A direct synaptic connection mediating both excitation and inhibition

Neurons have generally been thought to produce only one synaptic action on any particular cell which they innervate. An identified interneuron in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia mediates both direct excitation and inhibition to an identified follower cell. At low firing rates the interneuron produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials; however at higher firing rates these gradually diminish in size and eventually invert to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence indicates that the connection between these cells is monosynaptic, and that a single transmitter, acetylcholine, mediates both actions. These opposite synaptic responses appear to result from the transmitter's acting on two types of postsynaptic receptors having different thresholds for activation and different susceptibilities for desensitization.     

小儿低位右颈内静脉套针直接穿刺的临床观察

目的：寻求小儿经皮颈内静脉穿刺置管的捷径。方法：选１０岁以下患儿１００例,平均年龄（６．２±２．１）岁,随机分为两组（ｎ＝５０）,Ⅰ组（实验组）用１８号短套针直接低位右颈内静脉穿刺置管,Ⅱ组（对照组）用传统高位穿插导引置管。结果：首次穿刺置管成功Ⅰ组４９例（占９８％）、Ⅱ组４０例（占８０％）,两组比较有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）;误穿动脉Ⅰ组１例（占２％）,Ⅱ组６例（占１２％）,两组比较也有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;Ⅱ组４例首次穿刺未见回血。结论：低位右颈内静脉直接套针穿刺成功率高于传统的高位穿刺导引置管法,且并发症少,更适用于１０岁以下小儿经皮静脉穿刺中心静脉置管     

A combinatorial approach to materials discovery

A method that combines thin film deposition and physical masking techniques has been used for the parallel synthesis of spatially addressable libraries of solid-state materials. Arrays containing different combinations, stoichiometries, and deposition sequences of BaCO(3), Bi(2)O(3), CaO, CuO, PbO, SrCO(3), and Y(2)O(3) were generated with a series of binary masks. The arrays were sintered and BiSrCaCuO and YBaCuO superconducting films were identified. Samples as small as 200 micrometers by 200 micrometers in size were generated, corresponding to library densities of 10,000 sites per square inch. The ability to generate and screen combinatorial libraries of solid-state compounds, when coupled with theory and empirical observations, may significantly increase the rate at which novel electronic, magnetic, and optical materials are discovered and theoretical predictions tested.     

梯形明渠正常水深的直接计算方法

【目的】寻求梯形明渠正常水深的直接计算方法。【方法】针对梯形明渠正常水深计算时需求解高次隐函数方程,以及传统的查图表法或试算法计算复杂、误差大、适用范围小的缺点,通过引入无量纲水面宽度,根据数值计算方法,对梯形明渠均匀流的基本方程进行了恒等变形,得到了快速收敛的迭代公式,并与合理的迭代初值进行配合使用。【结果】提出了梯形明渠正常水深的直接计算公式。误差分析及实例计算表明,在工程最常用范围内,即无量纲水深x∈[0.1,2.0],梯形断面边坡系数m∈[0.5,4.0]时,正常水深的最大相对误差仅为0.78%。【结论】与现有公式相比,该直接计算公式物理概念明确、计算简捷、精度高、适用范围广。     

A two-fluid approach to town traffic

A two-fluid model of town traffic has been developed by extending ideas formulated in an earlier kinetic theory of multilane traffic. The-two fluids are taken to consist of moving cars and cars stopped as a result of traffic conditions. The average speed of the moving vehicles is assumed to be proportional to the fraction of the vehicles that are moving raised to a power that reflects the "goodness" of the traffic. It is then found that the trip time per unit distance is essentially linearly related to the stop time per unit distance, in general accord with data obtained in many cities. Relations are developed on this basis for flow, among other variables, versus average speed. These relations contain a new parameter that is identified with the quality of the traffic network system.     

A major direct GABAergic pathway from zona incerta to neocortex

Retrograde fluorescent tracers were used to demonstrate a previously unknown but sizable direct gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neuronal pathway from the zona incerta to the neocortex in rats. This incertocortical pathway was found to project bilaterally to the entire neocortex and exhibited a rough corticotopic organization. Many of the zona incerta neurons projecting to the parietal and occipital cortices could also be immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA. Few of these neurons were immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, which identify dopamine-containing neurons. Injections in the frontal and entorhinal cortices labeled many neurons near or within the dopaminergic A13 subdivision of the zona incerta. In addition, the incertocortical system was found to be significantly larger during early postnatal (2 to 3 weeks) development. The projection pattern of this newly discovered pathway resembles that of the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems, arising from the brainstem and forebrain, suggesting possible similarities of function.     

A direct role for dual oxidase in Drosophila gut immunity

Because the mucosal epithelia are in constant contact with large numbers of microorganisms, these surfaces must be armed with efficient microbial control systems. Here, we show that the Drosophila nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme, dual oxidase (dDuox), is indispensable for gut antimicrobial activities. Adult flies in which dDuox expression is silenced showed a marked increase in mortality rate even after a minor infection through ingestion of microbe-contaminated food. This could be restored by the specific reintroduction of dDuox, demonstrating that this oxidase generates a unique epithelial oxidative burst that limits microbial proliferation in the gut. Thus, oxidant-mediated antimicrobial responses are not restricted to the phagocytes, but rather are used more broadly, including in mucosal barrier epithelia.     

油菜直播机导航路径识别方法研究

针对油菜直播机视觉导航路径识别效果受天气、稻茬噪声等影响的难题,提出一种结合小波变换和改进随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)的导航路径识别方法。首先,对原始图像灰度化后进行小波变换,在大尺度低分辨率下凸显导航路径宏观轮廓;然后利用直播机作业区与未作业区图像对比度大的特点获取导航路径上的特征点集合;最后针对获取的特征点集合运用结合预检验和后处理校正的改进随机抽样一致性算法区分内外点,并对内点集运用最小二乘法进行导航路径直线拟合,从而获取导航路径参数。田间图像测试表明,该方法可以稳定、准确地检测出导航路径,正确率达到96.7%,同时每帧图像的处理时间在31 ms以内,能为油菜直播机的视觉导航提供技术支撑。     

早稻旱直播栽培试验初报

为充分利用本地自然降水资源,减轻旱情,使水稻生产持续高产,进行本试验。试验表明：早稻旱直播每公顷减少灌溉用水6000m^3,节省种稻用工135人,早稻增收22．4％,同时可减少水土流失,保护土壤。