Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon

Observations show that South Asia underwent a widespread summertime drying during the second half of the 20th century, but it is unclear whether this trend was due to natural variations or human activities. We used a series of climate model experiments to investigate the South Asian monsoon response to natural and anthropogenic forcings. We find that the observed precipitation decrease can be attributed mainly to human-influenced aerosol emissions. The drying is a robust outcome of a slowdown of the tropical meridional overturning circulation, which compensates for the aerosol-induced energy imbalance between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These results provide compelling evidence of the prominent role of aerosols in shaping regional climate change over South Asia.     

High-latitude forcing of the South American summer monsoon during the Last Glacial

The climate of the Last Glacial period (10,000 to 110,000 years ago) was characterized by rapid millennial-scale climate fluctuations termed Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) and Heinrich events. We present results from a speleothem-derived proxy of the South American summer monsoon (SASM) from 16,000 to 50,000 years ago that demonstrate the occurrence of D/O cycles and Heinrich events. This tropical Southern Hemisphere monsoon reconstruction illustrates an antiphase relationship to Northern Hemisphere monsoon intensity at the millennial scale. Our results also show an influence of Antarctic millennial-scale climate fluctuations on the SASM. This high-resolution, precisely dated, tropical precipitation record can be used to establish the timing of climate events in the high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.     

20世纪80年代中期全球变暖前后亚非夏季风特征分析

该文针对全球温度场在20世纪80年代全球明显的突然变暖事件,研究了变暖前后全球温度场和降水场的时空分布特征,以及相应季风环流圈的变化特征,并且与20世纪60年代全球变冷气候事件作了对比分析.结果表明,变暖后全球大范围增温,增温地区包括欧亚大陆大部、非洲地区大部和印度洋南部.与此同时,全球降水场也有明显的变化.1990—1995年与1980—1985年相比较,中国华北地区大部分地区、印度中南部和北非Sahel大部分地区夏季总降水量有所回升,而中国华北地区南部地区和印度北部地区降水有所减少.对比分析80年代变暖前后气候环流场,发现非洲夏季风在变暖后有所加强,印度夏季风有所减弱,东亚夏季风强度微弱加强.从海陆热力对比和华北和北非Sahel等地的夏季降水量的小波分析来看,60年代变冷气候事件以年代际信号为主,同位相叠加突出了年代际振荡的作用和强度;而80年代夏季降水量的各时间尺度年代际信号符号相反,相互抵消;与此同时,80年代年际时间尺度的信号较强,起主导作用.所以,80年代气候变暖事件与60年代气候变冷事件相比较,并不是单纯的气候年代际反位相振荡的结果,而是不同时间尺度信号相互作用下引起的气候不同的响应.      

South asian summer monsoon variability in a model with doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration

Doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model produced increased surface temperatures and evaporation and greater mean precipitation in the south Asian summer monsoon region. As a partial consequence, interannual variability of area-averaged monsoon rainfall was enhanced. Consistent with the climate sensitivity results from the model, observations showed a trend of increased interannual variability of Indian monsoon precipitation associated with warmer land and ocean temperatures in the monsoon region.     

Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from southern Oman

A high-resolution oxygen-isotope record from a thorium-uranium-dated stalagmite from southern Oman reflects variations in the amount of monsoon precipitation for the periods from 10.3 to 2.7 and 1.4 to 0.4 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.). Between 10.3 and 8 ky B.P., decadal to centennial variations in monsoon precipitation are in phase with temperature fluctuations recorded in Greenland ice cores, indicating that early Holocene monsoon intensity is largely controlled by glacial boundary conditions. After approximately 8 ky B.P., monsoon precipitation decreases gradually in response to changing Northern Hemisphere summer solar insolation, with decadal to multidecadal variations in monsoon precipitation being linked to solar activity.     

南方夏季高温条件下7种观赏草的光合动态及水分利用特性

通过测定7种引进观赏草光合特性的月动态及日动态变化,并观察其田间生长情况,探讨光合作用对夏季高温的响应机制和观赏草的水分利用特性.结果表明:净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及水分利用率(WUE)、内部水分利用效率(WUEi)均与观赏草的耐热性呈正相关,其中品种耐热性与Pn、Cond和Tr的相关性达到了显著水平(P<0.05),与WUE、WUEi的相关性不显著.金红羽狼尾草、矮蒲苇的Pn、Tr、Cond平均值较高,WUE也较高,为极耐热型观赏草;紫梦狼尾草、细叶画眉草、细叶芒及粉黛乱子草的Pn值相近,差异不显著,同为中等耐热性观赏草.花叶蒲苇的Pn、Tr、Cond各项指标偏低,生长量偏小,耐热性最差.     

Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture sources for greenland: influences on the ice core record of climate

Large, abrupt shifts in the (l8)O/(16)O ratio found in Greenland ice must reflect real features of the climate system variability. These isotopic shifts can be viewed as a result of air temperature fluctuations, but determination of the cause of the changes-the most crucial issue for future climate concerns-requires a detailed understanding of the controls on isotopes in precipitation. Results from general circulation model experiments suggest that the sources of Greenland precipitation varied with different climate states, allowing dynamic atmospheric mechanisms for influencing the ice core isotope shifts.     

黄土高原人工植被夏季小气候日动态初步研究

【目的】验证植被恢复与重建后生态环境条件的改善程度。【方法】采用定位观测的方法,以邻近裸露荒坡为对照,对典型退耕区栽植的3种类型人工植被(混交林、灌木林和草地)样地的小气候特征进行了监测,分析气温、大气相对湿度、光照强度和土壤温度、土壤湿度分布状况的日变化动态。【结果】混交林、灌木林和草地的光照强度日均值分别比对照小3.9×104,3.4×104和0.9×104lx,气温日均值分别比对照低1.53,1.32和0.51℃,表土0cm土层最高温与对照相差14.9,16.8和10.7℃;日均大气相对湿度分别比对照增加8.38%,7.34%和2.04%;光照强度、气温及其变幅的大小依次为对照、草地、灌木林、混交林,大气相对湿度及其变幅的大小排序则与之相反,土壤温度、土壤湿度及其变幅大小依次为对照、草地、混交林、灌木林;各植被类型样地内的光照强度、气温、大气相对湿度和土壤温度两两之间均存在一定的相关关系。【结论】各类型人工植被均起到了调节小气候、改善生态环境条件的作用,其中以混交林的遮光、降温、增湿等综合表现较好。     

运用生物量动态模型评估印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源

生物量动态模型因所需数据量少、结构较为简单,是常用的渔业资源评估模型。多年来,这类模型一直被用于评估大西洋和印度洋的金枪鱼鱼类资源。然而,这些评估均未考虑模型的重要结构即剩余产量模式和模型拟合标准对资源评估结果的影响。运用典型的非平衡生物量动态模型-ASPIC模型,以渔获量和标准化CPUE为主要数据,评估印度洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)资源,重点比较FOX与LOGSITIC两种剩余产量模式、最小残差平方和(SSE)与最小残差绝对值和(LAV)对资源评估的影响。结果显示,剩余产量模式和拟合标准的选用对渔业管理生物学参考点估计(包括MSY、FMSY、BMSY)有明显影响,且总体而言,前者的影响更大;但在资源开发状态的定性判断上(即过度捕捞与否),上述选用未有明显影响。研究表明,在生物量动态产量模型运用中,应根据鱼种和渔业特点,考虑剩余产量模式和模型拟合标准这两个不确定性因素。     

Coupled land-ocean-atmosphere processes and South asian monsoon variability

Results from a global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model and a model with specified tropical convective heating anomalies show that the South Asian monsoon was an active part of the tropical biennial oscillation (TBO). Convective heating anomalies over Africa and the western Pacific Ocean associated with the TBO altered the simulated pattern of atmospheric circulation for the Northern Hemisphere winter mid-latitude over Asia. This alteration in the mid-latitude circulation maintained temperature anomalies over South Asia through winter and helped set up the land-sea temperature contrast for subsequent monsoon development. South Asian snow cover contributed to monsoon strength but was symptomatic of the larger scale alteration in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation pattern.     

Somali current: recent measurements during the southwest monsoon

The Somali Current was measured at approximately maximum strength for the year during the southwest monsoon on 11 and 12 August 1975 (approximately 1(1/2) days) at stations spaced 20 to 35 kilometers apart. These measurements permit a nearly synoptic detailed mapping of the temperature structure of a major western boundary current.     

夏季乔木移植技术

以长汀县"汀州首府"项目的乔木移植为例,总结夏季高温下乔木移植的施工技术,主要包括断根挖掘、运输技术、栽植施工、促根生芽、支撑保护、搭棚遮阴等方面内容。