不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究优质小麦生产中提高小麦品质的最佳施氮时期,本试验以强筋冬小麦‘藁优2018’为供试材料,于河北省宁晋县布置田间试验,在总施氮量为240 kg N/hm~2的高产条件下,研究不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与基施氮+拔节期施氮处理相比,将拔节期施用氮素的50%于小麦生长后期施用,2017—2018季小麦孕穗期施氮处理下小麦籽粒增产11.9%,小麦各器官吸氮量及地上部总吸氮量最高。不同追氮时期各处理间小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间均无显著差异。后期追氮可提高小麦面粉湿面筋含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量和吸水率,但后期追氮处理间无显著差异。后期追氮处理中孕穗期追氮较其他处理(抽穗期、开花期)追氮提高小麦加工品质的趋势更为明显。因此,综合考虑产量、品质及氮素吸收利用,采用基施氮+拔节期施氮+孕穗期施氮(4∶3∶3)的氮素施用模式是适宜当地土壤和气候条件下小麦高产、优质及养分高效利用的氮肥管理模式。     

不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦济南17为试材,在高产栽培条件下研究不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在高肥力地块666.7m2总施氮量14kg、基肥与追肥比例为1∶1条件下,不同追氮时期对强筋小麦生长有显著影响,拔节期为实现高产、优质、高效的最佳追氮时期。     

叶面喷施不同养分对强筋小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

在壤质土条件下,不同养分叶面喷施对强筋小麦的株高、成穗数影响不显著;叶面喷洒0.1%MnSO4、0.05%(NH4)2MoO2和0.3%KH2PO4、2%CO(NH2)2等能提高强筋小麦的千粒重和产量。喷洒2%CO(NH2)2和0.1%MnSO4有利于蛋白质和蛋白组分的提高。     

壤质土叶面喷施不同养分对强筋小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

在壤质土条件下,不同养分叶面喷施对强筋小麦的株高、成穗数影响不显著;叶面喷洒0.1%MnSO4、0.05%(NH 4)2M oO2和0.3%KH 2PO4、2%CO(NH 2)2等能提高强筋小麦的千粒重和产量。喷洒2%CO(NH 2)2和0.1%M nSO4有利于蛋白质和蛋白组分的提高。     

追氮时期对优质小麦氮素吸收·运转和籽粒产量的影响

[目的]揭示小麦不同追氮时期的氮素利用机制。[方法]采用同位素示踪技术,研究了不同时期追施氮肥对优质小麦氮素吸收、分布、运转和产量的影响。[结果]结果表明:在该试验条件下,小麦吸收的氮素中,来自土壤的占73.36%~78.58%,来自肥料的占21.42%~26.64%。拔节期和挑旗期追施氮肥可促进植株对氮素的吸收,尤其是对肥料氮的吸收,提高氮素开花期穗器官和成熟期籽粒的分配量和分配比例,促使开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转移。小麦籽粒氮素的74.08%~80.28%是开花前营养体氮的调运,各营养器官对籽粒的贡献大小为叶片>茎>穗轴+颖壳>叶鞘>根。适期追氮增加了穗粒数,提高了收获指数和产量。[结论]不同时期追氮对小麦的氮素代谢、产量和品质具有明显的调节作用。     

施氮水平对不同基因型优质小麦干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同施氮水平(0、120、180、240 kg/hm~2)对3种基因型优质小麦品种(郑麦0943、郑麦0856和郑麦7698)干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响,旨在深入揭示优质小麦氮素吸收利用特征,为发挥其产量潜力和优化施肥管理提供科学依据。结果显示,施氮可不同程度地促进3种优质小麦生长,施氮量在0~240 kg/hm~2时,功能叶片SPAD值、干物质积累量及产量相关指标总体均随施氮量增加而增加(郑麦0856除外)。不同基因型小麦品种比较,郑麦7698所有处理的产量均高于其他2个小麦品种,主要归因于其穗粒数和千粒质量较高,其中施氮240 kg/hm~2处理的产量(11 591.70 kg/hm~2)、小麦干物质转移率(29.45%)及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率(91.66%)最高,氮素利用效率、氮素吸收效率和氮素农学利用率随施氮量的增加变化幅度较大。郑麦0856在不施氮条件下产量最低,较其施氮180 kg/hm~2处理的最高产量(10 200.00 kg/hm~2)降幅最大,为18.63%,氮素农学利用率明显高于其他2个品种,说明郑麦0856对氮素较为敏感。郑麦0943在不施氮条件下干物质转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率明显低于其他2个品种,产量较其施氮240 kg/hm~2处理的最高产量(9 933.45 kg/hm~2)降幅最小,为8.89%,氮素收获指数则高于其他2个品种,且氮素利用效率在不施氮和高氮条件下均较高,说明郑麦0943具有氮素高效利用特征,且干物质积累以生育前期为主。综上,郑麦7698不施氮条件下具有较高的产量,最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm~2;郑麦0856产量对氮素缺乏较为敏感,最佳施氮量为180 kg/hm~2;郑麦0943产量对氮素缺乏不太敏感,具有氮素高效利用特征,最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm~2。     

不同土壤质地及追氮方式对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

在中等肥力条件下,不同土壤质地和追氮方式对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响是极显著的。土壤质地,中壤土明显优于沙壤土,中壤土更宜栽培强筋小麦;追氮方式,中壤土和沙壤土均以拔节期追N 30%+孕穗期追N 10%的效果最好。追肥可后移到孕穗期,但要采取2次追肥,孕穗期追肥数量一般为施氮肥总量的10%。1次追肥应选择返青期追施40%N。     

深松蓄水增量播种对旱地小麦植株氮素吸收利用、产量及蛋白质含量的影响

【目的】明确旱地麦田休闲期深松的蓄水效果,探索旱地小麦构建合理群体的最适播量,有利于寻求产量与品质同步提升的最佳耕作及播种技术途径。【方法】于2012—2014年在山西闻喜县开展大田试验,以休闲期深松与否为主区,以67.5、90、112.5 kg·hm-2共3个播量为副区,测定休闲期土壤水分、冬前群体分蘖数、植株各器官干物质量及含氮率、产量及其构成因素,研究休闲期深松蓄水调节播量对植株氮素吸收和利用、产量及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。【结果】休闲期深松较对照休闲期土壤蓄水效率提高60%以上。深松较对照冬前群体分蘖数、越冬期植株干物质量和氮素积累量、开花前叶片和颖壳+穗轴积累氮素的运转量、开花后氮素积累量均显著增加。深松条件下增加播量,冬前群体分蘖数及越冬期植株干物质积累量显著增加,开花前各器官积累氮素的运转量增加,开花前叶片、颖壳+穗轴积累氮素的运转对籽粒的贡献率提高,但播量90 kg·hm-2与112.5 kg·hm-2两处理间差异不显著。深松较对照穗数、穗粒数显著提高,两年度分别增产26%—66%、17%—34%;而籽粒蛋白质含量降低,但播量90 kg·hm-2时降低不显著。深松条件下增加播量,穗数、千粒重、产量提高,但播量90 kg·hm-2与112.5kg·hm-2两处理间差异不显著;籽粒蛋白质含量及其产量均以播量90 kg·hm-2较高。深松较对照水分利用效率显著提高,两年度分别提高13%—22%、9%—16%;氮素吸收效率、氮肥生产效率显著提高,播量67.5 kg·hm-2和90 kg·hm-2时的氮素利用效率显著提高。深松后水分利用效率以播量90 kg·hm-2较高,且与其他两处理间差异显著,深松条件下增加播量,氮素吸收效率显著提高,氮肥生产效率提高,但播量90 kg·hm-2与112.5 kg·hm-2两处理间的氮肥生产效率差异不显著。此外,休闲期深松配套不同播量处理,产量和籽粒蛋白质产量均与开花前各器官积累氮素的运转量显著或极显著相关,且降水多的年份,与开花前颖壳+穗轴积累氮素的运转量相关性较高。降水较多的年份较降水较少的年份开花后氮素的积累量与产量相关性较高。【结论】旱地小麦休闲期深松蓄水配套播量90 kg·hm-2有利于形成冬前壮苗;有利于开花期各器官氮素积累,促进开花前叶片和颖壳+穗轴中积累的氮素向籽粒转移;有利于形成有效穗数,构建合理群体,提高产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率和氮肥生产效率,实现旱地小麦产量与籽粒蛋白质含量同步提升。     

追氮量对小麦籽粒产量、品质及硒吸收的影响

分析小麦籽粒产量、品质及硒吸收在不同追氮量下的具体表现,从而确定适宜的追氮量,提升小麦种植水平。以河南省内乡县周麦18为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,基础氮肥为165.0 kg/hm²,拔节期追肥,试验组设3个追氮水平,即34.5 kg/hm²(T₁)、51.8 kg/hm²(T₂)、69.0 kg/hm²(T₃),对照组不追施氮肥,分析不同追氮量对小麦籽粒产量、品质及硒吸收的影响。试验结果表明,T₂的小麦产量最高,较CK高57.5%;T₂的小麦籽粒氮含量最高,较CK提升52.9%;与对照组相比,追氮可以增加小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,T₁—T₃分别较CK提高8.7%、34.7%、14.7%;与对照组相比,追氮可以提高小麦籽粒硒含量,T₁—T₃分别较CK提高12%、48%、16%。综合来看,基础氮肥为165.0 k...     

氮素供应对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量影响的研究进展

栽培措施和环境条件对小麦产量和蛋白质含量均有影响。氮素供应是影响小麦产量和蛋白质含量的关键因素之一。从供氮量、供氮时期、供氮方式以及氮肥种类 4个方面 ,概述了国内外在提高小麦产量和蛋白质含量的氮肥施用技术方面的研究进展。     

氮素不同底追比例对冬小麦品质和产量的影响

在池栽条件下研究了氮素 3个不同底追比例处理对 2个小麦品种品质和产量的影响。结果表明 ,适当增加追氮比例 ,籽粒品质改善 ,产量提高 ,在本试验土壤肥力条件下 ,氮素以 1/3底施、2 /3追施为兼顾品质与产量的最佳方案     

施氮量与追肥时期对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量和品质的影响

以扬麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及其追肥时期对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:增加施氮量可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值以及籽粒硬度等主要指标,降低弱筋小麦品质;拔节期以后追施氮肥对产量形成影响最大;追氮时期推迟,可显著提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值以及硬度等主要品质指标。在该试验条件下,弱筋小麦生产中适宜施氮量为240 kg.hm-2左右,适宜追肥时期为8.1~10.1叶龄期。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质与氮素利用的影响

为探究施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质和氮素利用的影响,以弱筋品种宁麦13与皖西麦0638为材料,设置4个施氮量(折纯N 0、120、180、240 kg·hm-2),研究其对弱筋小麦籽粒产量、品质性状与氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明,在0～240 kg·hm-2的施氮量范围内,随着施氮量增加,供试弱筋小麦的籽粒产量先增加后减少...     

氮、钾配施对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响及其交互作用的研究

采用盆栽试验方法研究了氮、钾配施对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,氮、钾配施对小麦产量和品质有明显的影响.适宜的氮、钾用量配比可提高小麦的穗数、株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和产量、湿面筋含量及沉降值均表现出随氮、钾用量的增加而增加的趋势.氮、钾对强筋小麦产量和品质的提高有着明显的正交互作用.     

追氮量对不同粒色小麦籽粒产量、品质及硒吸收的影响

为探究氮肥追施量对不同粒色小麦产量和品质的影响,选用4 个黑粒小麦(‘运黑161’、‘紫优5号’、‘冬黑1号’、‘临黑131’)和7个白粒小麦(‘品育8012’、‘济麦44’、‘济麦23’、‘晋麦95’、‘石农086’、‘邯农1412’、‘中农175’)品种,设置0(N₀)、34.5(N₁)、51.8(N₂)和69.0(N₃)kg/hm² 4个追氮水平(在拔节期追施),测定小麦籽粒产量、品质、氮含量和氮吸收量、硒含量等指标。结果表明：1)与 N₀相比,追氮均增加小麦籽粒产量,不同品种达到最高产量的适宜追氮量不同。4个黑粒小麦籽粒产量在 N₁处理最高,产量增幅为19.4%～30.8%;白粒小麦‘品育8012’、‘济麦23’、‘晋麦95’、‘济麦44’和‘石农086’籽粒产量在 N₂处理最高,产量增幅为20.8%～85.1%,‘邯农1412’和‘中农175’产量随追氮量增加而增加。2)追氮可增加2种粒色小麦籽粒氮含量...     

Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake, translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase grain yield and protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. However, misuse of N Tertilizer will not only affect gram yield and quality, but also cause the decline of economic benefits and related negative environmental effects. It is essential to study reasonable N application regimes for profitable yields, efficient N utilization and reduction in possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the N uptake and translocation in wheat plants by using ¹⁵N isotope tracers in PVC cylinders (2.05 m long, ϕ 0.2 m, without bottom) in seven treatments: without N fertilizer application (N0); N application rate of 168 kg/hm² (0.527 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N1), 1:2 (N2) and 0:1 (N3); N application rate of 240 kg/hm² (0.753 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N4), 1:2 (N5) and 0:1 (N6). The ¹⁵N tracer experiment showed that the main basal N absorbed by plant from sowing to jointing stage accounted for 78.04%–89.67%; fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE, N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied) of topdressing was significantly higher than that of basal N; reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount could appropriately promote the plant’s absorption of more N fertilizer and enhance FNUE, of which treatment N2 had the highest values. Under the high-yield condition, when N fertilizer rate was increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm², there were no significant differences in the amount of N accumulation in plants and in grains between treatments with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing; by reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount accordingly, the translocation efficiency (TE, accumulation amount from vegetative organs to gram/N accumulation in vegetative organs during anthesis) increased, and the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis and its contribution proportion (the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis/N accumulation in grain) also increased. In other words, grain N accumulation amount increased with increasing amount of topdressing N at the same N fertilizer rate. There were no significant differences among treatments N2, N3, N5 and N6 in grain N accumulation. Appropriate N fertilizer rate with a reduction in basal N amount and an increase in topdressing N amount such as in N2, N5 and N6 increased grain yield and protein content. In conclusion, under conditions used in this experiment, as far as grain yield, protein content and FNUE are concerned, the recommended appropriate N fertilizer application regime is treatment N2, with a N fertilizer rate of 168 kg/hm² and a ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:2. Translated from Journal of Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1860–1866 [译自: 作物学报]     

氮肥基追比和追氮时期对超高产冬小麦生育及产量形成的影响

为明确氮肥运筹对超高产冬小麦生育特性和产量形成的影响,2010-2011年度在河北省藁城市以冬小麦品种‘石新828,为材料,在总施N 240 kg/hm2条件下进行了氮肥基追比(3∶7、5∶5和7∶3)和春季追氮叶龄(春4、5和6叶期)的二因素裂区试验.结果表明:小麦各生育时期的LAI均随氮肥基追比增大而增大,尤其是拔节期不同基追比的LAI差异显著.随春季追氮时期后延,拔节到开花期的LAI减小,而开花20 d以后的LAI显著增大.小麦旗时总物质生产力在灌浆前期随氮肥基追比的减小和追氮时期的后延而下降,但在灌浆后期却随追氮时期的后延而增大.氮肥基追比对小麦产量和产量构成因素的影响均不显著.每公顷穗数随追氮时期后延显著减少,而每穗粒数和千粒重随追氮时期后延显著增加.籽粒产量也随追氮时期后延显著提高.综合研究结果,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm2左右的条件下,河北省超高产冬小麦(9 000 kg/hm2以上)的氮肥运筹以基追比5∶5～7∶3,春生6叶期追施氮肥最为适宜.     

追施氮肥对中筋小麦小偃22产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨追施氮肥对中筋小麦小偃22产量和品质的影响,为关中主栽小麦品种小偃22高产调优栽培措施的制定提供理论依据。【方法】2005~2006年以小麦品种小偃22为材料,于拔节期和孕穗期追施不同量的氮肥,检测其产量、籽粒品质指标和面粉粉质指标的变化。【结果】不同生育期追施氮肥后小偃22平均单产较对照提高13.6%,其中以拔节期施纯氮37.5 kg/hm2+孕穗期施纯氮75 kg/hm2处理增产效果最为显著,较对照净增1 350.5 kg/hm2,增幅达20.8%。追施氮肥处理平均籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、干面筋含量及出粉率和吸水率显著或极显著提高,依次较对照提高6.6%,9.2%,9.9%,2.3%和2.3%;追氮对沉淀值和稳定时间影响不大,但平均硬度和弱化度较对照分别提高1.8%和22.4%;形成时间、评价值和粉质质量依次较对照降低8.3%,10.5%和16.8%。【结论】追施氮肥可显著提高小偃22的产量,显著改善其籽粒品质,但不利于粉质品质的改善。拔节期37.5 kg/hm2+孕穗期75 kg/hm2追氮组合对产量和籽粒的蛋白质品质及粉质品质效应最佳。