科尔沁沙地70种草本植物个体和构件生物量比较研究

比较分析了科尔沁沙地70种草本植物盛花期时的个体和构件生物量特性。结果表明:43种植物个体生物量小于5.0 g,大部分物种根、茎、叶、花等构件的生物量均小于2.0 g,62种植物的根冠比小于1,说明70种草本植物中的大部分物种以地上生物量为主,只有少数物种具有较发达的地下根系。植物各构件生物量之间呈显著正相关,对个体生物量的贡献率为:茎>叶>根>花。多年生和1~2年生物种的个体生物量以及各构件生物量均无显著差异,但1~2年生物种的茎和地上生物量对个体生物量的贡献率显著高于多年生物种,而多年生物种的地下生物量对个体生物量的贡献率显著高于1~2年生物种,不同构件对生物量贡献率的差异有利于不同生活型植物的种群扩散和繁衍。     

蒲公英花期种群构件的生物量结构与异速生长分析

采用大样本随机取样的方法,选取30株蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.Mazz)开花植株,对其根、茎、叶、花等构件的生物量及物质分配关系进行定量分析。结果表明:蒲公英种群花期各构件生物量的变异系数分别为54.11%、59.48%、111.21%和64.65%,具有较大的表型可塑性;其生物量与生物量分配的大小具有相同的规律:叶花根茎。蒲公英植株大小随着根、茎、叶及花生物量的增加呈幂函数形式增加,各功能构件生物量与有性繁殖构件之间均呈极显著的幂函数异速生长关系。     

不同生境下的空心莲子草对南方菟丝子寄生的响应

为探讨不同生境下浙江省台州市本地新天敌南方菟丝子对入侵植物空心莲子草抑制作用是否存在差异及可能的防御机制,从野外陆生生境和水陆两栖生境中采集空心莲子草,比较分析其在相应生境下受到南方菟丝子寄生后的生长与防御的变化。结果显示,空心莲子草受到南方菟丝子寄生胁迫后表现出以下几点变化:(1)极显著降低了根生物量,但对茎、叶和总生物量影响不显著,陆生生境中空心莲子草根、茎、叶和总生物量显著高于水陆两栖生境。(2)降低了空心莲子草根冠比和根生物量分配比例,而极显著提高了叶生物量分配比例,对茎生物量分配比例影响不显著。无论是在水生生境下还是在水陆两栖生境下,空心莲子草根冠比、根生物量分配比例、叶生物量分配比例差异均不显著。在陆生生境下寄生处理降低了茎生物量分配比例,然而在水陆两栖生境下寄生处理提高了茎生物量分配比例。(3)极显著提高了总酚含量,对单宁和木质素含量影响不显著。单宁含量在陆生生境下极显著高于水陆两栖生境,总酚和木质素含量差异不显著。说明陆生型空心莲子草在受到寄生胁迫后,将更多的资源用于防御,将少量资源用于维系自身生长,与水陆两栖型的资源分配存在一定的差异。     

半干旱风沙区黄柳幼苗生长发育对沙埋的响应

以科尔沁沙地黄柳(Salix gordejevii)幼苗为研究对象,通过0 cm,10 cm,20 cm和40 cm 4个沙埋处理,研究其生长发育对沙埋的响应。结果表明：随着沙埋深度的增加,黄柳幼苗的死亡率增加,存活率下降。沙埋对黄柳幼苗的株高、相对高度增长率,分配到根、茎、叶的生物量和根冠比有显著影响,对绝对高度增长率和生物量无显著影响。轻度沙埋有利于黄柳幼苗高度增加,随着沙埋深度的增加,株高依然增加,相对高度生长率却下降。轻度沙埋使黄柳幼苗的生物量较多地分配到根,随着沙埋深度的增加,较多的生物量分配给地上部分,根冠比下降。说明黄柳幼苗可通过加快茎的生长或改变生物量的分配等方式维持光合作用能力,增加对沙埋的抵御能力。     

库布齐沙地柠条根际土壤微生物生物量及其与土壤因子的关系

对库布齐沙地柠条根际、非根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分布状况及其与土壤因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:柠条土壤生物量碳、氮含量的分布趋势均为根际土壤>非根际土壤>流沙,且以表层(0-10cm)最高,随土层加深,呈下降趋势;柠条土壤中微生物量碳、氮对土壤有机质、全氮的贡献率分别为1.55%-4.73%,5.61%-13.39%,微生物量碳氮比为3.10-7.22;微生物量碳氮间呈显著正相关,土壤全氮、有机质含量与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮相关性最大。     

外来入侵杂草田菁的构件生物量分配与异速生长分析

田菁(Sesbania cannabina)是我国华南、华中和华东等地区危害严重的外来入侵杂草，通过测定其构件(根、茎、叶、花、果)生物量和植株高度等数据，分析其构件生物量分配特征及其与异速生长的关系，以期掌握该入侵杂草的生长发育规律。结果表明：田菁的构件生物量分配关系表现为茎>叶>果>根>花，而其变异系数从大到小为果>茎>叶>根>花，其地上与地下以及生殖与营养构件间的生物量均表现出极显著的差异性。此外，田菁各构件之间以及株高与构件间均为异速生长关系，株高与各构件生物量间呈极显著正相关性。田菁种群各构件间的异速生长关系以及较高的地上构件生物量与其较强的入侵性有密切联系，该结果对评估田菁的入侵机制具有重要价值。     

水分和温度对紫茎泽兰幼苗生长的影响

比较2个水分和3个温度梯度条件下,中国和墨西哥两种群紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng）的形态、生物量分配和光合色素的可塑性反应,探讨两种群在幼苗阶段生长特点及入侵潜力。结果表明：（1）各温度水分处理下墨西哥种群株高、叶片数、总叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比、总叶绿素较高,中国种群根长、根生物量、根冠比较高。表明墨西哥种群在适宜的环境条件下比中国种群有更高的资源捕获能力,而中国种群对干旱和低温条件有更好的适应能力。（2）两种群紫茎泽兰对水分响应显著,100%水分下总叶面积、平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶面积比、叶根比、总叶绿素均高于50%水分条件。对温度响应显著,尤其20℃时,中国种群根长,墨西哥种群总叶面积,100%水分下平均叶面积、总生物量、叶生物量比、叶根比5,0%水分下根生物量比,均达最高值。两种群喜湿润的环境,温度20℃时生长较好。     

土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗生长和叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱下冬小麦幼苗生长和生理特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,幼苗株高、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总生物量、叶水势、叶片相对含水率均随土壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势;根冠比、叶片水分饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明,在干旱胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗一方面通过改变生物量分配策略,较多地提高根比重,以利于根系吸水增加抗旱性;另一方面,通过改变叶片的生理特性以提高抗旱性。     

外来入侵植物豚草构件生物量特征

豚草是一种恶性入侵杂草,为了解其生物量特征及分配规律,探讨其入侵特性,本文从构件水平研究了豚草各构件生物量结构及分配特征和各构件生物量之间的关系模型.结果表明豚草各构件生物量及其分配比率均表现为茎＞花＞叶＞根;豚草各构件生物量之间、各构件生物量与植株大小之间均呈极显著正相关关系,可用线性函数和幂函数模型较好地表达.     

手掌参内生真菌及根际土壤真菌的群落组成

为筛选促生菌,采用高通量测序技术对手掌参茎、叶、果荚和根4种组织内生真菌及根际土壤真菌的群落组成进行分析。结果表明:从手掌参所有组织样品及根际土壤中共获得4 192个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),其中茎中OTU数量最多,为1 096个,其次为根际土壤和叶中,分别为1 048个和983个,根中最少,为397个。所有样品中OTU注释后隶属于4门15纲,优势菌群为子囊菌门,相对丰度为47.25%～81.58%。属水平上主要菌群为枝孢霉属Cladosporium、粉褶蕈属Entoloma、背芽突霉属Cadophora和赤霉菌属Gibberella,分别为果荚、土壤、根、叶和茎中优势菌群。多样性指数表明茎中真菌群落的丰富度及多样性最高,而根部最低,不同样品之间真菌群落的多样性和丰富度差异显著。热图分析和主坐标分析均表明茎、叶和果荚中内生真菌的群落组成较相似,但与根部内生真菌和土壤中真菌的群落组成存在一定差异。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.