Accumulation of Cadmium,Chromium, and Zinc by the Moss Sphagnum Papillosum Lindle

In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd,Cr, and Zn by Sphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bogwater was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living anddead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake ratesfrom single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competitionbetween the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10-10 to 10-7 M). Metaluptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionizedwater (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organicmatter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) orcomplexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potentialof using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experimentsare the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metalconcentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators ofenvironmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly anddirectly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water.     

紫云英还田对水稻镉和铅吸收积累的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验研究紫云英还田对污染水稻吸收积累镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照(不施肥)相比,纯化肥处理对土壤pH及土壤有效Cd、Pb含量没有显著影响;而紫云英还田可以显著提高土壤pH,显著提高土壤有效Pb的含量,对Cd无显著影响;在紫云英还田的基础上添加石灰虽然可以进一步提高土壤pH,但对土壤有效Cd、Pb含量并没有产生显著影响.(2)施用紫云英可以提高水稻根系对Pb的吸收,地上部分则呈现为分蘖期促进、成熟期抑制的作用,最终可显著降低糙米中的Pb含量.(3)施用紫云英可显著抑制水稻植株地上和地下部分对Cd的积累,尤其是地上部分的Cd含量,无论是分蘖期和成熟期均显著低于对照和纯化肥处理,其中糙米中的Cd含量降幅可达80％.研究结果还表明,紫云英还田不仅可以增加肥力,还可以显著抑制糙米对土壤Cd、Pb的吸收;但紫云英还田量不能太高,以30 000kg/hm2较佳.     

铅胁迫对大叶黄杨铅积累量及叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了大叶黄杨(Euonymusjaponicus)在单一铅胁迫下对各器官铅积累及叶片生理指标的影响.结果表明:随着土壤铅浓度的增高,大叶黄杨的生物量、叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b值逐渐下降;植物各器官铅积累量逐渐增加.铅在大叶黄杨体内分布的规律是:根>茎>叶;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低浓度范围内呈现上升的趋势,表现出一定的适应能力;在高浓度处理水平时,3种酶活性呈现下降趋势,并都低于对照;叶片膜透性则表现出随胁迫强度的增加而上升.从生理指标反映出:在铅浓度300 mg/kg范围胁迫时,大叶黄杨具有较强的适应能力.     

Bioaccumulation of Lead and the Effects of Lead on Catalase Activity,Glutathione Levels,and Chlorophyll Content in the Leaves of Wheat

Soil contamination with heavy metals can lead to losses in agricultural yield and affect human health as the metals enter the food chain, which has become a worldwide problem. Compared with other heavy metals, lead (Pb) contamination is high because of its long persistence in soil and highly toxic effects on crop production and human health. Wheat is the world's most widely grown cereal and can be cultivated in a wide range of soils. Recently, wheat has been grown widely in northern China. The aims of the present studies are to investigate the effect of Pb on antioxidative metabolisms and chlorophyll synthesis of wheat ‘Jinan No. 17.’ Moreover, calcium ion (Ca²⁺) levels and bioaccumulation of Pb in the leaves of wheat were investigated. The soil was artificially contaminated with different concentrations of Pb [0, 100, 500, and 2000 Pb mg kg^?1 dry weight (DW) soil as lead nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂]. The catalase (CAT) activity and glutathion (GSH), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in the leaves of wheat were analyzed with a spectrophotometer at different stages of wheat growth. Calcium levels and bioaccumulation of Pb in the leaves of wheat were studied with inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS). The results indicated that Pb stress can increase the content of GSH in leaves of wheat, thereby affecting the activity of CAT. Both low and high concentrations of Pb stimulated chlorophyll synthesis at early stages of wheat growth and inhibited chlorophyll synthesis at later stages of wheat growth. Furthermore, Ca and Pb in leaves of wheat increased with increasing concentrations of Pb on day 34 as determined with ICP-SF-MS.     

铅胁迫对紫穗槐光合作用及生理生化特征的影响

以紫穗槐幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究不同浓度(0、100、300、600 mg·kg~(-1))铅(Pb)胁迫条件下,紫穗槐叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标和光合作用参数以及叶绿素荧光参数对Pb胁迫的响应。结果表明:紫穗槐叶片中MDA含量和电解质外渗率随着Pb胁迫程度的增加呈升高趋势,Pb胁迫提高了紫穗槐叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、POD的活性;100 mg·kg~(-1)Pb胁迫处理下,紫穗槐净光合速率(Pn)显著高于对照组;Pb胁迫浓度达到300 mg·kg~(-1)时,紫穗槐抗氧化酶活性、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)显著升高;600 mg·kg~(-1)Pb胁迫下CAT活性开始有所降低,光合作用降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响,对紫穗槐叶绿素荧光特性未造成严重损伤。说明紫穗槐对环境中Pb(600 mg·kg~(-1))污染的耐受能力较强。     

外源SA、GSH对Cd胁迫下绵毛水苏生理和生长的影响

为探究不同外源物质对Cd胁迫下绵毛水苏生理和生长的缓解效果,采用盆栽试验研究叶面喷施不同浓度水杨酸(SA)(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L-1)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mmol·L-1)对300 mg·kg-1 Cd胁迫下绵毛水苏幼苗生长、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性以及Cd含...     

不同氮形态对铅胁迫下苏丹草根系形态及铅吸收富集特征的影响

为进一步研究富营养化水体中不同氮形态和重金属对修复植物的交互作用,通过水培试验研究了水体中不同形态氮培养对铅胁迫下苏丹草根系形态及其对铅吸收富集的影响。结果表明,水体Pb(0.5mmol/L)污染时,不同氮形态培养虽然对苏丹草根系形态有一定的影响,但没达到显著性差异,然而对苏丹草根系中丙二醛(MDA)含量及其各器官生物量的影响达显著差异(p<0.05),NH4—N营养液培养的苏丹草根系MDA含量比NO3—N,NO2—N营养液培养的分别高出了4.6和1.6倍;NO3—N营养液培养的苏丹草根、茎、叶生物量比NH4—N营养液培养的分别高出了28.7%,19.6%和23.9%,比NO2—N营养液培养的高出37.6%,30.9%和36.7%。水体Pb(0.5 mmol/L)污染时,NO3—N营养液培养的苏丹草根中Pb浓度明显比NH4—N营养液培养的高出2倍多,且其地下富集系数最大;NO2—N营养液培养的苏丹草茎中Pb浓度明显比NH4—N营养液培养的高出近8倍,且其对铅的转运能力影响作用最强。这表明受重金属污染的富营养化水体中如存在不同形态氮,在一定程度上还有利于削弱重金属对修复植物的毒性作用,增大水体对某些重金属的环境容量。     

铅胁迫对向日葵幼苗矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

以不同浓度铅胁迫的向日葵整株幼苗为试验材料,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定3个不同基因型向日葵中大量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的含量。结果表明:不同浓度铅胁迫下3个基因型植株中的矿质元素累积量有明显的不同。首先,相同浓度铅胁迫下不同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素吸收和积累的表现不同;其次,不同浓度铅胁迫下相同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素的吸收和积累存在显著的差异(Cu、Zn元素除外)。     

EDTA对铅污染土壤上芥菜生长及铅积累特性的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了EDTA对Pb污染土壤上芥菜生长及Pb积累特性的影响。结果表明,单独Pb处理对芥菜生物量没有明显的影响,但高Pb处理(2000mg kg-1 Pb)芥菜地上部含水量显著降低;Pb处理芥菜体内Pb含量随土壤Pb浓度的增加而明显增加,根系Pb含量高于地上部Pb含量;3mmol kg-1 EDTA处理能促进土壤Pb溶解,增加土壤有效Pb含量,影响芥菜的正常生长,芥菜地上部生物量下降,高Pb浓度处理比低Pb浓度处理更明显;EDTA处理14天芥菜地上部和根系Pb积累量都比不加EDTA的对照明显增加,地上部Pb总量增加到对照的13.1～80倍;EDTA处理芥菜地上部与根系Pb含量的比值上升,表明EDTA处理促进Pb向地上部运输,这种促进作用因土壤Pb浓度的不同而略有差异。     

重金属Zn Cu对香根草生理生化指标的影响及其积累特性研究

采用水培方法,研究了不同浓度Zn、Cu对香根草生物量、含水量、叶绿素、MDA、可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力以及Zn、Cu在香根草体内的积累和分布的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Zn、Cu刺激了香根草的生长,提高了香根草的生物量、含水量、叶绿素含量以及根系活力;高浓度的Zn、Cu使香根草生物量、含水量、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和根系活力均不同程度地下降,MDA含量增加;香根草根系中积累的重金属含量随处理浓度的增加逐渐增加,当处理浓度为60mg·L-1时,根系干重富集的Zn、Cu分别达到2581和6528mg·kg-1。两种重金属在香根草植株内的分布主要以根部积累为主,地上部积累的重金属含量极少。     

Effects of Lead and Zinc on Arsenic Accumulation in Nonmetallicolous and Metallicolous Populations of Pteris vittata L.

Although Pteris vittata L. can occur on arsenic (As)–contaminated soils and uncontaminated soils, variation in As accumulation among nonmetallicolous and metallicolous populations and impacts of heavy metals in soils on As accumulation in the nonmetallicolous and metallicolous populations have not been fully explored. Five populations of P. vittata were collected from different field sites, and sporelings (four or five fonds) were used to further investigate the pattern of As accumulation. The results of pot trials showed that three nonmetallicolous populations of P. vittata possessed an obviously greater growth rate than the two metallicolous populations. The nonmetallicolous populations also accumulated significantly greater (P < 0.05) As than the metallicolous populations, regardless of the presence or absence of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). In addition, Pb and Zn in soils decreased As accumulation in P. vittata. The present results suggested that As removal can be greatly enhanced by the judicious selection of populations of P. vittata.     

Interactive Effects of Copper, Cadmium and Lead on Zinc Accumulation in the Gastropod Mollusc Littorina Saxatilis

The effects of copper, cadmium and lead on the bioaccumulation of zinc were studied in populations of the gastropod mollusc Littorina saxatilis from sites in the Isle of Man subjected to varying degrees of mine-related metal contamination. Exposures to 2 mg/L Zn alone and in combinations with 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L of the respective metals were conducted at ～10 ^°C in semi-static assays. Copper had a significant antagonistic effect on Zn accumulation at 1 mg/L Cu, but was not antagonistic at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L Cu. Prior exposure to metals in the field did not appear to affect the interactive effect of copper as all populations showed similar patterns. Combinations of Zn with Cd or Pb at the above concentrations did not show any significant effects on Zn accumulation. On the other hand, Zn had an antagonistic effect on Cd and Pb accumulation but showed inconsistent effects on Cu accumulation. Interactions of Cu and Zn in particular may have repercussions for interpretation of biomonitoring data in L. saxatilis.     

Pb胁迫下外源GSH对马蔺体内Pb积累和非蛋白巯基化合物含量的影响

采用溶液培养研究Pb胁迫以及Pb胁迫下添加外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丁胱亚磺酰胺(BSO)对马蔺根和叶干质量、Pb含量以及非蛋白巯基总肽(NPT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和其他非蛋白巯基化合物(植物螯合肽(PC)、半胱氨酸(Cys))含量的影响.结果表明,300 mg/L高浓度Pb胁迫下马蔺根系内Pb的大量积累显著抑制马蔺根系的生长,但同浓度Pb胁迫下添加100 mg/L GSH后马蔺体内Pb含量和干质量均不同程度增加,尤其是地上部,地上部干质量比300 mg/L单独Pb胁迫下马蔺根系干质量增加20.5％,接近于对照水平.而300 mg/L的Pb胁迫下添加100 mg/L BSO(GSH和PC合成抑制剂)后马蔺根系和地上部干质量均不同程度下降,根系降幅较大.根和叶中非蛋白巯基化合物含量检测显示,与单独Pb胁迫相比,Pb胁迫下添加GSH后马蔺根系和地上部NPT、GSH和其他非蛋白巯基化合物含量均呈增加的趋势;而Pb胁迫下添加BSO后除马蔺地上部其他非蛋白巯基化合物含量略有增加外,马蔺根系和地上部NPT、GSH和其他非蛋白巯基化合物含量较单一Pb胁迫下均出现不同程度下降,尤其根系内GSH含量降幅最大.综合分析Pb胁迫下添加外源GSH和BSO后马蔺干质量、Pb含量以及不同非蛋白巯基化合物含量的变化及关系,表明Pb胁迫下添加BSO后马蔺生物量的下降可能与非蛋白巯基化合物合成受抑尤其是GSH的合成降低有关.因此,Pb胁迫下GSH在马蔺Pb吸收转运和解毒中具有更重要的作用.     

重金属Cd Zn对长穗偃麦草生理生化特性的影响及其积累能力研究

以长穗偃麦草为材料,采用土培试验方法,研究了重金属Cd、Zn单一及复合污染对长穗偃麦草的生物量、保护酶（SOD和POD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）的影响,及长穗偃麦草对Cd、Zn的积累能力。结果表明,Cd、Zn单一及复合污染下,长穗偃麦草生物量随Cd和Zn浓度的升高而降低,与对照存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;Cd和Zn单一污染下,随着Cd、Zn浓度的升高,SOD、POD、MDA、Pro含量增加;Cd和Zn复合污染下,随处理质量浓度的增加,SOD呈下降趋势,POD和MDA呈增加趋势。Cd10Zn200处理下Pro含量减少,随Cd和Zn质量浓度的增加,其他复合处理下的Pro含量增加;植株根部的Cd和Zn积累量均大于地上部的积累量。综合实验结果,可初步判断长穗偃麦草能积累和忍受一定量的Cd、Zn,Cd和Zn复合污染对上述各指标的毒害效应大于同水平单元素污染的效应。长穗偃麦草根茎发达,生物量大,在生长过程中可通过生物量带走部分重金属Cd、Zn,因此长穗偃麦草具有修复重金属Cd和Zn污染土壤的潜能。     

Physiological Effects of Exposure to Arsenic,Mercury, Antimony and Selenium in the Aquatic Moss Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.

This study assessed the effect of ambient air pollution on leaf characteristics of white willow, northern red oak, and Scots pine. Willow, oak, and pine saplings were planted at sixteen locations in Belgium, where nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations were continuously measured. The trees were exposed to ambient air during 6 months (April–September 2010), and, thereafter, specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal resistance (R _s), leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), drop contact angle (CA), relative chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence (F _v/F _m) were measured. Leaf characteristics of willow, oak, and pine were differently related to the ambient air pollution, indicating a species-dependent response. Willow and pine had a higher SLA at measuring stations with higher NO₂ and lower O₃ concentrations. Willow had a higher R _s and pine had a higher F _v/F _m at measuring stations with a higher NO₂ and lower O₃ concentrations, while oak had a higher F _v/F _m and a lower FA at measuring stations with a higher NO₂ and lower O₃ concentrations. FA and R _s of willow, oak, and pine, SLA of oak, and CA of willow were rather an indicator for local adaptation to the micro-environment than an indicator for the ambient air pollution.     

硫营养对小花南芥（Arabis alpinal Var.parviflora Franch）累积铅锌的影响研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了硫营养对Pb/Zn富集植物--小花南芥（Arabis alpinal Var.parviflora Franch）生长和铅锌累积能力的影响。结果表明：小花南芥地上部生物量随硫营养质量分数的增加而显著增加,增幅为49.5%~118.6%;64mg·kg^-1硫营养处理,小花南芥植株地下部生物量增加114.5%;硫营养促进小花南芥对铅的累积,植株地上部铅累积量增加1.74-2.92倍,地下部增加2.01-3.86倍;8mg·kg^-1和24mg·kg^-1硫营养处理促进小花南芥对锌的累积。试验揭示适当的硫营养能促进小花南芥生长和对铅锌的累积。     

谷胱甘肽对小麦幼苗铜毒害的缓解作用及其与氮、硫、磷积累的相关性

采用水培法,对外源谷胱甘肽（GSH）缓解小麦幼苗铜毒害及其与氮、硫、磷等元素积累的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,Cu处理（T0组）显著抑制小麦幼苗的生长发育,导致根长、茎叶长、生物量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及氮元素积累量下降,诱导了植株蛋白质、内源GSH含量以及硫、磷元素积累量上升。随施用外源GSH浓度的升高,GSH处理（T1、T2、T3组）的小麦幼苗茎叶长、根长、生物量,叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量、蛋白质含量先上升后下降,内源GSH含量以及氮、硫、磷等营养元素积累量持续上升;其中,T2组小麦幼苗的各项指标与T0组差异均达到显著水平（P〈0.05）,与对照组（CK）无显著差异。外源GSH促进了植株对铜离子的吸收、转运和积累,而外源和内源GSH均与铜胁迫下小麦幼苗氮、硫、磷等营养元素的积累呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,其中以T2处理组缓解小麦幼苗铜毒害的作用最显著。     

印度芥菜对土壤Cd,Pb的吸收富集效应及修复潜力研究

通过盆栽试验对比研究了印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)和油菜对复合污染土壤Cd,Pb的吸收富集效应及修复效率.初步探讨印度芥菜品种Wild Garden Pungent Mix净化重金属污染土壤的应用潜力.结果表明:Cd,Pb复合污染条件下,与油菜相比,印度芥菜对重金属Cd,Pb的抗耐性较强,地上部生物量较大,是同处理油菜的1.1～2.0倍.印度芥菜和油菜对重金属Cd,Pb的吸收富集表现出较为一致的特点,并且对土壤中重金属的吸收能力顺序均为Cd＞Pb,对土壤中Cd的吸收达到了100 mg/kg以上.表现出了超富集植物的特性.但相比之下,印度芥菜对土壤中Cd,Pb的吸收富集能力强于油菜.同时通过多元回归分析表明,两种植物对Cd,Pb的吸收不存在复合效应.本研究中,印度芥菜对Cd的净化率为0.35%～9.22%,是同处理下油菜的2.1～3.5倍;印度芥菜对Pb的净化率只有0.015%～0.356%,虽然是同处理下油菜的1.4～5.5倍,但远小于对Cd的净化率.研究表明,该品种印度芥菜具备应用于修复Cd污染土壤的潜力.     

蔬菜硝酸盐累积的生理和分子生物学机理

蔬菜是易累积硝酸盐的植物,弄清硝酸盐在蔬菜体内的累积和分布机理是降低蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量的基础。综述了蔬菜累积硝酸盐的主要影响因素、硝酸盐累积的生理和分子生物学机理,并对今后蔬菜硝酸盐的研究方向进行展望。     

Effects of Soil Amended with Cadmium and Lead on Growth,Yield, and Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Parsley

A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) distribution and accumulation in parsley plants grown on soil amended with Cd and Pb. The soil was amended with 0, 5, 10 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 in the form of cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂] and 0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg Pb kg^?1 in the form of lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂]. The main soil properties; concentrations of the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals lead (Pb), Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in soil; plant growth; and total contents of metals in shoots and roots were measured. The DTPA-extractable Cd was increased significantly by the addition of Cd. Despite the fact that Pb was not applied, its availability was significantly greater in treatments 40–100 mg Cd kg^?1 compared with the control. Fresh biomass was increased significantly in treatments of 5 and 10 mg Cd kg^?1 as compared to the control. Further addition of Cd reduced fresh weight but not significantly, although Cd concentration in shoots reached 26.5 mg kg^?1. Although Pb was not applied with Cd, its concentration in parsley increased significantly in treatments with 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd g^?1 compared with the others. Available soil Pb was increased significantly with Pb levels; nevertheless, the increase was small compared to the additions of Pb to soil. There were no significant differences in shoot and root fresh weights between treatments, although metal contents reached 20.0 mg Pb kg^?1 and 16.4 mg Pb kg^?1 respectively. Lead accumulation was enhanced by Pb treatments, but the positive effect on its uptake was not relative to the increase of Pb rates. Cadmium was not applied, and yet considerable uptake of Cd by control plants was evident. The interactive effects of Pb and Cd on their availability in soil and plants and their relation to other metals are also discussed.