酿酒葡萄水肥一体化灌溉定额与灌溉布局成本效益分析

为探究河西灌区酿酒葡萄适宜的灌溉定额和灌溉布局，于2019—2021年进行了连续3年田间试验。以‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄为供试材料，采取裂区设计，灌溉定额为主区，设置3个灌水水平，即1 800 m³·hm^-2 (低水WL)、2 700 m³·hm^-2(中水，WM)和3 600 m³·hm^-2(高水，WH);灌溉布局为副区，设置3种方式，即1管1行(C-S)、2管1行(C-D)及2管1行分根区灌溉(PRD),探究不同灌溉定额与灌溉布局对酿酒葡萄生长、产量、果实品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明：灌溉定额对酿酒葡萄修剪量、产量、果实品质及葡萄园可变成本具有显著影响，WL处理葡萄果实品质最佳，平均可溶性固形物、多酚及花色苷分别达27.37°Brix、30.69 mg·g^-1及6.74 mg·g^-1;WM处理葡萄产量最高，为10 163.2 kg·hm^-2;WH处理葡萄修剪量最大，为1.53 kg·株     

柴达木盆地盐渍化土壤养分和酶活性特征

为探讨柴达木盆地不同程度盐渍化土壤养分和酶活性特征，沿察尔汗盐湖至昆仑山方向依次选择5个样点，分析土壤养分和酶活性特征及其二者的相关性。结果表明：除土壤全钾外，土壤盐渍化程度、土壤深度及其两者交互作用对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。在盐渍化程度较低的土壤，养分有效性(速效钾除外)和酶活性较高，且随土壤深度的增加而降低。以有机碳和蔗糖酶为例，在盐渍化程度最低的S5样地中含量为13.83 g·kg^-1和21.01 mg·g^-1·d^-1(0～5 cm)、12.85 g·kg^-1和19.29 mg·g^-1·d^-1(5～10 cm)、9.83 g·kg^-1和12.19 mg·g^-1·d^-1(10～20 cm)，显著高于盐渍化程度最高S1中的8.56 g·kg^-1和1.41 mg·g^-1·d^-1(0～...     

冀南平原大棚微咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布及葡萄生长发育的影响

为确定适宜矿化度的微咸水滴灌方式,并为指导不同葡萄品种的微咸水滴灌灌溉制度提供理论依据,在冀南平原地区开展大棚葡萄微咸水滴灌试验,研究了淡水(CK)、2 g·L^-1微咸水(2 g·L^-1)、3 g·L^-1微咸水(3 g·L^-1)和4 g·L^-1微咸水(4 g·L^-1)4个不同矿化度水分灌溉处理对土壤水盐分布、葡萄生长和光合特性及果实品质的影响。结果表明：(1)2 g·L^-1处理的土壤盐分累积小于影响葡萄生长的盐分阈值,而3 g·L^-1和4 g·L^-1处理的盐分累积已超出该盐分阈值。(2)微咸水滴灌会减缓生育前期葡萄新梢的生长速度,且矿化度越高减缓程度越大。(3)随着矿化度的增加,叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但2 g·L^-1处理的叶片水分利用效率高于其他处理。(4)2 g·L^-1处理‘火焰无核’葡萄的糖酸比...     

盐碱胁迫下藜麦种质幼苗生理特性及耐盐碱性评价

以藜麦为研究对象,使用盆栽育苗法,设置0(CK)、150、300 mmol·L^-1 3个混合盐碱(NaCl∶NaHCO₃=1∶1)浓度处理,通过测定幼苗鲜质量、干质量及叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生长及生理指标,研究盐碱胁迫对10份藜麦(Q1～Q10)种质幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：随盐碱胁迫程度加剧,幼苗的株高、根长较对照有少量增高,Q1的150 mmol·L^-1和300 mmol·L^-1处理较CK增高3 cm,而鲜质量相较CK有明显的下降趋势,在300 mmol·L^-1至150 mmol·L^-1减少0.19 g;叶片叶绿素含量中的Q6由CK的2.7 mg·g^-1在150 mmol·L^-1时上升至4 mg·g^-1,在300 mmol·L^-1时下降至2 mg·g^-1;Q1的可溶性糖由CK的30.8 mg·g     

不同覆盖方式和灌水量对设施延后栽培葡萄生长特性和产量品质的影响

试验研究了不同灌水量和覆盖方式对葡萄新梢生长期新梢生长特性、膨大期果实粒径大小变化、成熟期品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响,旨在确定延后葡萄栽培最理想的处理模式。研究结果表明:对于同一种覆盖处理,在两种不同的灌水水平下葡萄植株新梢生长特性、果实大小重量和可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量都没有显著性差异(P0.05);不同覆盖方式下,适度调亏灌溉下葡萄的可溶性固形物含量和Vc含量均比标准灌水的高,其中适度调亏灌溉下的秸秆地膜覆盖处理的可溶性固形物含量和Vc含量分别达到18.03%和0.20 mg·g-1;在同一灌水梯度下,覆盖相比不覆盖处理均能不同程度改善植株新梢生长特性、果实大小重量、可溶性固形物含量和Vc含量,且地膜秸秆双重覆盖处理的效果最好,标准灌水下的秸秆地膜覆盖处理各品种指标均最大,其可溶性固形物含量和Vc含量分别达到18.33%和0.22 mg·g-1;不同水分处理均能增加葡萄产量,提高水分利用效率,且适度调亏灌溉的葡萄产量和水分利用率最高,分别达到36 381.1 kg·hm~(-2)和6.29 kg·m-3。由此可知,适度亏水处理的秸秆地膜覆盖处理时,葡萄新梢生长速度、果实大小重量、葡萄品质和产量及水分利用效率均达到最高水平,该结论可以在今后设施栽培葡萄节水、优质灌溉制度中推广应用。     

青海东部农区引进燕麦品种各器官C、N、P生态化学计量学特征变化研究

以4个引种燕麦(Avena sativa)为典型代表,对其不同生育时期根、茎、叶中的C、N、P含量及其化学计量学特征进行测定,探讨不同生育时期燕麦C、N、P元素含量及其化学计量比的变化规律,为燕麦饲草的科学收获提供理论依据。结果表明：燕麦全株C、N、P含量分别为322.30～333.97、17.42～75.62、2.74～5.42 mg·g^-1,燕麦根C、N、P含量分别为298.42～317.92、11.47～73.71、2.82～3.42 mg·g^-1,燕麦茎C、N、P含量分别为311.25～338.86、10.15～75.16、2.44～5.06 mg·g^-1,燕麦叶C、N、P含量分别为330.80～372.47、30.64～113.80、2.59～8.65 mg·g^-1;各器官间C、N、P含量表现为叶>茎>根。此外,燕麦各器官C、N、P含量的积累过程具有一定季节特征,C含量积累过程受生育时期影响较小,表现出较强的稳定性;而N和P含量的积累过程受生育时期影响较大,其在拔节期～抽穗期均...     

国外引入的18个酿酒葡萄营养系抗寒性评价

为鉴定引入武威地区的18个酿酒葡萄营养系的抗寒性,文中以其1年生枝条为试验材料,人工模拟低温,设置-14、-18、-22、-26、-30℃5个温度处理,以4℃为对照,对其相对电导率及其生理指标进行测定,根据Logistic方程拟合计算得出LT₅₀,并采用隶属函数法对各营养系的抗寒性进行综合评价,旨在为该地区葡萄抗寒品种选育及抗寒栽培技术的应用提供理论依据。结果表明：引入武威的18个酿酒葡萄营养系LT₅₀在-13.87℃～-19.70℃,其中‘CS-VCR11’、‘CS-VCR19’、‘PN-VCR9’、‘CS-15’的抗寒性较强,一年生枝条能耐-18℃左右低温,‘CF-678’、‘CF-396’、‘CF-215’、‘ML-VCR101’的抗寒性较弱,枝条耐低温在-14℃左右。平均隶属度值与LT₅₀相关性达极显著水平,2者均可作为有效评价葡萄抗寒性的方法。     

不同寄主来源的葡萄霜霉病菌致病力测定及孢子囊大小比较

对采自我国不同地区、不同主栽葡萄品种‘红地球’、‘巨峰’及‘赤霞珠’上的12份葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小进行了比较和分析,结果表明:采自不同葡萄品种的病原菌对感病葡萄品种‘奥迪亚无核’叶片的致病力具有明显差异,其中‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的病原菌致病性较强,明显大于‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌致病力;采自不同葡萄品种的霜霉病菌孢子囊大小存在一定的差异,‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌孢子囊明显大于‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的霜霉病菌孢子囊。上述结果表明,采自不同寄主的葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小均存在一定程度的分化。     

贺兰山东麓4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条抗寒性鉴定

贺兰山东麓地区受季风和大陆性气候影响,冬季寒冷干燥,低温持续时间长,酿酒葡萄越冬冻害频繁发生,严重制约葡萄与葡萄酒产业的可持续发展。文中对贺兰山东麓产区主栽的4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条进行抗寒性鉴定,旨在对酿酒葡萄抗寒育种、优良品种推广提供理论依据。文中以‘北红’‘威代尔’‘西拉’‘赤霞珠’一年生枝条为试验材料,以4℃下保存的样本为对照,模拟自然冷冻降温过程,设置-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃五个低温处理梯度,对各处理中枝条的保护酶活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、枝条萌芽率以及相对电导率、LT50进行测定及计算,运用相关性分析与隶属函数法对不同品种酿酒葡萄抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明:‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’4种酿酒葡萄枝条半致死温度分别为-29.57℃、-27.26℃、-23.99℃、-14.10℃。相关分析结果表明,相对电导率、CAT活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量与抗寒性呈负相关关系,枝条萌芽率、SOD、POD活性与抗寒性呈正相关关系。恢复生长法、LT50可作为判断酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱的单项指标。4种酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱顺序为‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’。     

水分胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实挥发性化合物及相关基因表达的影响

为了研究水分胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实挥发性化合物的影响,试验以3年生‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试材,设对照(CK)、轻度胁迫(T1)、中度胁迫(T2)和重度胁迫(T3)4个处理,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)测定果实挥发性化合物组分,采用荧光定量PCR法(qRT-PCR)检测类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因(VvCCD1)、E-(β)-丁香烯合成酶(VvEcar)和植物脂氢过氧化物裂解酶基因(VvHPLA)、芳樟醇合成酶基因(Vvlis)在葡萄果实中的表达水平。结果表明：在花后110 d,与CK相比,T1和T2处理下果实百粒重分别显著降低7.32%和20.97%,T3处理下果实百粒重显著降低31.80%;T1和T2处理果实可溶性固形物(TSS)相比于CK分别增加10.33%和5.68%,差异不显著,但在T3处理下,果实TSS显著降低15.74%;果实有机酸含量在T1和T2处理下分别降低11.66%(P>0.05)和25.56%(P<0.05),T3处理显著增加18.61%;各处理下总酚含量显著高于CK;与CK相比,T2处理果实花色苷含量显著提高9.35%,T1处理和T3处理与CK...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.