Effect of dietary niacin supplementation on serum constituents of periparturient dairy cattle

A total of 60 multiparous periparturient Holstein cows were used to determine the differences in serum constituents between cows given supplemental niacin in the diet and cows not given supplemental niacin. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration was consistently higher (P less than 0.10) and serum potassium, total calcium, and sodium concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activities were consistently lower in cows given supplemental niacin than in cows not given supplemental niacin. Serum chloride, creatinine, and albumin values also tended to be lower in niacin-supplemented cows. Serum total protein tended to be slightly higher in niacin-supplemented cows. There was no consistent difference in urea nitrogen between groups of cows.     

Effect of biotin supplementation on hoof health and ceramide composition in dairy cattle

The effect of biotin supplementation on various foot lesions and hoof ceramide composition of toe (wall) and sole portions of hooves was studied in crossbred dairy cattle. Biotin supplementation was done for five months in 14 cattle at a farm and the other 14 animals kept as control. A significant decline was observed in heel erosions and sole avulsions along with total disappearance of white line fissures and double soles in the biotin supplemented cattle resulting in decrease in the overall disease score. Thin layer chromatographs of the hoof lipids revealed 11 types of ceramides in sole lipids and 6 types of ceramides in toe (wall) lipids. The ceramides were typed and identified according to their Rf values. A qualitative increase in the density of thin layer chromatographs of sole lipids was observed in biotin supplemented cattle whereas a non-significant difference in density of thin layer chromatographs of toe lipids was observed after supplementation of biotin.     

Effects of selenium supplementation in cattle on aquatic ecosystems in northern California.

The potential impact on aquatic ecosystems of supplementing the diets of beef cattle with selenium (Se) was studied on 4 northern California ranches. All study sites included an area of concentrated use by cattle that had diets supplemented with Se. In each case, a stream flowed through the site and provided a control sampling area upstream and a treated sampling area downstream. Specimens of water, sediment, algae, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were analyzed fluorometrically for total Se content. Significant differences in Se concentration were not found between specimens from upstream control areas and those from downstream areas subjected to use by Se-treated cattle. Evidence was not found that Se supplementation in cattle at maximal permitted concentrations caused Se accumulation in associated aquatic ecosystems.     

The efficacy of selenium dioxide as a selenium supplement for dairy cattle

The efficacy of selenium dioxide (SeO2) was similar to sodium selenate (Na2SeO4 x 10H2O), in terms of increasing and maintaining blood Se concentrations, when administered orally twice daily to give 0.64 mg of Se/day to grazing dairy cows for 55 days.     

Phosphorus supplementation of lactating dairy cattle on a Northland farm

Forty-eight Friesian or Friesian-X factory supply dairy cows were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a supplement of sodiumtripolyphosphate (TPP, 25g P, 25g Na/cow/day), and group 2 a supplement of sodium chloride (25g Na/cow/day). Supplementation began at peak lactation, when the mean serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of all cows was 1.13 mmol/l. After four weeks, group 2 changed from NaCl to dicalcium phosphate supplementation (25g P/cow/day). Serum Pi and yields of milk, butterfat and protein were measured before, during and after supplementation. Pasture availability was assessed and P and Ca contents in pasture and the Pi content in milk were also determined. Supplementation raised serum Pi from 1.30 mmol/l (NaCI) to 1.42 mmol/l (TPP, P<0.05) but when dicalcium phosphate replaced NaCl the difference between groups disappeared (P>0.05). P supplementation had no effect on any milk parameter. Pre-grazing pasture mass above estimated grazing height averaged 2260 kg DM and contained >or=0.39 per cent P. It is concluded that a herd mean serum Pi concentration of around 1.2-1.3 mmol/l imposes no limitation to dairy production around the period of peak lactation of grazing dairy cattle.     

Phosphorus supplementation of lactating dairy cattle on a Northland farm

Abstract

Forty-eight Friesian or Friesian-X factory supply dairy cows were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a supplement of sodiumtripolyphosphate (TPP, 25g P, 25g Na/cow/day), and group 2 a supplement of sodium chloride (25g Na/cow/day). Supplementation began at peak lactation, when the mean serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of all cows was 1.13 mmol/l. After four weeks, group 2 changed from NaCl to dicalcium phosphate supplementation (25g P/cow/day). Serum Pi and yields of milk, butterfat and protein were measured before, during and after supplementation. Pasture availability was assessed and P and Ca contents in pasture and the Pi content in milk were also determined. Supplementation raised serum Pi from 1.30 mmol/l (NaCI) to 1.42 mmol/l (TPP, P<0.05) but when dicalcium phosphate replaced NaCl the difference between groups disappeared (P>0.05). P supplementation had no effect on any milk parameter. Pre-grazing pasture mass above estimated grazing height averaged 2260 kg DM and contained ?0.39 per cent P. It is concluded that a herd mean serum Pi concentration of around 1.2–1.3 mmol/l imposes no limitation to dairy production around the period of peak lactation of grazing dairy cattle.     

Seasonal variation of selenium status of Norwegian dairy cows and effects of selenium supplementation

Blood selenium levels were found to fluctuate throughout the year, being highest during the indoor season when the greatest amounts of compound concentrates were fed. From October to January the average blood selenium levels increased from 0.10 μg/ml to 0.18 μg/ml (15 cows). Subcutaneous injections of barium selenate (500 mg selenium) increased the blood selenium levels significantly. The treated group (15 cows) reached average levels of about 0.21 μg/ml blood during the indoor season.The effect of oral supplementation of sodium selenite (for 2 months) on the levels of plasma selenium, blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity was investigated. Plasma selenium was found to give an immediate reflection of the daily selenium intake. Maximum activity of glutathione peroxidase was reached 1 month after the end of the supplementation period.It is concluded that if selenium enriched concentrates are used in a normal feeding regimen, further supplementation with selenium does not seem to be necessary.     

Effect of inorganic selenium supplementation on selenium retention in postweaning swine

A total of 64 weanling pigs was used in a randomized complete-block experiment to evaluate the efficacy of various inorganic Se levels on weekly Se balance measurements over a 5-wk post-weaning period. Four-week-old weaned pigs were fed a 20% protein, corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, .3, .5 or 1.0 ppm Se from sodium selenite. Eight pigs were allotted by weight, litter and sex to each metabolism crate. A 2-d preliminary period followed by a 5-d collection period was conducted for five weekly periods. Feed intake was provided ad libitum but was similar between dietary Se levels. Fecal Se excretion increased each week and with increasing dietary Se level. Apparent digestibility of Se was relatively constant for each period when inorganic Se was fed, averaging approximately 70%, whereas it ranged between 30 to 40% for pigs fed the basal diet during wk 2 through 5. Urinary Se decreased during the postweaning periods for pigs fed the basal diet, but increased linearly as dietary Se increased during the initial 2-wk postweaning period and then quadratically during wk 3 through 5. There was a net loss of Se from the body when the Se-unsupplemented basal diet was fed during the initial 2 wk postweaning, whereupon, it became positive. Selenium retention in pigs supplemented with inorganic Se increased each week of the trial. When Se retention was expressed in relation to Se intake, the resulting regression was linear (R2 = .99), suggesting that Se retention in the postweaning pig increased in direct proportion to the amount consumed when diets contained up to 1.0 ppm Se.     

The effect of parenteral supplementation of vitamin E with selenium on the health and productivity of dairy cattle in the UK

Recent work has suggested that the recommended intakes of vitamin E for dairy cattle need to be increased, particularly in dry cows. However, these suggestions are based on data from cattle in the USA, which may have significantly different oxidative stresses than European cattle. This study, which involved 594 cattle on three dairy farms, was designed to determine the effect of increased vitamin E supplementation on the health and fertility of UK dairy cows. Cattle were randomly allocated to receive either two intramuscular injections of 2100 mg of vitamin E (and 7 g of sodium selenite) 2 weeks before calving and on the day of calving, or no additional vitamin E supplementation. Although supplementation had no effect on milk yield, reproductive efficiency, or incidence of uterine infections, supplemented cattle had a lower risk of culling and a lower rate of mastitis. These figures were economically significant but not statistically significant at the 10% level. Supplementation reduced the incidence of retained fetal membranes from 6.5% to 3%, an effect which was almost significant at the 5% level. If these data are representative they suggest that vitamin E recommendations for UK cattle should be reassessed.     

日粮中添加硒和维生素E对奶牛产奶性能及牛乳和血浆中硒和维生素E含量的影响

选择32头泌乳中期、胎次一致、泌乳量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,分别为对照组(饲喂基础日粮)、添加有机硒组、添加维生素E组和添加有机硒+维生素E组,试验期60 d。结果显示:(1)日粮中单独添加硒和维生素E及同时添加硒和维生素E对奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖和总固形物含量均无显著影响(P0.05);(2)日粮中添加硒显著提高了牛乳和血浆中硒的含量(P0.001);(3)日粮中添加维生素E显著提高了牛乳和血浆中维生素E的含量(P0.001);(4)同时添加硒和维生素E对于牛乳和血浆中硒和维生素E含量未出现增效作用。因此,在奶牛日粮中添加硒和维生素E是生产富硒奶和高维生素E奶的一种有效方法。     

Effect of selenium supplementation and source on the selenium status of horses

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Se supplementation and source on the Se status of horses. Eighteen 18-mo-old nonexercised horses were randomly assigned within sex to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control (CTRL, no supplemental Se, 0.15 mg of Se/kg of total diet DM); 2) inorganic Se (INORG, CTRL + 0.45 mg of Se/kg of total diet DM from NaSeO3); or organic Se [ORG, CTRL + 0.45 mg of Se/kg of total diet DM from zinc-L-selenomethionine (Availa Se, Zinpro, Corp., Eden Prairie, MN)]. Horses were acclimated to the CTRL diet (7.1 kg of DM alfalfa hay and 1.2 kg of DM concentrate per horse daily) for 28 d. After the acclimation period, the appropriate treatment was top-dressed on the individually fed concentrate for 56 d. Jugular venous blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 56. Middle gluteal muscle biopsies were collected on d 0 and 56. Muscle and plasma were analyzed for Se concentrations. Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in muscle (M GPx-1), plasma (P GPx-3), and red blood cells (RBC GPx-1). Data were analyzed as a repeated measures design. Mean plasma Se concentration on d 28 and 56 was greater (P < 0.05) for Se-supplemented horses compared with CTRL horses, and tended (P < 0.1) to be greater in ORG vs. INORG on d 28. Mean muscle Se concentration and P GPx-3 activities increased (P < 0.05) from d 0 to 56 but were not affected by treatment. Mean RBC GPx-1 activity tended to be greater (P < 0.1) in ORG than INORG or CTRL horses on d 28, and tended to be greater (P < 0.1) for INORG compared with ORG horses on d 56. Mean RBC GPx-1 activity of INORG and ORG horses was not different from that of CTRL on d 56. Mean M GPx-1 activity decreased (P < 0.01) from d 0 to 56. In conclusion, zinc-L-selenomethionine was more effective than NaSeO3 at increasing plasma Se concentration from d 0 to 28; however, both supplemental Se sources had a similar effect by d 56. No difference in Se status due to Se supplementation or source could be detected over a 56-d supplementation period by monitoring middle gluteal muscle Se, M GPx-1, or P GPx-3. Results for RBC GPx-1 also were inconclusive relative to the effect of Se supplementation and source.     

Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on some immune parameters following vaccination against brucellosis in cattle

Twenty-four 7-mo-old beef heifers (Charolais Simmental cross), weighing 213 kg, were used to determine the effect of vitamin E (VitE) and(or) selenium (Se) supplementation on the humoral response to a standard dose of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine and on the levels of naturally occurring immunoglobulins (Ig) to several antigens. The treatments were as follows: Group 1, no supplement; Group 2, supplementation with 6 g of elemental Se; Group 3, supplementation with 1,400 IU/d of VitE; and Group 4, Se and VitE supplements combined. There were no significant differences in anti-B. abortus IgG1, IgG2, or IgM antibody levels due to Se, VitE or Se/VitE treatments; the concentrations of IgA antibody were too low to be measured with the ELISA test used. Statistical analysis revealed that the levels of total and IgM natural antibody to Salmonella typhimurium were higher in Group 3. Perhaps VitE supplementation given in conjunction with B. abortus vaccine enhanced the production of antibody to S. typhimurium in several animals whose humoral system had been activated by previous exposure to this organism.     

Effects of marginal selenium deficiency and winter protein supplementation on growth, reproduction and selenium status of beef cattle

Seventy-two Hereford X Simmental cows, averaging 498 kg in body weight and 5.2 yr of age, were used in a 2-yr study to ascertain if selenium (Se)-vitamin E (E) injections and winter protein supplementation would affect growth, reproduction and health of beef cattle maintained year-round on feedstuffs marginally deficient in Se (.03 to .05 mg/kg). Cows received either no injection or a mixture of 30 mg Se (as sodium selenite) and 408 IU E injected subcutaneously beginning 3 to 4 mo prepartum and at 60-d intervals throughout the 2-yr period. Calves born to Se-E treated cows were injected with 5.5 mg Se and 75 IU E/100 kg body weight at 60-d intervals beginning at 1 mo of age. Calves were born between December 30 and February 20 and cows were bred between March 20 and May 20. Cattle grazed pasture (.05 mg Se/kg) that consisted of orchardgrass, bluegrass and white clover during the fall, spring and summer. During winter (December 15 to May 2), cattle were fed corn silage (.03 mg Se/kg) supplemented with either: no protein supplement (control), soybean meal or a urea-corn mixture. Cows and calves receiving Se-E had higher (P less than .01) whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and plasma Se concentrations than controls. Selenium-E injections reduced (P less than .05) calf death losses from 15.3% to 4.2% and slightly increased (P less than .10) adjusted calf weaning weights. Hemoglobin concentrations were higher (P less than .05) in Se-E-injected supplemented calves at 1 mo of age but not at 5 or 7 mo of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of selenium supplementation on semen characteristics of Brazil's ram

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of oral supplementation with selenium (Se) upon ram sperm parameters. Thirty rams managed in stall under intensive system were used and divided into five groups (six animals per group) as follows: control group (G1) mineral mixture supplementation without Se, group 2 (G2) mineral mixture supplemented with 5 mg/kg Se, group 3 (G3) supplemented with 10 mg/kg Se, group 4 (G4) supplemented with 15 mg/kg Se and group 5 (G5) supplemented with 20 mg/kg Se. For each group, there was an adjustment period of 14 days. The experimental period was 350 days. Every 56 days, the animals were weighed and semen samples were collected by electroejaculation. Semen analysis included volume, mass moviment, total motility, vigour, concentration and morphology. For plasmatic and acrosomal membrane integrity evaluation and mitochondrial membrane potential were used a combination of fluorescent probes. Differences between means values obtained by analysis of variance were verified by Tukey test with 5% probability. There was no statistical difference between treatment groups in relation to volume, mass moviment, total motility, vigour, concentration, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity (p > .05). Sperm morphology was different between treatment groups, the G1 (0 mg of selenium) had the highest percentage of major defects (11.11 ± 1.11^a; p < .05). It was concluded that selenium decrease the percentage of sperm defects and did not directly influence on ram sperm volume, mass moviment, total motility, vigour, concentration and membrane integrity.     

Lack of effect of selenium supplementation on the incidence of weak calves in dairy herds

A double blind controlled trial was carried out on four commercial dairy herds, to investigate the effect of one 50 mg injection of selenium, 10 days before parturition, on the incidence of weak calves. Although the treatment marginally increased the selenium status of treated calves it did not decrease the incidence of the weak calf syndrome.     

Status of selenium and vitamin E on Norwegian organic sheep and dairy cattle farms

Herbage selenium (Se) concentration is generally low in Norway. It is unknown whether feeding practices on Norwegian organic farms fulfil the dietary needs of Se and vitamin E for sheep and dairy cattle. Therefore we analysed Se in soil and herbage, and Se and vitamin E in animal blood in the indoor feeding season at 14 organic dairy and 14 organic sheep farms. The herbage Se concentration was low. Approximately 50 and 35% of all samples in the first and second cut, respectively, had Se concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The median (10th, 90th percentile) Se concentrations were <0.01 (<0.01, 0.03) and 0.02 (<0.01, 0.06) mg/kg DM in the first and second cuts, respectively. Whole blood Se concentrations were 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) μg/g in dairy cattle and 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) μg/g in sheep. Vitamin E concentrations were 4.2 (2.7, 8.4) mg/l in dairy cattle and 1.3 (0.9, 2.4) mg/l in sheep. None of the soil or plant variables explained the variation in herbage Se concentration, although Se in soil and plant tended to be correlated. Herbage Se concentration was inadequate to meet the dietary Se requirements. Vitamin E requirement was only met in dairy herds. We recommend Se and vitamin E supplementation to ruminants on organic farms.     

Effect of inorganic selenium supplementation on selenosis in postweaning swine

A total of 72 pigs weaned at 4 wk of age were allotted by litter and weight to nine treatment groups and fed 20% protein cornsoybean meal diets supplemented with various levels of inorganic Se during a 37-d postweaning period. Eight groups were fed diets with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 or 40 ppm Se provided as sodium selenite, while a ninth was offered the 0- and 40-ppm Se diets in separate feeders. Gains and feed intakes were similar during the trial for the 0- and 2.5-ppm Se diets. Both gain and feed intake declined as dietary Se levels above 5.0 ppm increased. At a dietary Se concentration of 40 ppm, feed consumption ceased within a few days of feeding and subsequent gains were negative. Pigs offered both the 0- and 40-ppm Se diets preferentially selected the basal as compared with the 40-ppm Se diet. When the feeders were switched at 28 d they refused the 40-ppm Se diet within a few hours. After a 17-d period, pigs fed the 20- or 40-ppm Se diet were not able to coordinate their walk, with many exhibiting an inability to stand. Alopecia was demonstrated in pigs fed 15 ppm Se or higher at 17 d, but was evident in the 5.0-ppm group at 37 d. At the termination of the trial, abnormal hoof formation at the coronary band was evident in pigs fed diets containing Se greater than or equal to 5 ppm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in cattle

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Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a naturally occurring precursor to creatine, an source of energy for skeletal muscle. Feeding GAA to chickens, pigs and cattle improves growth performance through a mechanism that may include increased serum IGF-1 and feed conversion (He et al., 2018; Faraji et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020). The formation of creatine from GAA uses a considerable number of methyl donors, arginine and glycine (Ostojic, 2016). The consequences of feeding GAA to methyl-group deficient cattle was investigated by Ardalan et al (2021). Although GAA increased serum creatine concentrations in both sufficient and deficient animals, protein deposition was most effective when added methionine was included in the diet. Further research is required to better understand the relationship between methyl donor supply, GAA and creatine metabolism.     

羟基蛋氨酸钙对奶牛生产性能影响研究

畜禽 (主要为单胃动物 )日粮中添加各种单体氨基酸 (主要为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸 )的促生长效果已得到广泛认可。然而添加消旋蛋氨酸 (DL -蛋氨酸 )到反刍动物日粮中 ,会被反刍动物瘤胃中的微生物分泌的脲酶分解而降低其瘤胃通过率和消化吸收率。目前有一种消旋蛋氨酸羟基类似物的钙盐 (DL -MethionineHydroxyAnalogueCalcium ,简称MHA -Ca) ,其分子中α-NH2 被α -OH所代替 ,它不是蛋氨酸 ,而是一种具有蛋氨酸活性的羟基蛋氨酸类似物 ,需经转氨酶作用 ,利用其他来源的氨基代替其分子中的羟基才能转化为蛋氨酸参与蛋白质合成。对于反刍动物…     

Effect of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast or sodium selenite on selenium tissue distribution and meat quality in beef cattle

The objective was to determine the concentration of total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in postmortem tissues of beef cattle offered diets containing graded additions of selenized enriched yeast (SY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) or sodium selenite (SS). Oxidative stability and tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of edible muscle tissue were assessed 10 d postmortem. Thirty-two beef cattle were offered, for a period of 112 d, a total mixed ration that had been supplemented with SY (0, 0.15, or 0.35 mg of Se/kg of DM) or SS (0.15 mg of Se/kg of DM). At enrollment (0 d) and at 28, 56, 84, and 112 d following enrollment, blood samples were taken for Se and Se species determination, as well as whole blood GSH-Px activity. At the end of the study beef cattle were killed and samples of heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle (LM and psoas major) were retained for Se and Se species determination. Tissue GSH-Px activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined in skeletal muscle tissue (LM only). The incorporation into the diet of ascending concentrations of Se as SY increased whole blood total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as SeMet, as well as GSH-Px activity. There was also a dose-dependent response to the graded addition of SY on total Se and proportion of total Se as SeMet in all tissues and GSH-Px activity in skeletal muscle tissue. Furthermore, total Se concentration of whole blood and tissues was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS, indicating an improvement in Se availability and tissue Se retention. Likewise, GSH-Px activity in whole blood and LM was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS. However, these increases in tissue total Se and GSH-Px activity appeared to have little or no effect in meat oxidative stability.