Recombinant interferon enhances monoclonal antibody-targeting of carcinoma lesions in vivo

Heterogeneity in the expression of tumor-associated antigens, as defined by the binding of monoclonal antibodies, is a characteristic common to most, if not all, human carcinoma cell populations. Antigen-negative cells within the population can escape detection and therapy by their failure to bind the appropriate antibody. Therefore, the extent of antigenic heterogeneity is an important consideration when designing protocols for the management of cancer by administration of monoclonal antibodies. One approach to counteracting the effect of antigenic heterogeneity is the use of clone A of recombinant human leukocyte interferon (Hu-IFN-alpha A). Administration of Hu-IFN-alpha A in vivo effectively increased the amount of tumor antigen expressed by a human colon xenograft in situ and augmented the localization of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to the tumor site. Concomitant administration of Hu-IFN-alpha A and monoclonal antibody may thus be effective in overcoming the antigenic heterogeneity of carcinoma cell populations and in enhancing the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in the detection and treatment of carcinoma lesions.     

口蹄疫病毒受体猪源整联蛋白β6亚基配体结合域单克隆抗体识别的抗原表位分析

[目的]分析测定口蹄疫病毒受体猪源整联蛋白β6亚基配体结合域单克隆抗体（mAb）的抗原识别位点、饱和值、亲和力常数。[方法]利用叠加ELISA法、间接ELISA法、硫氰酸盐洗脱法测定C2D8、B786、B8C9、CAC7、E7C75株mAb的抗原识别位点、饱和值、亲和力常数。[结果15株mAb间具有相似或不同的抗原识剐位点,其中C4C7与E7C7、C4C7与B8C9、E7C7与B8C9等mAb间的识别位点相似．而C4C7与B786、E7C7与C2D8等mAb间的识别位点不同。5株mAbC2D8、E7C7、B8C9、C4C7、B7B6的饱和值分别为1：200、1：400、1：800、1：800、1：800,亲和力为B8C9〉C4C7〉B7B6≥E7C7〉C2D8。[结论]分析测定了5株mAb的抗原识别位点、饱和值、亲和力常数,从而为利用mAb深入研究整联蛋白OtV[36在口蹄疫病毒感染过程中的作用奠定基础。     

Antigen-associated immunosuppressant: effect of serum on immune response

Serum from various animal species, including the test animals themselves, inhibits the antibody response of the rabbit to two bacterial antigens, provided that antigen and immunosuppressant interact prior to injection. The degree of immunosuppression is related to the length of incubation in vitro of antigen and serum. Serum does not hinder or destroy the antigenic determinant. Bacterial antibodies do not account for inhibition of the antibody response. Antigen-associated serum components, as yet unidentified, may affect the early events of the immune response.     

Restoration of gamma globulin production in agammaglobulinemic chickens

Chickens irradiated and bursectomized in the newly hatched period consistently develop agammaglobulinemia and form no circulating antibodies; if the birds are treated immediately after operations by intra-abdominal injection of unirradiated autologous bursa cells, immunoglobulin production, lymphoid germinal centers, and plasma cells are restored; however, the birds fail to produce antibody to specific antigenic challenge.     

A Mab to a unique cerebellar neuron generated by immunosuppression and rapid immunization

The cerebellar cortex is perhaps the best characterized structure in the mammalian central nervous system. Although the major cerebellar cell classes are well known, a new class of cerebellar cortical neuron has now been identified with a monoclonal antibody (Mab) generated by a procedure for rapid immunization and selective immunosuppression of antibody responses. This procedure generates a high frequency of immunoglobulin G-class antibodies of desired specificity, and has allowed the generation of two antibodies that recognize subsets of cerebellar cortical neurons. One of these antibodies defines a previously unrecognized class of cerebellar neuron. The distribution and antigenic characteristics of this neuron suggest that it has a distinct role in cerebellar circuitry.     

Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells

Production of antibodies can last for a lifetime, through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we show that human memory B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to polyclonal stimuli, such as bystander T cell help and CpG DNA. Furthermore, plasma cells secreting antibodies to recall antigens are produced in vivo at levels proportional to the frequency of specific memory B cells, even several years after antigenic stimulation. Although antigen boosting leads to a transient increase in specific antibody levels, ongoing polyclonal activation of memory B cells offers a means to maintain serological memory for a human lifetime.     

Antigenic variation and resistance to neutralization in poliovirus type 1

Mutations have been identified in variants of poliovirus, type 1 (Mahoney) on the basis of their resistance to neutralization by individual monoclonal antibodies. The phenotypes of these variants were defined in terms of antibody binding; the pattern of epitopes expressed or able to be exploited for neutralization were complex. Single amino acid changes can have distant (in terms of linear sequence) and generalized effects on the antigenic structure of poliovirus and similarly constituted virions.     

PRECIPITATION AND AGGLUTINATION TESTS WITH THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS. TITRATION OF "M" AND "T" ANTI-BODIES IN HUMAN SERA

While "M" and "T" antibodies can be demonstrated in low titre in human sera, an almost complete absence of specificity seems to indicate an apparent lack of correlation with current or past streptococcal illness. In the present study, agglutination and precipitation tests on patient's sera, using known "T" and "M" antigens, appear to have little value in determining the antigenic relationship of the streptococci involved in infection. Moreover, no correlation could be shown between the amounts of "M" antibody and of "T" antibody present in the different sera. It is obvious that further work is needed. With a greater degree of purification of "M" and "T" and the elimination of non-specific substances, it may ultimately be possible to demonstrate the development of significant type-specific antibodies in human sera.     

Chemistry of antibody binding to a protein

The chemistry of antibody recognition was studied by mapping the antigenicity of the protein myohemerythrin with peptide homologs of the protein sequence. The results suggest that the entire protein surface is antigenic, but the probability of there being antibodies to a given site is influenced by local stereochemistry. Although accessible to an antibody binding domain, the least reactive positions cluster in the most tightly packed and least mobile regions and are closely associated with narrow, concave grooves in the molecular surface containing bound water molecules. The most frequently recognized sites form three-dimensional superassemblies characterized by high local mobility, convex surface shape, and often by negative electrostatic potential.     

非洲猪瘟病毒P30蛋白单克隆抗体制备、鉴定及阻断ELISA方法的建立

【背景】非洲猪瘟（ASF）于2018年8月在中国首次出现,对养猪业造成了巨大危害,损失惨重。目前尚无安全有效的疫苗用来预防ASF,于是建立快速特异的检测方法对于防控ASF提供了有效的手段。【目的】制备非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）特异性单克隆抗体,建立ASF快速特异性的检测方法。为ASF的检测和防控提供借鉴技术手段。【方法】构建表达载体pET-28a-P30,通过原核表达系统获得ASFV P30重组蛋白,以纯化的P30蛋白为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经过细胞融合和细胞亚克隆制备出ASFV P30蛋白特异性杂交瘤细胞株;对P30蛋白进行截短表达,利用Western Blot和间接酶联免疫吸附试验（iELISA）鉴定单克隆抗体所对应的抗原表位;并利用制备的单克隆抗体建立非洲猪瘟阻断ELISA抗体检测方法。【结果】通过双酶切和PCR验证,结果显示构建出重组载体pET-28a-P30,经测序其序列未发生突变;IPTG诱导后,P30重组蛋白主要表达在包涵体中,分子量约为33 kD。纯化的P30蛋白与弗氏佐剂1﹕1混合免疫小鼠,3次免疫后,小鼠血清效价达到1﹕102 400,说明表达的蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。经细胞融合和亚克隆,获得8株P30蛋白特异性杂交瘤细胞,Western Blot和间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）检测获得的8株单抗均具有良好的反应性。叠加试验显示8株单克隆抗体均针对相同的抗原位点;截短表达P30蛋白不同片段,选取制备的2-12B单克隆抗体与不同的截短P30蛋白反应,显示单克隆抗体的抗原表位区为187—194aa。利用2-12B单克隆抗体并经过条件优化,成功建立了ASF阻断ELISA抗体检测方法,检测了190份临床样品,并与商品化非洲猪瘟ELISA抗体检测试剂盒进行对比,两方法阳性符合率为90.91%,总符合率为96.32%。【结论】本研究成功获得ASFV P30蛋白,经过iELISA、Western Blot和IFA筛选出反应性良好的特异性单克隆抗体8株,抗原识别表位区为187—194aa。并利用制备的单克隆抗体建立了特异性高,敏感性好的ASFV阻断ELISA抗体检测方法,为ASF的检测及其防控提供了手段和支撑。     

日本血吸虫合成表位肽疫苗对小鼠的保护性免疫

为观察日本血吸虫合成表位多肽疫苗诱导的保护性免疫,将用日本血吸虫抗原免疫血清筛选噬菌体随机12肽库得到的、具有较好免疫保护性的4个模拟抗原表位短肽进行人工合成,用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测它们的抗原性.将合成多肽分别与钥孔戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)连接后免疫昆明小鼠,第3次免疫后收集血清,检测其针对各个多肽和可溶性成虫抗原(AWA)的IgG抗体滴度,以及补体介导的小鼠体外杀日本血吸虫童虫作用.结果显示,4个合成多肽均能被相应的抗体识别,具有良好的抗原性;能诱导产生特异性IgG抗体.这些抗体在补体参与下能在体外有效毒杀血吸虫童虫.与正常小鼠血清比较,4个合成多肽免疫血清的杀童虫率分别为31.7%,41.3%,21.1%和17.3%,均具有显著性;与KLH免疫血清相比时,杀童虫率分别为23.7%,34.4%,11.8%(P=0.077,无显著性)和7.5%(P=0.102,无显著性).这些结果表明,这4个合成表位多肽具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,与KLH连接后能诱导明显的抗体反应和显著的细胞毒作用.     

Antigenic diversity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Monoclonal antibodies against blood forms of Plasmodium falciparum were used to demonstrate considerable antigenic diversity in this species. Different isolates were distinguished by their ability to react with certain antibodies, and most of the antibodies reacted specifically with merozoites, schizonts, or both. The distribution of different antigenic types appeared not to be related to geographic origin. Serological typing with monoclonal antibodies extends the range of methods for identification of different strains of this malaria parasite.     

斑马鱼zgc113227多克隆抗体及卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813多肽抗体的制备

【目的】制备斑马鱼zgc113227多克隆抗体和卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813多肽抗体,为后续深入研究斑马鱼zgc113227基因和卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813基因的功能特性提供重要工具。【方法】以卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813基因为查询序列,通过BLASTp搜索获得斑马鱼同源基因zgc113227 （NP_001014341）,以同源重组方式构建原核表达载体并转化大肠杆菌B21感受态细胞进行诱导表达,再以诱导表达获得的融合蛋白为抗原免疫日本大耳兔制备多克隆抗体,采用间接ELISA检测抗体效价,然后通过Western blotting鉴定及SDS-PAGE检测zgc113227多克隆抗体特异性,并以高效液相色谱—质谱联用（HPLC-MS）纯化鉴定EVM0008813多肽抗体。【结果】斑马鱼zgc113227和卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813均属于亲水性蛋白,二者的氨基酸序列相似性达58.12%,同时表现为潜在抗原位点多、柔性较强、表面可及性高,且无跨膜结构和信号肽存在。斑马鱼zgc113227和卵形鲳鲹EVM000881的保守结构域均包含5个保守基序（Motif 1~Motif 5）,且发现1个相同的保守结构域（DDE_Tnp_4）,故推测二者均属于DDE_Tnp_4家族。以zgc113227蛋白与等容积弗氏完全佐剂混合为抗原制备获得的zgc113227多克隆抗体效价为1:256000,特异性良好,可通过Protein G亲和层析柱进行纯化;以EVM0008813多肽与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）偶联为抗原制备获得的EVM0008813多肽抗体效价为1:256000,经HPLC-MS纯化鉴定抗体纯度达95.35%,特性良好。【结论】制备获得的斑马鱼zgc113227多克隆抗体和卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813多肽抗体纯度高、抗体效价高、特异性良好,可为斑马鱼zgc113227基因和卵形鲳鲹EVM0008813基因功能研究提供有利工具。     

Pathogenesis of dengue: challenges to molecular biology

Dengue viruses occur as four antigenically related but distinct serotypes transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These viruses generally cause a benign syndrome, dengue fever, in the American and African tropics, and a severe syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), in Southeast Asian children. This severe syndrome, which recently has also been identified in children infected with the virus in Puerto Rico, is characterized by increased vascular permeability and abnormal hemostasis. It occurs in infants less than 1 year of age born to dengue-immune mothers and in children 1 year and older who are immune to one serotype of dengue virus and are experiencing infection with a second serotype. Dengue viruses replicate in cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage, and subneutralizing concentrations of dengue antibody enhance dengue virus infection in these cells. This antibody-dependent enhancement of infection regulates dengue disease in human beings, although disease severity may also be controlled genetically, possibly by permitting and restricting the growth of virus in monocytes. Monoclonal antibodies show heterogeneous distribution of antigenic epitopes on dengue viruses. These epitopes serve to regulate disease: when antibodies to shared antigens partially neutralize heterotypic virus, infection and disease are dampened; enhancing antibodies alone result in heightened disease response. Further knowledge of the structure of dengue genomes should permit rapid advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of dengue.     

Immunogenicity of glucagon: determinants responsible for antibody binding and lymphocyte stimulation

Bovine glucagon, a polypeptide of 29 amino acids, is immunogenic in rabbits and guinea pigs. The antigenic determinants of glucagon were investigated with isolated tryptic peptides of the hormone. Antibodies from virtually all of more than a dozen animals tested had specificity primarily for the aminoterminal heptadecapeptide. However, only intact glucagon and its carboxy-terminal dodecapeptide stimulated spleen or lymph node cells to synthesize DNA. It thus appears that glucagon was cleaved along functional lines into two parts, one of which contained the major antigenic determinant for serum antibody and the other of which was "recognized" by antigen-reactive cells.     

C型肉毒梭菌肉毒毒素的抗原性分析

[目的]通过对分离纯化的C型肉毒毒素抗原性分析,提供快速鉴定动物因C型肉毒梭菌中毒的理论基础.[方法]对分离纯化的C型肉毒梭菌的肉毒毒素灭活后通过SDS - PAGE测定浓度,确定浓度后与弗氏佐剂乳化后免疫家兔,免疫结束后采家兔血液并分离血清.[结果]将不同稀释倍数的肉毒毒素经SDS -PAGE电泳分离后,转移至HybondNC膜,家兔三免后提取的血清作为一抗,用二抗进行Western blotting检测,大约在98.0和53.0 kDa处出现特异反应带;抗原与抗体在琼脂凝胶上结合时,会形成清晰的沉淀带.[结论]分离纯化的C型肉毒毒素,经免疫后家兔可见:C型肉毒毒素具有免疫原性和反应原性,抗体的效价为1∶8.     

传染性喉气管炎病毒gD蛋白多克隆抗体制备与运用

鸡传染性喉气管炎(Infectious laryngotracheitis,ILT)是由传染性喉气管炎病毒(Infectious laryngotracheitis virus,ILTV)引起的一种急性接触性上部呼吸道病。ILTV表面糖蛋白g D能刺激机体产生良好体液和细胞免疫应答,编码该蛋白的g D基因是ILTV主要抗原性基因之一。以ILTV-LJS09株基因组为模板,PCR扩增g D基因主要抗原区域(54~344 aa)及g D基因,分别亚克隆至p GEX-6P-1和p CAGGS载体,构建原核表达载体p GEX-6P-1-g D163/1032和真核表达载体p CAGGS-g D。利用纯化ILTV、原核表达纯化获得重组蛋白r-g D和真核质粒p CAGGS-g D,对新西兰大白兔进行免疫与加强免疫,制备兔抗ILTV g D多克隆抗体。通过间接免疫荧光试验确定ILTV g D多克隆抗体和ILTV感染的鸡肝癌细胞表达蛋白发生反应,表明制备的ILTV g D多克隆抗体能识别ILTV天然抗原表位,最佳稀释度为11 000;用ILTV感染的LMH细胞培养物进行Western Blot分析,在40 ku左右出现一条特异性条带,与预期ILTV g D蛋白大小相符。激光共聚焦定位感染鸡肝癌细胞中ILTV g D蛋白,发现ILTV g D蛋白主要表达于感染细胞胞浆及融合细胞交界处。     

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in protein antigenic structure

Recent advances in the preparation of synthetic peptide vaccines and the use of synthetic peptides as probes of antigenic structure and function have led to renewed interest in the prediction of antigenic sites recognized by antibodies and T cells. This review focuses on antibodies. Features intrinsic to the antigen, such as hydrophilicity and mobility, may be useful in the selection of amino acid sequences of the native protein that will elicit antibodies cross-reacting with peptides, or sequences which, as peptides, will be more likely to elicit antibodies cross-reactive with the native protein. Structural mobility may also contribute to protein-protein interactions in general. However, the entire accessible surface of a protein is likely to be detectable by a large enough panel of antibodies. Which of these antibodies are made in any individual depends on factors extrinsic to the antigen molecule, host factors such as self-tolerance, immune response genes, idiotype networks, and the immunoglobulin structural gene repertoire.     

抗水泡性口炎病毒的单克隆抗体制备及生物学特性鉴定

纯化浓缩水泡性口炎病毒(VSV-IN)作为免疫原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,当免疫抗体效价达到融合要求时,在融合前3d尾静脉加强注射免疫原,取免疫的Balb/c小鼠的脾脏与SP2/0细胞在PEG4000作用下,融合、筛选、克隆获得5株稳定分泌抗VSV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。Balb/c小鼠腹腔注射杂交瘤细胞株,收集腹水初步纯化,获5株单克隆抗体,亚类鉴定分属IgG2a和IgM型。     

Mammoth albumin

Serum albumin was detected immunologically in muscle from a mammoth that died about 40,000 years ago. Rabbits injected with ground mammoth muscle produced antibodies that react strongly with elephant albumin, weakly with sea cow albumin, and still more weakly or not at all with other mammalian albumins. Since elephant albumin elicited antibodies with the same specificity, some of the surviving mammoth albumin molecules evidently have antigenic sites identical to those on native elephant albumin. Much of the mammoth albumin has, however, undergone postmortem change. The small amount of soluble albumin extractable from mammoth muscle is heterogeneous in size, charge, and antigenic properties.