科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林主要外生菌根真菌的最适培养条件

在实验室条件下模拟环境因子进行沙地樟子松林下常见3种外生菌根真菌的纯培养试验,探讨培养基、pH值、水分和温度对外生菌根真菌生长的影响,以期得到3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长条件.结果表明:外生菌根真菌在含有松针汁、马铃薯汁、酵母粉和维生素的培养基里生长较好;pH值对外生菌根真菌的生长影响较小,L.deliciosus 和B.sp.的最适生长pH分别为6.0和5.0,L.sp.在较广的pH范围内均可生长得良好,且在中性和弱碱性的培养基中长势均好于另外两种;水分对实验菌株的影响较大,在较低的PEG浓度(100 g PEG·kg-1 H2O)下,三种菌株生长良好,最适得生长PEG浓度为10%;高温容易导致外生菌根真菌死亡,3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长温度范围是25-28℃.     

马尾松外生菌根菌的培养和育苗效应研究

对彩色豆马勃、厚环乳牛肝菌、血红铆钉菇等７株菌根菌株在４种培养基、３种温度梯度下的生长状况和马尾松苗期接种效果进行研究。结果表明：改良麦芽汁培养基是外生菌根菌的适宜培养基；彩色豆马勃适应力强，明显促进马尾松苗期生长，菌根感染率高，但各菌株之间存在差异；厚环乳牛肝菌不适宜马尾松的苗期生长。     

不同温度、pH值和培养基对杨树梭形溃疡病病原菌生长的影响

以中菏1号杨(I-107杨)为代表的杨树梭形溃疡病由壳梭孢属的真菌所引起,是一种新的杨树病害.在实验室进行了不同温度、pH值和培养基对壳梭孢菌3个菌株生长影响的研究.结果表明3个菌株的生长温度范围为15～30℃,最适的生长温度为30℃.其寄生基物的pH值范围为4～13,最适的pH值为7～8.4种培养基中以PDA培养基对3个菌株的生长为最适合.     

铝对外生菌根真菌草酸分泌及氮磷钾吸收的影响(英文)

选用来自我国西南酸性土壤上的松乳菇、褐环乳牛肝菌和来自西北石灰性土壤的厚环乳牛肝菌、土生空团菌作为供试菌株,采用液体培养的方法,研究不同浓度铝对4种外生菌根真菌的生长、草酸分泌及氮磷钾吸收的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫下,4种外生菌根真菌生物量均出现不同程度的下降,且松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌生物量下降幅度较厚环乳牛肝菌、土生空团菌少;同时,松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌无论在是否含铝的培养基中均有较高的草酸分泌量。这可能是由于草酸能够与培养基中的铝螯合,从而降低铝离子的活性、减轻对菌株的伤害。在大多数铝处理的菌丝中,松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌的氮磷钾吸收量高于厚环乳牛肝菌与土生空团菌。根据菌株在铝胁迫下的生物量与养分吸收状况可知,选自酸性土壤上的菌种具有较强的抗铝性,这可能是酸性土壤上自然选择的结果。另外,培养基中适当的铝浓度能够增加4种菌株的磷含量,这可能是有益于沉淀细胞内的铝以减轻铝毒。     

2种牛肝菌的生理学特性及抗盐碱性

对美味牛肝菌和褐疣柄牛肝菌在不同培养基、不同梯度的培养温度、不同pH值条件、不同碳 (C)源和氮(N)源下的生长特性以及抗盐碱性进行了研究。结果表明 :美味牛肝菌适合在MMN培养基上生长 ,褐疣柄牛肝菌适合在PDA、MMN和MRD上生长 ;2菌种适生pH值范围为 4～ 9,最适pH值为 5～ 6 ,最适生长温度为 2 5～ 30℃ ;美味牛肝菌利用最好的C源是葡萄糖和淀粉 ,而褐疣柄牛肝菌利用最好的C源是葡萄糖 ;2菌种对供试的有机N源均利用较好 ,尤以牛肉浸膏为最佳 ;无机N源中 ,2菌种对 (NH4 ) 2 SO4 和KNO3利用较好。抗盐碱性试验表明 :2菌种有一定的抗盐碱能力 ,但pH和盐的双胁迫作用显然对菌丝体生长影响显著 ,菌丝体干质量下降较为明显。     

松乳菇菌种固体培养基筛选初步研究

以引自中国林业科学研究院菌种保藏中心菌种资源库的7个松乳菇菌株为材料,通过筛选出的碳源、氮源基础培养基,对菌丝形态、菌丝生长速度进行观察,确定出适宜的松乳菇菌种和固体培养基配方。试验结果表明:不同菌株菌丝生长速度有所不同,其最适碳、氮源亦有所不同;添加松针水可以有效提高菌种菌丝的生长速度。83417菌株为较适宜培养的菌株,其最适固体培养基组成为KH_2PO_4(0.3 g)、MgSO_4(0.5 g)、FeSO_4(0.5 g)、蔗糖(19.9 g)、琼脂(20 g)、蛋白胨(1 g)、VB_1(0.1 g)、松针水(1000 mL)。     

我国松杉球壳孢生长适应性分化研究

对来自我国 13个省份的松杉球壳孢 (S .sapinea) 4 9～ 5 5个菌株进行生长适应性研究。在 6种培养基质、系列温度梯度和系列pH值梯度条件下 ,各菌株的生长适应性存在较大的差异。在Czapek培养基上 ,有些菌株存在明显的营养适性分化。运用高次多项式数学模型拟合方法构建出各供试菌株 0～ 72h的生长量随系列温度、系列pH值的变化曲线 ,从而确定了各菌株的平均最适生长温度为 2 6 .8℃ ,其中最低值为 2 3.1℃(ZJ2 ) ,最高值为 2 9 6℃ (F1) ;平均最适生长pH值为pH5 .6 ,其中最低值为pH4 .4 (F7) ,最高值为pH6 .7(F5 )。地理来源及其生境对松枯梢病菌菌株间的适温性变化似有一定影响 ,但与该菌对基质pH值变化的适应性似乎无明显关系     

绒白乳菇rDNA ITS序列鉴定及生物学特性研究

首次应用通用引物ITSl与ITS4从绒白乳菇中扩增出rDNA ITS序列(登录号为DQ011144).通过GenBank中BLAST,本菌株与Lactarius vellereus(AY606958)相似率最高,为96%,命名为Lactarius vellereus rb.生物学特性研究表明:绒白乳菇能够利用的碳源种类较为广泛,对甘露醇、琥珀酸利用效果较好,对山梨糖利用效果最差;供试氮源中,对甘氨酸利用效果最好,对谷氨酸利用能力最差,无机氮源中对硝态氮的利用优于铵态氮;无机盐是绒白乳菇生长的必需因子,烟酸促进生长效果较为显著,VB1次之,叶酸稍微促进,VB6抑制其生长;菌丝体生长pH范围为4～9,生长的温度范围为10～30 ℃,最适温度为25℃;培养基的较优组合为(1 L):琥珀酸浓度2%、甘氨酸浓度0.15%、无机盐溶液20 ml、烟酸100mg、pH为6.     

梯棱羊肚菌菌丝培养条件

在温度、营养、酸碱度等不同培养条件下,通过观测羊肚菌M6613菌株的菌丝生长和菌核形成情况,探讨该菌株的生物学特性。试验结果表明:7种复合培养基中梯棱羊肚菌M6613菌株的菌丝均能正常生长且都能形成菌核,最适菌丝生长的复合培养基为PDA综合培养基和PDA土壤培养基,最适菌核形成的复合培养基为PDA麸皮培养基;M6613菌株菌丝生长和菌核形成的最适温度20 ℃,最适酸碱度为pH值6.5;最适菌丝生长和菌核形成的碳源为蔗糖和葡萄糖,尿素对菌丝的生长有抑制作用,(NH_4)_2SO_4和NaNO_4等铵盐存在时,菌丝生长缓慢;最适菌丝生长的氮源为KNO_3,最适菌核形成的氮源为KNO_3和蛋白胨,氮源为(NH_4)_2SO_4和NaNO_3等铵盐时,不形成菌核。     

厚环乳牛肝菌菌种培养基筛选试验

通过对厚环乳牛肝菌的菌种培养基筛选研究 ,结果表明 ,该菌的菌种培养基筛选已获得成功 ,野生子实体由专家鉴定了种名 ,属低温型菌株 ,该菌的菌丝体可以在多种培养基上生长 ,但以其中的 3种培养基生长最佳 ;最适生长温度 16～ 2 0℃ ;最佳pH值为 4 5～ 7 0。     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.     

系统论述卫片色调与坡向、坡度、坡位、林分龄组、郁闭度的关系

当前 ,人类赖以生存的地球资源与环境面临越来越严重的威胁。如何迅速、宏观、准确、周期性监控资源和环境 ,已被各国和国际环境组织所重视 ,而卫星遥感就具有迅速、宏观、准确、周期性等特点 ,已被各国应用。内蒙古大兴安岭林业调查规划设计院于 1996年松岭林业局森林资源二类调查时就采用了这个先进的卫星遥感技术。现将影响卫片色调的坡向、坡度、坡位、林分龄组、郁闭度的五大因素进行系统研究 ,找出其相关规律 ,为今后的森林资源调查建立标志和目视判读解译标志提供理论依据     

《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(二)——荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科植物30种5变种2亚种的学名。     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.