛸外套膜和足不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各部位的功能不同有关。     

短蛸消化系统和部分器官中μ受体的免疫组织化学定位

采用免疫组织化学SABC法对短蛸（Octopus ocellatus）消化系统和部分器官中μ受体（mu opioid receptor）进行定位研究。结果表明,短蛸腕、漏斗、外套膜腹面、口球、嗉囊、胃盲囊、肠、直肠、前唾液腺、后唾液腺、肝胰脏均呈μ受体阴性,但食道内上皮、外膜、结缔组织和胃角质层有μ受体分布,外套膜背面、腕间膜的上皮或近上皮部位呈μ受体阳性。μ受体在短蛸不同部位分布密度的不同,可能与各器官的功能不同有关。     

北方地区短蛸室内越冬养殖技术

正短蛸属软体动物,头足纲,八腕目,蛸科,蛸属,俗称饭蛸、坐蛸、短腿蛸、风蛸(山东名)、短爪蛸、四眼鸟(广东名)。短蛸广泛分布于西太平洋沿岸,在我国主要分布在渤海、黄海和东海北部,是我国北部沿海蛸类中重要的海产经济物种之一。目前,短蛸育苗所需要的亲蛸主要依赖春季海捕的野生群体,其采捕和运输过程都会对亲蛸造成伤害,难以保证亲蛸的质量,且野生短蛸需要在室内养殖池进行长时间驯化,死亡率较高,造成繁殖     

短蛸人工育苗试验

<正>短蛸(octopus ocellatus)俗名八带鱼,属软体动物门(Mollusca)、头足纲(Cepha-lopoda)、蛸属(Octopus),广泛分布于渤海、黄海和东海北部。短蛸是经济价值很高的软体动物,其肉质鲜美,深受广大消费者喜爱。目前短蛸生产全部依靠人工采捕天然资源,不仅产量波动大,而且对短蛸资源     

短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)幼体摄食行为和不同饵料对其生长、存活的影响

为了研究短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)不同生长阶段的饵料需求,本研究采用刚孵化的短蛸幼体作为实验材料,首先观察不同环境条件下短蛸幼体的摄食行为,然后通过投喂不同的饵料,对短蛸幼体的生长过程进行研究。结果显示,卤虫无节幼体密度从0.1个/ml上升至1个/ml的过程中,密度在0.1个/ml时短蛸初孵幼体摄食量高;1–2 d龄幼体和2–3 d龄幼体有较为强烈的摄食行为,因此,需要从孵化第2天开始重视短蛸幼体的饵料情况。晚上是初孵幼体的摄食活跃阶段,在室内光和黑暗条件下均表现出高摄食量。投喂混合饵料时,短蛸幼体有较高的存活率和增长率;初孵幼体(0.03 g)培育过程中,卤虫无节幼体是关键饵料;当幼体开始附底(0.1 g)时,应及时进行饵料转换,虾苗和贝肉是附底幼体的重要饵料。该研究结果对短蛸规模化苗种繁育具有重要实用价值。     

耗氧率及溶氧胁迫对长蛸体内酶活力的影响

采用Winkler法测定水中溶氧含量,通过比较对照呼吸室与试验呼吸室水中溶解氧含量之差,测定长蛸(Octopus variabilis Sasaki)耗氧率及窒息点,并在不同程度的溶氧胁迫下测定长蛸体内多种酶的活力变化.结果表明,长蛸耗氧率在一个昼夜内呈现"低-高-低-高"的趋势;耗氧率与水温(10～30 ℃)呈正相关,与pH值(6.40～9.20)呈负相关;随着盐度的升高(14～31),长蛸耗氧率表现为两头高、中间平稳, 曲线呈凹状分布;雌性长蛸耗氧率高于雄性.窒息点随长蛸体重的增加而降低,平均体重为(30.50±6.03)g 的长蛸窒息点为0 4179mg/L;平均体重为 (54.50±4.65) g 的长蛸窒息点为0.3902 mg/L;平均体重为(97 00±11 36) g的长蛸窒息点为0.2738mg/L.随着溶氧胁迫程度的增加,LDH活力呈先升后降趋势,脂肪酶活力下降,SOD、POD、CAT、ACP、AKP和蛋白酶活力均呈"降-升-降"的趋势.     

短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)幼体摄食行为和不同饵料对其生长、存活的影响

为了研究短蛸(Amphioctopus fangsiao)不同生长阶段的饵料需求,本研究采用刚孵化的短蛸幼体作为实验材料,首先观察不同环境条件下短蛸幼体的摄食行为,然后通过投喂不同的饵料,对短蛸幼体的生长过程进行研究。结果显示,卤虫无节幼体密度从0.1个/ml上升至1个/ml的过程中,密度在0.1个/ml时短蛸初孵幼体摄食量高;1–2 d龄幼体和2–3 d龄幼体有较为强烈的摄食行为,因此,需要从孵化第2天开始重视短蛸幼体的饵料情况。晚上是初孵幼体的摄食活跃阶段,在室内光和黑暗条件下均表现出高摄食量。投喂混合饵料时,短蛸幼体有较高的存活率和增长率;初孵幼体(0.03 g)培育过程中,卤虫无节幼体是关键饵料;当幼体开始附底(0.1 g)时,应及时进行饵料转换,虾苗和贝肉是附底幼体的重要饵料。该研究结果对短蛸规模化苗种繁育具有重要实用价值。     

北方室内暂养短蛸技术

短蛸(Octopus ochellatus)俗称"饭蛸""坐蛸""短爪(脚)蛸",与长蛸、真蛸统称"八带鱼"或"八爪鱼".短蛸肉质鲜美,亦可药用,富含精氨酸,经济价值较高,深受广大消费者的欢迎.其通常一年生,生命周期短,生长迅速,是优良的海产品种.     

海州湾日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间结构的季节变化

日本枪乌贼和短蛸是头足类中重要的经济种类,一般为一年生,其空间分布受季节变化的影响较大。由于受调查时间的限制,鲜有在该方面的研究报道。本研究根据2011年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用全局空间自相关、热点分析以及变异函数等方法分析了日本枪乌贼和短蛸的空间结构的季节性变化。研究表明:(1)日本枪乌贼和短蛸全局空间自相关性不强,存在局部空间热点,变异函数分析结果与全局空间自相关结果基本一致。(2)日本枪乌贼和短蛸空间自相关的尺度存在季节变化,两个物种均表现为在春季的空间结构性较强,而在秋、冬季的空间结构性较弱,春季的空间自相关性程度高于秋、冬季。(3)在春季,二者均在35.0°~35.5°N、120.0°~121.0°E海域存在一个空间热点,在资源密度最高的季节时其空间分布呈现出随机性特征。物种的空间分布模式可能与环境的季节变化以及其洄游分布和摄食习性相关。本研究有利于深入了解日本枪乌贼和短蛸的生活史特性及其栖息地,可为该资源的合理利用和保护以及后续研究提供理论参考。     

狼鳗的外部形态、消化系统和生殖系统的观察

采用观察、测量、解剖和拍照的方法,对狼鳗(Anarrhichthys ocelhatus)的外部形态、可数可量性状及消化系统、生殖系统进行研究,并描述了狼鳗的相关特征.结果显示,狼鳗体型为鳗形,整体呈黑色或灰黑色,头部、背部及背鳍鳍条上有若干似眼睛的黑色圆斑,体表无鳞.背鳍鳍条数为232～267,胸鳍鳍条数为15～22...     

Larval rearing of calico scallops, Argopecten gibbus, in a flow-through system

A flow-through (FT) culture system is described for calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, larvae. Its performance was assessed by larval survival rate, shell growth, settlement rate and post-larval shell growth for the duration of larval life (13 days). Comparisons were made with larvae reared in standard static system (S). Effect of increased larval density on FT performance was also investigated. With comparable larval densities, survival rate of Day 2 larvae to pediveliger stage was similar in both larval rearing systems. Shell growth for FT-reared larvae was comparable or significantly higher than in the static system (P < 0.01). Settlement rate of pediveligers was comparable for both systems, averaging 30.7%, and no significant difference was seen in shell growth of FT- and static-reared pediveligers. Increased initial larval density did not affect survival rate in FT, but did negatively affect larval shell growth, settlement rate and post-larval shell growth yielding lower growth and minimal settlement rate (10.9 ± 2.8%) compared to the static system. This FT system was successful as larval rearing system, optimising space allocation in the hatchery, reducing labour, and eliminating the use of antibiotics. Optimising initial larval density within the system needs to be investigated in association with food ration.     

Development of the digestive system in dusky kob,Argyrosomus japonicus,larvae

In order to contribute to the development of larval rearing technologies of dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, we studied the morphology and histology of the larval digestive system from hatching to 30 days after hatch. At hatch, the digestive tract appeared as a simple tube. The mouth was closed (endogenous feeding) and it opened by 65 degree days (DD). Supranuclear vacuoles appeared by 88 DD, initiating exogenous feeding. By 145 DD, the oil globule had disappeared. The stomach, intestine, rectum and gastric glands were visible by 224 DD. Number and size of supranuclear vacuoles began to decrease with progressive vacuolisation of the enterocytes and intestinal folds became obvious. The rectum was well differentiated at 338 DD but lacked supranuclear vacuoles in the enterocytes, suggesting limited nutrient absorption. At this stage, lipid absorption shifted to the hindgut, which now contained many lipid vacuoles. Goblet cells were visible in the midgut as gastric glands appeared, and their number increased from 292 DD. At the start of the third developmental phase, the larvae had a fully functional digestive system.     

Low‐density culture of red abalone juveniles,Haliotis rufescens Swainson 1822, recirculating aquaculture system and flow‐through system

Commercial abalone culture is carried out using flow‐through systems with a high water volume exchange in Baja California, Mexico. The objective of this work was to compare the growth rate and survival of red abalone cultured in two systems. Flow through (daily water exchange rate of 800%) and recirculating systems consisted of a 250 L fibreglass tank and constant aeration, but biofiltration in the recirculating system was provided with a 28 L (1 ft³) bubble‐washed bead filter. Water variables were measured either daily (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity) or three times a week (total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate‐nitrogen, nitrite‐nitrogen and alkalinity). Shell length was measured every 2 weeks for 18 weeks. Only the alkalinity and pH were significantly different due to the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the recirculating system. Abalone growth rate was 26.1 ± 15.96 μm day^?1 in the recirculating systems and 22.21 ± 18.69 μm day^–1 in the flow‐through systems. The final survival was 78.74% in the recirculating systems and 71.82% in the flow‐through systems. Significant differences in the final size and survival of the abalones were found between systems (P<0.05). Therefore, recirculating aquaculture systems is a feasible alternative for juvenile red abalone culture.     

Seed clam,Mercenaria mercenaria,culture in an experimental-scale upflow nursery system

Upflow nursery culture of bivalve seed, while in widespread use in France and England, has experienced only limited application in commercial-scale nurseries in the United States. Reported studies on appropriate flow rates, stocking densities, and carrying capacities for upflow culture either have used water from fertilized ponds or have provided supplemental feeding with cultured algae. There have been no published results of upflow use in natural waters. This study was conducted to evaluate growth of seed clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, in an upflow nursery culture system in South Carolina relying on natural productivity as the only food source. Experimental-scale passive upflow cylinders were stocked with small seed clams (initial mean size ∼ 4.0 mm) at various densities (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, and 40.0 kg/m²) in trials initiated at different times of the year (∼ quarterly). Cultures received a continuous uniform water flow rate of 2.5 l/min from an adjacent estuary, at ambient phytoplankton concentration, temperature and salinity. Most rapid growth was obtained with seed stocked in April and October, when water temperatures were between 18 and 22°C. Monthly biomass increases as high as 267 g/100 g were achieved. Growth was positively correlated with flow rate in all seasons except winter. A flow:biomass ratio of 15:1 resulted in a doubling of biomass in 30 days, while a ratio of 30:1 resulted in a tripling over the same period. Under favorable environmental conditions, a biomass doubling could be achieved at stocking densities as high as 20 kg/m². Maximum production over a 3-month period was 495 g (309 g/100 g) of 7 mm seed, corresponding to 62 kg/m². Although water requirements were similar to those previously reported for raceway culture in South Carolina, results indicated much greater biomass carrying capacities per unit area with upflow culture systems.     

[06]红螯螯虾雄性生殖系统组织蛋白酶的初步研究

用福林酚法和复性电泳对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)雄性生殖系统的组织蛋白酶(Male Reproductive SystemCathepsin,MRSC)进行了定性和定量分析,以探讨其在雄性生殖系统发育、精荚形成和精子释放过程中的作用.福林酚法测定结果显示:仔虾精巢蛋白酶比活力分别在pH6和pH10时出现2个高峰,而成虾精巢只在pH10时出现1个活力较高的峰.成虾雄性生殖系统的各部分在pH10～12的条件下有较强的蛋白酶比活力,于碱性缓冲液中浸泡有助于其后输精管内含物的溶解.复性电泳分离到4个蛋白酶条带,按分子量从大到小依次为:MRSC-A、MRSC-B、MRSC-C和MRSC-D.MRSC-A和MRSC-D广泛分布于雄性生殖系统各部分,其中MRSC-A为酸性蛋白酶,而MRSC-D是碱性蛋白酶;MRSC-C为酸性蛋白酶,只分布于中输精管;MRSC-B活性受pH值影响不大,仅存在于后输精管.在红螯螯虾雄性生殖系统的不同发育阶段,其组织蛋白酶的组成和活性不同.作为精荚的重要组成成分,组织蛋白酶与精荚排出体外后的硬化有直接关系,并促进随后精荚基质的水解以及精子的释放.     

Seasonal stream habitat of adult Sakhalin taimen,Parahucho perryi,in the Bekanbeushi River system,eastern Hokkaido,Japan

Behavioural tracking of endangered adult Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi) by acoustic telemetry was conducted in the Bekanbeushi River system that flows through eastern Hokkaido in 2008–2010. A total of 39 tracked P. perryi showed extensive use of the river system, both upstream and downstream, regardless of the month or year. No tracked adult P. perryi stayed in the ocean for more than 1 day. Some of the fish (20%) dwelled in upstream habitat consistently from spring to autumn, while 40% of individuals showed wide utilisation of the entire upstream and downstream systems. Although 39.4% of tracked fish utilised two or more primary tributaries to the main river, 6.1% used only the main river system. Distinct variability was observed between individuals based on the proportion of time spent in each stream reach (up‐, mid‐, and downstream). A trend was observed in 2008 and 2010 showing that tracked fish moved to the upper stream reaches when water temperatures downstream increased. This trend was not observed in 2009 when the summer water temperature downstream was more than 2 °C below average when compared to 2008 and 2010. Our results suggest that adult P. perryi in the Bekanbeushi River system exhibit high behavioural plasticity, that is, the fish can select habitats based on their own individual requirements. Our results also demonstrate the importance of physical continuity among river reaches both upstream and downstream such that P. perryi does not experience barriers in moving to optimal habitats.     

Influence of temperature and salinity on the yellowleg shrimp, Penaeus californieinsis Holmes, prophenoloxidase system

The effects of salinity and temperature on plasma protein concentration and total haemocytic prophenoloxidase (proPO) were determined. Groups of 10 juvenile yellowleg shrimp, Penaeus californiensis Holmes, were acclimated for 20 days at different salinities (28%o, 32%o, 36%o, 40%o and 44%o at 25 °C) or temperatures (18, 22, 25, 28 and 32 °C at 36%o). While total protein levels were not affected, the quantities of proPO increased as salinity was elevated. Temperature affected both haemolymph parameters, showing a significant decrease in proPO at 32 °C, and an increase of protein at 28 and 32 °C. These results may help to explain the elevated disease susceptibility of shrimp at higher salinities and/or temperatures.