Evaluation of a competitive ELISA for antibody detection against avian influenza virus

Active serologic surveillance is necessary to control the spread of the avian influenza virus (AIV). In this study, we evaluated a commercially-available cELISA in terms of its ability to detect AIV antibodies in the sera of 3,358 animals from twelve species. cELISA detected antibodies against reference H1- through H15-subtype AIV strains without cross reactivity. Furthermore, the cELISA was able to detect antibodies produced following a challenge of the AIV H9N2 subtype in chickens, or following vaccination of the AIV H9 or H5 subtypes in chickens, ducks and geese. Next, we tested the sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA with sera from twelve different animal species, and compared these results with those obtained by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, the "gold standard" in AIV sera surveillance, a second commercially-available cELISA (IZS ELISA), or the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. Compared with the HI test, the sensitivities and specificities of cELISA were 95% and 96% in chicken, 86% and 88% in duck, 97% and 100% in turkey, 100% and 87% in goose, and 91% and 97% in swine, respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of the cELISA in this study were higher than those of IZS ELISA for the duck, turkey, goose, and grey partridge sera samples. The results of AGP test against duck and turkey sera also showed significant correlation with the results of cELISA (R-value >0.9). In terms of flock sensitivity, the cELISA correlated better with the HI test than with commercially-available indirect ELISAs, with 100% flock sensitivity.     

Virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus and avian influenza virus

This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus (ASFV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), according to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. AEW (pH 5.0–6.5) was prepared using a commercially available “Electrolyzed Water Generator” with a free chlorine concentration (FCC) of 5–140 ppm, and its efficiency in reducing the titer of ASFV and AIV was tested in a suspension under low- and high-level organic soiling. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥40 ppm was effective against ASFV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥80 ppm was effective against ASFV. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥60 ppm was effective against AIV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥100 ppm was effective against AIV. The virucidal effect of AEW seemed dependent on the FCC and the presence of organic soiling. Based on these data, we recommend the following minimum FCCs in AEW treatment for routine disinfection in veterinary field under low- and high-level organic soiling conditions: for ASFV, 50 ppm and 100 ppm; and for AIV, 75 ppm and 125 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the virucidal effects of AEW against ASFV and AIV emphasize its potential utility as a disinfectant, and we suggest considering organic soiling conditions while using AEW for implementing effective control measures for field applications.     

SPF鸡各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体的分布

为了解SPF鸡体内各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体分布状况,本研究采用凝集素免疫荧光组织染色的方法,系统检测了流感病毒唾液酸受体在SPF鸡呼吸系统、消化系统以及其它系统各组织中的分布,并进行半定量分析。结果表明,大部分组织中均同时存在唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖受体与唾液酸α2,6-半乳糖受体,只有少部分组织仅存在其中一种受体,这种受体分布的广泛性与流感病毒组织噬性相一致;但鼻甲与喉头中唾液酸受体明显低于许多其他组织,这也表明不能简单的通过唾液酸受体的有无或者密度高低来判定病毒在各组织中的实际分布与复制增殖情况,或许还有其他机制参与了病毒入侵与增殖的过程。     

禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列设计并合成引物。从H5N1亚型病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高保真DNA聚合酶扩增NA基因,构建转移载体pFastBacHTA-NA,并与大肠杆菌DH10Bac的Bacmid质粒重组,构建重组转座质粒rBacmid-NA。在脂质体介导下将rBacmid-NA转染sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒。在sf9昆虫细胞中表达NA蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和激光共聚焦检测蛋白。结果表明:表达的NA蛋白分子量约为53 ku,该蛋白能与H5N1亚型AIV血清发生特异性反应,证明NA蛋白表达正确,具有良好的免疫反应性。     

抗H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

以抗H5亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）JSD株鸡胚尿囊液免疫8周龄BALB/c小鼠,第4次免疫后取其脾淋巴细胞与SP2/0-Ag-14骨髓瘤细胞融合,用血凝抑制试验（HI）对杂交瘤进行筛选,经3次亚克隆后,共获得4株针对血凝素（HA）蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,分别命名为：2D2、2C8、3D3和3D11。该4株单抗的小鼠腹水的HI效价在2^13～2^15,ELISA效价为1.2×10^5～5.1×10^5。亚类鉴定结果表明,2D2和3D11属于IgG1,2C8属于IgG3,3D3属于IgG2a亚类;特异性试验结果表明,上述4株单抗仅与H5 AIV毒株发生特异性反应,而不与其他亚型AIV以及NDV、IBV和EDSV-76等病毒反应;鸡胚中和试验结果显示,4株单抗均具有较好的中和活性。本研究成功获得4株针对H5 AIVHA蛋白的特异性单抗,为临床H5 AIV的血清学监测及鉴定提供了必需的试剂。     

H3亚型禽流感病毒血凝素特异性单克隆抗体的制备

以H3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,用血凝抑制试验(HI)筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞并克隆化。结果获得了4株针对H3亚型禽流感病毒血凝素的单克隆抗体,分别命名为1D7、1F9、5A4、5F5。这些单克隆抗体小鼠腹水HI效价为212～214。用H1、H6、H10亚型禽流感病毒各2株,H4、H5、H9和新城疫病毒(NDV)各1株进行特异性试验。结果表明:所有这些单抗仅与H3亚型AIV发生特异性HI反应,而不与其他亚型AIV及NDV反应。用28株H3亚型禽流感病毒进行排谱试验,结果证明:4株单抗均具有广谱性,其中1F9、5A4、5F5与受试的28株H3亚型AIV均反应,而1D7只与其中的26株反应。以上单抗将为控制畜禽及人类的流感提供必需的诊断试剂。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素特异性单因子血清制备

为制备特异性的H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)单因子血清,本研究分别将6株不同亚群的H9亚型AIV的血凝素(HA)基因以鸡偏嗜的密码子进行优化,经全基因合成插入高效真核表达载体pCAGGS中,构建的真核重组质粒转染293T细胞进行瞬时表达,间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,重组质粒中的HA目的基因获得表达.将重组质粒以200μg/只的剂量免疫1月龄SPF鸡,6周后采血分离血清.交叉微量血凝抑制试验结果表明,血凝抑制效价可达8 long2～12 log2,灵敏度高,与其他AIV亚型抗原无交叉反应,型特异性强.     

A型禽流感病毒通用型核酸检测标准样品的研制及不确定度分析

利用基因克隆和体外转录技术,制备A型禽流感病毒通用核酸检测阳性标准样品。根据禽流感基质蛋白基因M的序列,设计全长开放阅读框的克隆引物,RT-PCR获得相应片段,连接至pGEM-T载体,测序后采用体外转录方法制备RNA纯品,初步定量稀释后,混合分装作为核酸标准样品候选物。采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行均匀性和稳定性检验,并委托外部实验室采用外标实时定量RT-PCR方法对转录的RNA片段进行定值。通过绘制荧光定量标准扩增曲线和协作标定的方式,计算标准物质含量（拷贝）,并进行不确定度的估算。均一性结果显示瓶间差异小于5%,稳定性试验表明室温20~25℃（相对湿度20%~50%）14d,2~8℃3个月以及-20℃保存1年的含量均无明显变化。核酸标准物质定值为（3.120±0.345）×10^8拷贝数,可用作禽流感病毒通用核酸检测的标准质控品。     

禽流感病毒核蛋白基因探针制备及其初步应用

将禽流感病毒Ｈ９Ｎ２ 亚型毒株核蛋白（ＮＰ）基因３′端较为保守的、约３５０ｂｐ 的编码序列通过限制性内切酶ＨａｅⅢ切割、分离后,用随机引物法制备Ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ１１ｄＵＴＰ标记探针。测定该探针的浓度为１００μｇ／ｍ ｌ。特异性试验发现该探针只能与实验室构建的、含有ＮＰ基因的重组载体ｐＧＥＭＴＥＮＰ和ｐＢａｃＰＡＫＮＰ以及Ａ 型流感病毒Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型、Ｈ３Ｎ２ 亚型以及Ｈ９Ｎ３ 亚型毒株基因组ＲＮＡ 结合出现特异性的颜色反应,而与实验室常用的载体ｐＧＥＭＴ ｅａｓｙ、ｐＢａｃＰＡＫＨｉｓ ３、ｐＴＡＲＧＥＴ 和ｐＧＥＭＥＸ２ 以及新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒和传染性喉气管炎病毒基因组不发生反应。应用该探针检测含ＮＰ基因的重组载体和重组病毒证明该探针是有效的,可用于含禽流感病毒样品或材料的检测。     

禽流感病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了能快速准确地对禽流感进行病原学诊断，根据流感病毒的M基因序列，在保守区内用Olig04．0软件设计了1对引物，建立了一步法RT—PCR诊断方法，其目的片段大小为229bp。通过对不同稀释倍数的H5亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液和棉拭子浸出液进行检测，结果显示，病毒尿囊液的最低检出稀释度为1：10^4；阳性棉拭子的最低检出稀释度为1：2^3。用病毒分离法和一步法RT—PCR同时检测人工感染鸡不同脏器、口咽及泄殖腔棉拭子样品，二者符合率为100％，但前者的检测灵敏度比后者高10～100倍。用该方法检测H1～H15亚型禽流感病毒和鸡新城疫病毒等其他14种禽病病原，所有禽流感病毒均有229bp的目的条带出现，而其他14种禽病病原均无目的条带出现，表明该方法的特异性好。     

Astragalus polysaccharide enhances immunity and inhibits H9N2 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo

This study investigated the humoral immunization of Astragalus polysaccharide （APS） against HgN2 avian influenza virus （H9N2 AIV） infection in chickens. The effects of APS treatment on H9N2 infection was evaluated by an Mqq- [3（4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and analysis of MFIC and cytokine mRNA expression. The effect on lymphocyte and serum antibody titers in vivo was also investigated. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, LITAF, IL-12 and antibody titers to H9N2 AIV wet enhanced in the first week after APS treatment. The results indicated that APS treatment reduces H9N2 AIV replication and promotes early humoral immune responses in young chickens.This study investigated the humoral immunization of Astragalus polysaccharide （APS） against HgN2 avian influenza virus （H9N2 AIV） infection in chickens. The effects of APS treatment on HgN2 infection was evaluated by an M]q- [3（4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and analysis of MHC and cytokine mRNA expression. The effect on lymphocyte and serum antibody titers in vivo was also investigated. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, LITAF, IL-12 and antibody titers to PIgN2 AIV were enhanced in the first week after APS treatment. The results indicated that APS treatment reduces HgN2 AIV replication and promotes early humoral immune responses in young chickens.     

H6亚型禽流感病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

本研究旨在建立一种快速、特异、敏感的H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。针对H6亚型AIV的血凝素(HA)基因序列保守区设计1对引物,并优化反应条件。结果表明,该方法的最低检测限为1.07×101拷贝质粒DNA,与常规PCR相比,灵敏度高出1 000倍;扩增产物的熔解曲线分析只出现1个单特异峰,无引物二聚体,Tm值为(80.81±0.08)℃,组内变异系数为0.08%～0.99%,组间变异系数为1.85%,可重复性好;对H1、H3、H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感病毒及新城疫病毒等其他呼吸道病原体无扩增;检测快速,从样本处理到报告结果仅需3.5 h。     

利用假病毒技术筛选H5N1亚型禽流感病毒中和活性单克隆抗体

为筛选H5N1禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素蛋白(HA)特异性中和抗体,本研究构建了表达HA蛋白的重组质粒,利用该重组质粒及缺失表达人免疫缺陷病病毒1型(HIV-1)囊膜蛋白基因的骨架质粒,构建了表面整合有H5亚型AIV HA蛋白的HIV假病毒。利用该假病毒系统,筛选得到一株具有中和活性的单克隆抗体(MAb)。经测定,该MAb与纯化的全病毒具有较好的反应性,其对HIV-H5HA假病毒的中和效价为64。中和试验表明该MAb能够有效阻断野生型病毒对鸡胚的感染。本研究结果为开发H5N1 AIV的被动免疫治疗方法奠定了基础,同时对亚单位疫苗的研制也具有一定的意义。     

新城疫病毒和禽流感病毒复合型胶体金免疫层析试纸条的制备

为了建立一种简便、快速而且能同时检测新城疫病毒(NDV)和禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,本试验采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,分别标记NDV单克隆抗体6C4和AIV单克隆抗体制备免疫检测探针。在硝酸纤维素膜上,用微定量喷头喷好2条病毒检测线(T线)和1条羊抗鼠抗体质控线(C线),制备复合型免疫层析检测试纸条。结果在10 min内,可同时检测出两种病毒。试纸条检测NDV的灵敏度比HA试验结果提高8倍;AIV重组抗原的检测灵敏度为1.7μg/mL。两种病毒互相测试,未出现交叉反应。用缓冲液对照测试结果为阴性。在密封、干燥、低温的条件下,试纸条的灵敏性与特异性没有明显变化。说明本研究建立的NDV和AIV免疫层析检测法具有特异、灵敏、稳定、操作简单等特点,符合现场快速检测的要求。     

Evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of wild bird surveillance for avian influenza

This study aimed to assess which method of wild waterbird surveillance had the greatest probability of detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 during a period of surveillance activity, the cost of each method was also considered. Lake Constance is a major wintering centre for migratory waterbirds and in 2006 it was the site of an HPAI H5N1 epidemic in wild birds. Avian influenza surveillance was conducted using harmonised approaches in the three countries around the lake, Austria, Germany and Switzerland, from 2006–2009. The surveillance consisted of testing birds sampled by the following methods: live birds caught in traps, birds killed by hunters, birds caught in fishing nets, dead birds found by the public and catching live Mute Swans (Cygnus olor); sentinel flocks of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were also used. Scenario tree analysis was performed including sensitivity analysis, followed by assessment of cost-effectiveness. Results indicated that if HPAI H5N1 was present at 1% prevalence and assuming HPAI resulted in bird mortality, sampling dead birds found by the public and sentinel surveillance were the most sensitive approaches despite residual uncertainty over some parameters. The uncertainty over the mortality of infected birds was an influential factor. Sampling birds found dead was most cost-effective, but strongly dependent on mortality and awareness of the public. Trapping live birds was least cost-effective. Based on our results, we recommend that future HPAI H5N1 surveillance around Lake Constance should prioritise sentinel surveillance and, if high mortality is expected, the testing of birds found dead.     

H7亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫原性评估

本研究以细胞感染-转染技术构建了一株表达H7亚型禽流感病毒(AⅣ)血凝素(HA)基因的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-HA.以5×105PFU的rFPV-HA经翅下刺种免疫8周龄SPF鸡,免疫后第3周用100 CID5o的HA基因同源AⅣ A/Arfi St/eng-Q/983/79(H7N1)进行人工感染,1周后采集泄殖腔棉拭子进行病毒分离.免疫后第三周及攻毒后第1、2周对所有动物进行静脉采血,检测血凝抑制(HI)抗体和免疫沉淀(AGP)抗体.结果,攻毒前部分rFPV-HA免疫鸡可检测到HI抗体,但检测不到AGP抗体,野生型病毒(F017)接种组和空白对照组HI抗体和AGP抗体均为阴性.攻毒后rFPV-HA免疫组的HI抗体上升速度明显高于野生型病毒接种组和空白对照组.rFPV-HA免疫组有6/8的鸡为流感病毒分离阴性,野生型病毒接种组和空白对照组的试验鸡病毒分离全部为阳性.结果表明rFPV-HA可诱导鸡产生有效的免疫保护反应,阻止或降低消化道病毒排泄.rFPV-HA的成功构建为研制开发H7亚型禽流感活载体疫苗奠定了良好的基础.     

禽流感病毒M1蛋白表(拟)位定位及免疫检测分析

为对禽流感病毒(AIV)M1蛋白表(拟)位进行分析,本研究采用针对AIV M1蛋白的型特异性单克隆抗体(MAb),淘选M13噬菌体展示的7肽随机肽库,进行M1蛋白表(拟)位分析。筛选获得共有序列MDRxL或HPR,定位于M1蛋白93～99位(93MDRAVKL99)和222～230位(222HPNSSAGLR230)氨基酸区域。采用ELISA、竞争性ELISA分析不同噬菌体拟位与抗M1的MAb免疫反应性,表明含有MDRxL或HPR基序的噬菌体拟位能够与MAb发生特异性结合,并且其结合能够被天然病毒抗原抑制或阻断,表明拟位多肽真实模拟病毒蛋白上与MAb结合的抗原决定簇或表位,提示M1蛋白93～99位(93MDRAVKL99)和222～230位(222HPNSSAGLR230)氨基酸区域构成AIV型特异性表位。