Establishment, Development and Yield of Forage Legumes and Grasses as Cover Crops in Grain Corn in Eastern Canada

Interseeded cover crops can minimize soil erosion, increase organic matter and nutrient levels and the yield of subsequent crops. However, their performance is very sensitive to local conditions. Field experiments were conducted at two Quebec locations in 1993 and 1994 in order to evaluate the potential use of forage legumes and grasses as interseeds in corn in eastern Canada. Twelve forage species were evaluated. Fall rye ( Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover ( Melilotus officinalis Lam.), black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), annual alfalfa ( Medicago saliva L.) and berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates (10 and 20 days after corn emergence). The control treatments were: hand weeding, chemical weeding and non-weeded. Early seeded forages established better and had higher biomass accumulation than the late seeded ones. In the presence of larger weed populations, the interseeded forages did not develop well due to competition with the weeds. At Macdonald crimson clover provided good soil cover while Persian clover, fall rye and alfalfa provided relatively little cover. Strawberry clover and hairy vetch did not provide early ground cover due to their late development. Forage mixtures of red or white clover and rye grass established well and achieved high populations at the end of the growing season. Fall rye provided good early ground cover but senesced by the middle of the season. The better establishment and early germination of crimson clover caused a 19% reduction in corn grain yield in 1993. In 1994 none of the cover crops caused a reduction in corn yield.     

施氮对不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及籽粒发育的影响

为了揭示不同氮效率玉米在不同氮素水平下籽粒发育和地上部干物质积累的差异,通过田间小区试验,在3个氮素供应水平N0、N1、N2（施纯氮量分别为0、140、210 kg/hm²）下,对6个不同玉米品种（‘屯玉99’(A),‘并单390’(B)、‘郑单958’(C)、‘晋单65’(D)、‘先玉335’(E)、‘潞玉19’(F)）干物质的积累变化和籽粒发育进行了对比分析。结果表明：这6个品种可以分为3种不同氮效率类型：高氮高效型（‘屯玉99’和‘并单390’）;双高效型（‘晋单65’和‘先玉335’）;低氮高效型（‘潞玉19’和‘郑单958’）。在N1(140 kg/hm²)水平下氮素能够明显促进玉米营养体干物质的积累,促进籽粒产量的增加。随着施氮量的增加,高氮高效型和双高效型品种光合碳量增加,为籽粒提供了充足的碳源;高氮高效性品种地上部干物质积累的增加大于籽粒干物质的积累的增加,而双高效品种籽粒干物质积累增加较快。同时,施氮还可以促进这2种类型玉米顶部籽粒发育,增加产量。而低氮高效品种在氮素作用下,营养体干物质有明显增加,籽粒没有明显变化;施氮会促进营养体干物质的转移;同时过高(N2)或过低(N0)的施氮量都会造成其顶部籽粒发育不完善,影响产量。     

Sugarcane Breeding Institute,Coimbatore, India Effect of Different Levels of Drought during the Formative Phase on Growth Parameters and its Relationship with Dry Matter Accumulation in Sugarcane

A field experiment was conducted at Coimbatore (11° N, 77° E), India during the 1996 and 1997 crop seasons, using four commercial sugarcane varieties (Co 8021, Co 419, Co 8208 and Co 6304), to study the effect of three levels of drought (severe, moderate and control) during the formative phase (60–150 days after planting) on growth determinants and their relationship with dry matter accumulation. The reduction in dry matter content was 60.8, 52.4 and 25.9 % in severe drought and 46.3, 36.3 and 15.1 % in moderate drought at the ends of the formative, grand growth and maturity phases, respectively. High net assimilation rate, optimum leaf area index, high crop growth rate and an early shift in dry matter allocation to the stem were found to be desirable for higher biomass production, especially under water‐limited drought conditions. Measurement of growth parameters such as net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf area index and leaf area duration under drought and crop growth rate and stalk elongation rate under normal irrigated conditions, particularly during the formative phase, might help to predict total dry matter at harvest. Leaf area ratio was not found to correlate with total dry matter at harvest in either drought or normal irrigated conditions.     

水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了干物质积累与转运特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明,较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种物质生产总量提高20.29%,差异达显著水平。其中在够苗前、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和群体生长率分别提高15.05%、27.04%、24.75%和15.05%、28.38%、23.00%,够苗至拔节阶段则互有高低。同为高产类型品种,因氮利用率的差异物质积累与转运特性不同。较之高产氮中效型,高产氮高效型品种各生育时期的单位面积茎蘖数均呈下降趋势,其中够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期平均分别降低5.76%、11.61%、7.01%和5.70%,差异均达显著水平,而成穗率显著提高。各生育时期的干物质积累量均有所下降,其中,够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期分别降低12.18%、10.54%、8.29%和5.01%,收获指数却显著提高。抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累率提高5.40%,群体生长率提高5.19%。说明抽穗前适当控制群体生长,抽穗后保持较高的群体生长水平及较高的收获指数是高产氮高效型品种的重要物质生产特性。     

施用高氮控释肥对辣椒生长及干物质分配的影响

以‘陇椒5号’辣椒为试验材料,不施肥(CK)和普通施肥(CK1)为对照,通过盆栽方式,研究““一次性基施””不同缓释期高氮控释肥和““一基多追””普通化肥的施肥方式对辣椒生长、干物质积累以及不同器官干物质分配的影响,以期为辣椒栽培中合理使用控释肥提供理论依据。结果表明,与CK相比,施肥可显著提高辣椒株高、茎粗、叶面积的增长以及干物质的积累,促进辣椒地上部干物质积累,增强根系活力。辣椒移栽120天内,“一次性基施”控释肥的辣椒植株干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥低19.3%~30.5%、干物质积累速率低20.8%~33.5%;移栽120天后,干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥高3.9%~15.5%、干物质积累速率高60.9%~63.6%;干物质最大积累速率出现的时间滞后26~29天;“一次性基施”控释肥使根的干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥低8.3%~11.1%,叶片干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥高7.0%~7.2%。说明“一次性基施”控释肥有利于生育后期辣椒的生长。     

不同种植方式对盐碱地棉花干物质质量及氮磷钾积累的影响

以中棉所79为材料,通过设置高垄覆膜、高垄不覆膜、喷洒土壤改良剂、喷洒土壤改良剂+高垄覆膜、喷洒土壤改良剂+高垄不覆膜和平作覆膜6种种植方式,研究不同种植方式对盐碱地棉花产量、干物质质量与氮磷钾积累的影响。结果表明,与平作覆膜种植方式相比,喷洒土壤改良剂和喷洒土壤改良剂+高垄覆膜处理子棉产量显著提高,增幅分别达45.88%和42.24%。进一步分析表明,这两种种植方式最有利于提高棉花干物质质量和氮、磷、钾的积累量。     

不同供氮水平对春玉米干物质积累及氮素吸收利用的影响

为了掌握玉米适宜施氮量,研究不同供氮水平对春玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。本研究采用田间小区试验的方法,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm² 4个施氮水平,研究了玉米各器官干物质吸收积累、氮素吸收利用及产量的变化。结果表明,不同供氮水平下春玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收均符合Logistic方程[y=K/(1+ae^bx)],氮肥施用量可明显影响干物质最大积累速率和氮素最大吸收速率,各施氮水平下均表现为N₃₆₀＞N₂₄₀＞N₁₂₀＞N₀。玉米产量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量为360 kg/hm²时,玉米产量最高,达10081.5 kg/hm²,但相较N₂₄₀玉米增产效果并不显著,同时氮肥利用率较N₂₄₀降低15.5%。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率两因素,施氮量240 kg/hm²为玉米最佳氮肥用量。     

不同施肥模式对稻茬烤烟生长和干物质积累及产质量的影响

为减少稻作烟区烤烟施氮量,明确稻茬烤烟减氮施肥模式的效果,以‘云烟87’为材料,采用大田试验,研究了减氮施肥模式与传统施肥模式对烤烟生长、干物质积累和烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明：减氮施肥模式有利于烤烟大田前期生长,可提高烤烟干物质积累总量5.03%,同时促进干物质向烟叶分配,有利于中、下部烟叶发育。减氮施肥模式的中部烟叶总糖、还原糖和钾含量可分别提高5.99%、5.42%、0.14%,中、上部烟叶的烟碱含量可分别降低0.37%、0.09%,下部烟叶的烟碱含量提高0.4%,提高烤烟化学成分可用性。南方稻作烟区可采用减少基肥氮和增加追肥氮比例、基肥穴施、増施灌蔸肥、分次浇施追肥的减氮施肥模式,以减少氮肥用量,提高烟叶质量,增加烟农收入。     

磷肥不同用量对棉花干物质及氮磷钾吸收分配的影响

通过田间试验,研究了磷肥不同用量对棉花干物质积累、产量及氮磷钾吸收、积累、分配的影响。结果表明:增施磷肥可以增加棉花干物质量、产量和氮磷钾素的积累量,但过量施用磷肥增加效果并不明显。当磷肥用量(P2O5)为75～150 kg.hm-2时,对棉花干物质积累、产量和棉花各器官氮磷钾素的积累有明显的促进作用,棉花花铃期干物质积累和棉花各器官氮磷钾的积累量分别比对照平均提高了24.6%、30.7%、55.9%和36.4%;吐絮期干物质积累、产量和棉花各器官氮磷钾的积累量分别比对照平均提高了33.4%、39.9%、49.1%、47.7%和53.0%。     

氮素水平对棉铃干物质积累分配和纤维品质性状的影响

 在南京(长江流域下游棉区)和徐州(黄河流域黄淮棉区)设置氮素水平(零氮：N 0 kg·hm^-2,适氮：N 240 kg·hm^-2,高氮：N 480 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了氮素对棉铃(伏桃、秋桃)干物质积累分配和纤维品质性状的影响。结果表明：棉铃各组成部分的干物质积累以纤维受氮素的影响最大,其次为棉子、铃壳。棉子与纤维间存在同步异速生长关系,这种关系可用模型y=a+bx表示(x、y分别代表棉子、纤维干重的自然对数,a为截距,b为线性回归系数)。零氮、高氮处理均降低了伏桃的b值,相应的纤维比强度亦显著降低;秋桃的b值在适氮与高氮处理间差异较小,但显著高于零氮处理,纤维长度、比强度及整齐度对氮素水平的响应亦呈现出相同趋势。综合分析认为,棉子、纤维异速生长方程的线性回归系数b越大越有利于高品质棉的形成。     

Effects of Nitrogen on Dry Matter Accumulation and Productivity of Three Cropping Systems and Residual Effects on Wheat in Deep Vertisols of Central India

A field experiment was conducted on deep vertisols of Bhopal, India to study the effects of three levels of nitrogen (N), namely 0, 75 and 100 % of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), on the dry matter accumulation (DMA) and productivity of three cropping systems (sole soybean, sole sorghum and soybean + sorghum intercropping) during the rainy season and their residual effect on the subsequent wheat crop during the post-rainy season. During the rainy season, sole sorghum was found to have significantly higher DMA and productivity in terms of soybean equivalent yield (SEY) than sole soybean or soybean + sorghum intercropping. Increasing the N dose from 0 to 100 % RDN significantly improved the DMA and SEY. At a low fertility level (N₀), soybean + sorghum intercropping was found to be more productive, while at a high fertility level (100 % RDN), sole sorghum was more productive than the other two cropping systems. However, during the post-rainy season, sole soybean as the preceding crop gave the highest DMA and seed yield of wheat, which were similar to those found with soybean + sorghum intercropping. Sorghum followed by wheat gave the lowest DMA and seed yield of wheat. Application of 100 % RDN irrespective of cropping system during the preceding crop improved the DMA of wheat but not its seed yield. However, N applied to the wheat crop significantly increased its DMA and seed yield.     

行距对机采棉干物质积累及氮磷利用效率的影响

【目的】新疆棉花生产的主要环节均已实现机械化,但采摘环节仍大量使用人工,农机农艺不协调是导致机收比例低的主要原因。优化机采棉行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的有效途径,因此本研究通过设置不同的机采棉行距,探究其对棉花产量形成及养分利用的影响,为机采棉行距配置的优化提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,选择生产中最佳密度,在密度一致基础上,设置"一膜三行"(S1,平均行距76 cm)、"一膜四行"(S2,平均行距57 cm)、"一膜六行"(S3,平均行距38 cm)3种行距,其中S3处理为常规机采行距(CK),研究行距对棉花干物质积累、分配以及对产量形成及氮、磷养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同行距下棉花干物质的积累符合Logistic生长函数模型。2年均值表明随着平均行距的降低,单株干物质积累总量降低43.3%,干物质最大积累速率降低(1.4 g·株-1·d-1),快速积累期起始时间从出苗后51.4 d逐渐推迟至62.5 d,但快速积累持续时长从19.7 d增加至35.1 d。增加行距显著提高单株成铃(0.9个),对铃重及衣分无显著影响,籽棉及皮棉产量显著增加16.7%和17.4%。行距对植株养分积累与分配有显著的影响,S1处理氮积累总量(907.0 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(58.3 kg·hm-2)、吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 55.7%和P2O569.1%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(32.1 kg)均最高;而S3处理氮积累总量(664.5 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(38.9 kg·hm-2)最低,S2处理吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 48.5%和P2O560.3%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(28.6 kg)最低。【结论】综合来看,一膜三行下植株养分指标及产量均优于其他行距,更适宜作为高效机采的行距。     

氮肥和隔根对胡麻/大豆间作体系种间关系及间作优势的调控效应

为合理利用氮肥和隔根模式技术优化间作作物种间关系,进一步发挥种间优势提供理论依据,以胡麻间作大豆为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究不施氮(N0)和施15N 80 mg/kg(N80),根系完全分离(T1)、根系不分离(T2)、根系尼龙网分离(T3)3种隔根模式对胡麻/大豆间作优劣势和种间竞争力的影响.结果 表明,间作胡麻干...     

施氮量对科棉3号干物质积累及分配、产量和纤维品质的效应

 研究了N素积累对高品质棉（科棉3号）干物质积累及分配、产量和纤维品质的效应,结果表明,提高盛铃期蕾铃干物重是高产的关键,盛蕾至盛花期营养器官和盛花至盛铃期各器官N素积累与盛铃期棉花蕾铃干物重呈显著正相关。伏桃产量随盛花期棉花各器官N素积累增加而显著提高,伏桃产量和早秋桃产量分别随盛铃期叶片和茎枝N素积累增加而提高,伏桃、早秋桃和晚秋桃产量随盛铃期蕾铃N素积累增加而提高。施N量对棉花纤维品质的影响主要是影响烂铃率和纤维N代谢。综合来看,施N量过高,主要是导致烂铃率大幅度提高,对纤维长度、强度和麦克隆值等影响都大,而在适宜施N量以内,施N量增加,棉纤维强度和麦克隆值表现为降低的趋势,而对棉纤维长度影响不大。     

磷胁迫对三七生长及干物质积累的影响

为了研究磷胁迫对三七生长及干物质积累的影响,确定适宜的施磷量。笔者采用盆栽土培试验,定期采样测定植株生长性状及干重。结果表明,缺磷抑制1年生三七及2年生三七生长及其干物质积累;高磷利于1年生三七生长及干物质积累,对2年生三七生长及干物质积累有抑制作用。1年生三七的适宜施磷量为0.18 g/kg土,2年生三七的适宜施磷量为0.15 g/kg土。     

Functional Crop and Cob Growth Models of Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars

Various mathematical models were fitted to describe total dry matter production (DMP) and cob weight in two maize cultivars viz., Deccan hybrid and Deccan 101 . The data on periodical crop growth from an agronomic trial conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, were used to predict crop and cob growth empirically. In cv. Deccan hybrid , Gompertz followed by Richards models predicted DMP by 99 % nearer to the actual values. Whereas in cv. Deccan 101 , Richards-cum-logistic for vegetative-cum-reproductive stage simulated DMP with R² of 92 to 99 %. Further, cob growth was estimated realistically with high R² of 97 to 98 % using empirical models of logistic followed by Richards in cv. Deccan 101 and Richards followed by Gompertz in cv. Deccan hybrid . Comparing the empirical models in describing DMP and cob growth, the models showing higher predictions in DMP also estimated cob growth meaningfully in both the cultivars, indicating similarity in growth functions.     

不同施肥条件下夏玉米的干物质积累、产量及氮肥利用效率

针对我国华北地区夏玉米生产中所面临的氮素污染和秸秆资源严重浪费等问题，中国农业大学和德国霍恩海姆大学(Hohenheim University of Germany)自1999以来开展了中德国际合作项目“华北平原作物高产高生产力条件下环境可承受的持续农业研究”。研究表明：在同一时期，优化施肥、秸秆还田优化施肥与传统施肥夏玉米干物质积累量无显著性差异。拔节到吐丝，优化施肥的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量并不低于传统施肥，吐丝到灌浆，略低于传统施肥；秸秆还田优化施肥两阶段的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量最高。3处理间夏玉米产量无显著性差异。优化施肥和秸秆还田优化施肥条件下，氮肥当季利用率显著高于传统施肥。     

间作对旱地作物生长发育及生理生态影响的研究进展

为了选择长江流域旱地作物适宜的耕作方式,增加作物产量、改善品质以及获得更高的经济效益和促进旱地农业可持续发展.本研究归纳了国内外关于间作对旱地作物产量、品质、农艺性状、光合特性、养分吸收及生态环境影响等方面的研究情况.间作系统各作物的总产量(或收益)高于其任一单作系统;间作能显著改善作物的品质;间作能够使各作物在时空与...