不同日龄鸡喉黏膜淋巴组织中的T和B淋巴细胞分布检测

为了解鸡喉黏膜不同时期的免疫状态,采集不同日龄海兰白鸡的喉组织,利用免疫组织化学方法研究CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞的出现、定位分布及数量变化过程。结果显示：4日龄时,CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞都首次出现在喉黏膜中,而且都主要分布在喉腔底壁的正中黏膜嵴中;7日龄时喉黏膜中CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞急剧增多,并形成淋巴聚集物,CD3+细胞占据淋巴聚集物的中下部区域,而Bu-1+细胞主要位于淋巴聚集物外周;14日龄时Bu-1+细胞虽仍主要分布于CD3+细胞的外周,但分界不如7日龄时明显,有部分Bu-1+细胞穿插分布于CD3+细胞之间;21日龄和35日龄时,喉黏膜固有层中淋巴细胞更为集中;56日龄时,黏膜固有层底端出现主要由Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞构成的生发中心,而CD3+ T淋巴细胞则分布在生发中心周围的滤泡间区域。在数量变化上,随着日龄增长,CD3+ T淋巴细胞和Bu-1+ B淋巴细胞数量均逐渐增加,且14日龄之前CD3+细胞数量多于Bu-1+细胞,而此后各日龄Bu-1+细胞的数量均显著多于CD3+细胞（P＜0.05）。结果表明,鸡喉黏膜中T、B淋巴细胞的分布和数量均呈现日龄相关性变化,并且其变化可以反映出14日龄之前喉黏膜以细胞免疫为主,而之后则倾向于体液免疫。本试验为进一步研究家禽喉黏膜的免疫机制奠定了基础。     

不同日龄鸡睾丸发育及组织结构研究

本实验对不同日龄鸡的睾丸发育及组织结构进行了详细的研究。结果表明：不同日龄鸡左侧睾丸的重量和体积均略大于相应的右侧睾丸：１０５－１５０日龄段是鸡睾丸迅速发育的时期５，６０，１０５和１５０日龄时，精细管管径分别为４７．６２±３．０８，４９．０６±５．１８。５４．９０±９．３９和２２６．０９±４７．０７μｍ。精原细胞分Ａ，Ｂ两型，初级精弱细胞体积较大，核呈或椭圆形；次级精母细胞体积较小，数量较少；精子     

不同日龄鸡脾脏中T淋巴细胞增殖功能的动态观察

本研究采用四甲基偶氮唑盐淋巴细胞转化实验法对不同时期鸡的脾脏中T淋巴细胞的增值功能进行检测。结果发现,在胚胎20日龄和出壳后1日龄刀豆蛋白刺激组的A值很小,但到4日龄时A值迅速增大,到7日龄时达到最大,随后又减小,直至35日龄时趋于稳定。由于T淋巴细胞的增殖功能与其鸡免疫功能呈正相关,所以说脾脏中T淋巴细胞的细胞免疫功能随着日龄增长基本呈现逐渐增强的趋势,并在7日龄时达到成熟水平。     

不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究

为了探讨火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构及其发育规律,为火鸡的免疫接种和疾病研究提供理论基础。分别取不同日龄火鸡的腔上囊,常规石蜡组织制片,显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构。研究结果表明,火鸡腔上囊的基本组织结构与其它禽类基本相似,从内至外依次由黏膜、黏膜下层、肌肉和浆膜4层组成。与其它禽类腔上囊相比,火鸡腔上囊的黏膜和黏膜下层所形成的纵行皱襞和小皱襞要发达得多;黏膜上皮全部为假复层柱状上皮,黏膜的固有膜内腔上囊小结也相对发达。火鸡腔上囊随着日龄的增加而逐渐发育,母火鸡至208日龄时达最大,公火鸡则迟于母火鸡几周,以后又逐渐退化。     

不同日龄火鸡胸腺组织形态结构的研究

为了探索火鸡胸腺随日龄变化的规律,协助做好火鸡的免疫与疾病研究,分别取28,58和88日龄火鸡的胸腺,采用石蜡组织制片,H-E染色,在显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡胸腺的组织形态结构。结果表明,火鸡胸腺由表面的被膜和中央的实质构成,被膜伸入实质将其分成许多大小不等的胸腺小叶,每一个小叶又由外周的皮质和中央的髓质组成。且随着火鸡日龄的不断增加,胸腺小叶的面积逐渐增大,数量逐渐增多,皮质部和髓质部的面积也同时增大,皮质内胸腺细胞和巨噬细胞及髓质内胸腺小体和髓质上皮细胞的数量逐渐增多。     

传染性支气管炎病毒实验感染不同日龄鸡

用引起肾病／肾炎的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）Ｋａｇｏｓｈｉｍａ－３４株实验感染２、４和６周龄的鸡，根据临床症状、粪便中病毒的排泄和血清中和抗体效价，比较了每组鸡的易感程度。结果表明，虽然所有的鸡对ＩＢＶ均表现为易感，但在２周龄组观察到最严重的临床反应，其病毒排毒期也最长。感染后第４周检测到较高的抗体效价，在４和６周龄组的鸡中，高抗体效价至少可维持１６周；相反，２周龄组鸡在感染后８￣１２周才检到     

不同日龄的土杂鸡饲养管理规程

岳阳市广大农村历来就有饲养土杂鸡的传统习惯,同时具有较高的科学养鸡水平,在新法养鸡、配合饲料、疫病防治等方面积累了许多宝贵的经验,现总结出土杂鸡饲养管理日常规程,给养鸡户提供参考。一周龄1)幼雏室温度控制32～34℃,密度40～50羽/m2。2)先饮用万分之二的高锰酸钾水溶液后开食。3)投料:饮水后投喂正大510小鸡料7次(早上6点开始至晚上10点)。4)注意通风换气,每两小时一次,两天消毒一次。5)光照:24小时用适宜的灯泡照明。6)防止白痢:用氟哌酸等抗菌类药物预防。二周龄1)幼雏室温度控制在30～32℃,密度30～40羽/m2。2)用氟哌酸或青霉素…     

不同日龄发育鸡胚淀粉酶Amy—1多态性分析

本试验分析测定了不同日龄发育鸡胚淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１多态性及胚内蛋黄淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１多态性，结果显示鸡胚淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１电泳区带在中期（５１／２天龄）开始即稳定下来；７１／２￣１７１／２天龄鸡胚淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１分布处于Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡，５１／２、６１／２及１８１／２天龄后鸡胚淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１分布则偏离Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡。结果初步说明蛋黄淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－１与鸡胚淀粉酶Ａｍｙ－     

Morphologic characterization of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens.

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in the eyelids of chickens was studied by gross, histologic, and electron microscopic techniques. Structural features were characterized at 1 day of age and at posthatching week (PHW) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16. Beginning at PHW 1, prominent lymphoid nodules containing a heterogenous population of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages were first observed within conjunctival folds and fissures of the lower eyelid. Nodules contained germinal centers by PHW 2 and plasma cells by PHW 4. The epithelium associated with these nodules was flat, had short, irregular microvilli, contained intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lacked goblet cells. High endothelial venules were located at the base of lymphoid nodules and contained lymphocytes within and below the cuboidal endothelium. In the upper eyelid, CALT was morphologically similar to lymphoid tissue in the lower eyelid, but nodules were smaller and more random, lacked association with epithelial folds and fissures, and were clustered around the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. By PHW 12, CALT was characterized by basal germinal centers outlined by collagenous stroma, suprafollicular plasma cells, columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes. On the basis of these features, CALT in chickens has morphologic characteristics similar to other components of the mucosal immune system and, therefore, may have a role in mucosal immunity.     

Quantification of particle uptake by conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in chickens

Tracer particle uptake by conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) was quantified in the lower eyelids of 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-week-old broiler chickens. CALT was measured histologically by computerized image analysis in all birds and in additional 1-day-old and 16-week-old chickens not subjected to uptake assessment. Suspensions of carbon or iron oxide were placed in contact with CALT for 5, 15, or 30 minutes (contact time). After eyelid removal, tracer uptake was scored by light microscopy, CALT was measured, and a mathematically derived uptake index was evaluated statistically. At each age examined, computer-generated measurements showed a significant increase in the proportion of CALT lymphoepithelium within proximal eyelids. Within the conjunctival sites evaluated, tracer uptake was significantly greater in lymphoepithelium than in non-lymphoepithelium at all ages and at all contact times. Uptake increased significantly between 3 and 5 weeks of age and between 5 and 15 minutes of tracer contact. Based on these uptake data for CALT in chickens, a minimal age-specific maturity is suggested that may influence function in mucosal immunity.     

Particle uptake by conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in turkeys

Uptake of tracer particles was assessed in lower eyelid conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) of 3-week-old turkeys. Tracer particle suspensions, including carbon, iron oxide, or three sizes of latex beads (0.81 micron, 1.7 microns, and 2.9 microns), were placed into the experimentally sealed conjunctival space. After 5, 15, or 30 minutes, eyelids were removed and CALT was examined by light microscopy. Uptake was confirmed for all tracers and occurred within the lymphoepithelium of CALT. The uptake of latex beads was not as frequent as for carbon and iron. Tracers were increasingly evident in lymphoepithelium and subepithelial macrophage clusters as contact time increased. These findings provide additional evidence that CALT is capable of antigen uptake and may play a role in paraocular and upper respiratory immunity in turkeys.     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为A、B、C三组。A组于1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于12日龄时结扎鼻泪管，用新城疫克隆30苗点眼。C组为对照组。23日龄分别采取其CALT和哈德氏腺，比较观察其组织细胞。结果，1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡CALT缺失，点眼免疫后，哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少，而正常接种ND克隆30（B组）后，CALT发生早，生长快，淋巴细胞数量多，故本实验证实CALT对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。CALT缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型。     

切除结膜结合淋巴组织鸡对新城疫疫苗点眼免疫反应 Ⅱ.组织学与免疫组织化学研究

60只 1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为 A、B、C三组。A组于 1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜。A、B两组于 12日龄时结扎鼻泪管 ,用新城疫克隆 30苗点眼。C组为对照组。 2 3日龄分别采取其 CAL T和哈德氏腺 ,比较观察其组织细胞。结果 ,1日龄手术切除下眼睑结膜后造成鸡 CAL T缺失 ,点眼免疫后 ,哈氏腺的免疫细胞也较正常免疫鸡少 ,而正常接种 ND克隆 30 (B组 )后 ,CAL T发生早 ,生长快 ,淋巴细胞数量多 ,故本实验证实 CAL T对哈氏腺免疫细胞的数量与成分有一定的调控作用。 CAL T缺失鸡是研究黏膜免疫系统比较理想的模型     

结膜相关淋巴组织和哈氏腺免疫协同关系的研究Ⅰ．结膜相关淋巴组织缺失对哈氏腺点眼免疫应答的影响

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ、免疫组织化学方法、手术切除结膜相关淋巴组织（Ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ Ｌｙｍｐｈｏｉｄ Ｔｉｓｓｕｅ，ＣＡＬＴ）法对结膜相关淋巴组织和哈氏腺（Ｈａｒｄｅｒｉａｎ Ｇｌａｎｄ，ＨＧ）在点眼免疫应答过程中的相互协同关系进行了研究。研究发现，采用外科手术于１日龄切除结 膜相关淋巴组织后切除组点眼免疫后泪液中ＮＤＶ－特异性ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ型抗体滴度及哈氏腺中ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ     

Characterization of membranous (M) cells in normal feline conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)

Objective To characterize conjunctival lymphoid nodules obtained from the nictitans of healthy cats to determine if the follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) of conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in this species contains membranous (M)‐cells analogous to those described in other regions of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Methods Lymphoid follicles from nictitan bulbar surfaces of 10 healthy cats (20 eyes total) were examined. Nictitans from five cats were harvested immediately post‐mortem and a minimum of 12 lymphoid nodules from each third eyelid were isolated using a Zeiss operating microscope. At least three lymphoid follicles from each eye were examined using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using standard fixation and embedding protocols. Nictitan‐lymphoid follicles from another five healthy cats were processed for immunohistochemistry to characterize the distribution of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes present beneath the FAE. Results The FAE overlying CALT from 10 healthy cats demonstrated morphology characteristic of M‐cells including attenuated apical cell surface with blunted microvilli and microfolds, invaginated basolateral membrane forming a cytoplasmic pocket, and diminished distance between the apical and pocket membrane. Immunohistochemistry of lymphoid tissue subtending the FAE demonstrated B‐cell dependent regions in the germinal centers surrounded by T‐cell dependent interfollicular zones. Conclusions Healthy feline CALT contains morphologic features analogous to those described in other regions of MALT. Documentation of feline conjunctival M‐cells is of clinical relevance in the study of primary infectious, allergic, and autoimmune ocular diseases, as well as a potential means of vaccination or drug delivery.     

Effectiveness of various barbiturates in chickens of different ages]

Phenobarbital, allobarbital, and pentobarbital in the doses of 40 and 80 mg per 1 kg body mass were applied intramuscularly to groups of the cockerels of the WL breed at the age of two days, one, two, and six weeks (each group had ten birds) and to eight-week-old WL cockerels in groups of five birds. The methods of clinical observation and repeated determination of the response of the animals to sonic stimuli and contact stimuli, and the evaluation of the quality of some reflexes (particularly the spontaneous position of the body and the correction of the lateral position) were used for the study of suppression evoked by the applied barbiturates. Sleep occurred first after the application of pentobarbital (sooner in younger age groups). The latest beginning of sleep was observed after phenobarbital; in the latter case, sleep was hard to evaluate because it was not very deep. The time of sleep had the longest duration after allobarbital (only in the eight-week-old sleep was longer after pentobarbital), and the shortest after phenobarbital; there were also differences in the duration of sleep between the age groups of birds. The pentobarbital dose of 80 mg kg-1 of body mass killed birds in the three youngest age groups )in the two-day-old it killed nine of ten birds, in the one-week-old eight of ten birds, and in the two-week-old two of ten birds). The differences in the effectiveness of the applied barbiturates in two doses per unit of body mass were related to the age of the animals, even in the cases of the shortest age intervals between individual groups. Very high interspecies differences ensue from a comparison with the doses of these barbiturates usually applied to man.     

1株鸡传染性贫血病毒野毒株对不同日龄SPF鸡的致病性

从山东省某商品代肉鸡场表现生长迟缓的20日龄病鸡群分离到1株鸡传染性贫血病毒(CAV)SDLY08株,通过口服和肌肉注射2种途径分别感染1,7,21日龄SPF鸡,12d后检测CAV对SPF鸡体质量、免疫器官和血液指标的影响。结果表明,于3个不同日龄感染后12d,SDLY08株均可导致增重减缓,胸腺显著萎缩,脾脏肿大,同时还可引起白细胞、红细胞数及红细胞压积的显著减少。且1日龄和7日龄鸡易感性大于21日龄鸡,肌肉注射比口服感染组的致病性更强。     

Response of Thai indigenous crossbred chickens to various dietary protein levels at different ages

The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein requirement of Korat chicken (KRC), a slow-growing cross strain between the Thai indigenous fighting cock (Leung Hang Khoa) and the modern genotype females. Four periods were considered: from hatch to 21 days (phase 1), 22 to 42 days (phase 2), 43 to 63 days (phase 3), and 64 to 84 days of age (phase 4). A total of 3120 mixed-sex KRC were randomly allocated to 5 dietary protein levels containing 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23% with 2978 kcal of ME/kg (900 birds in phase 1); 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22% with 3151 kcal of ME/kg (780 birds in phase 2); 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20% with 3200 kcal of ME/kg (720 birds in phase 3); and 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19% with 3200 kcal of ME/kg (720 birds in phase 4) with 6 replicates in a completely randomized design. The results showed that BW, BW gain, average daily gain (ADG), and protein intake (P?<?0.05) were increased with increasing dietary protein (P?<?0.05) in all phases. However, FI, feed cost per kg of BW gain, energy intake, and blood urea nitrogen of chickens were not found to be significantly different among treatments. On the other hand, increasing dietary protein levels depressed the protein efficiency ratio of chickens from hatch to 21 and from 64 to 84 days of age (P <?0.05), and tended to decrease it from 22 to 42 (P?=?0.08) and from 43 to 63 (P =?0.07) days of age as well. According to a broken-line regression analysis, the protein requirements of chickens from hatch to 21 and from 22 to 42 days of age for maximum BW gain were 21.26 and 20.45%, respectively. While the requirements of maximum responses for BW gain and FCR in the period of 43 to 63 days of age were 18.00 and 18.04%, respectively, and in the period of 64 to 84 weeks of age were 17.94 and 18.03%, respectively.