Hydrous sodium silicates from lake magadi, kenya: precursors of bedded chert

Two new hydrous sodium silicates, NaSi(7)O(13)(OH)(3).3H(2)O (magadiite) and NaSi(11)O(20.5)(OH)(4).3H(2)O (kenyaite), were found in lake beds at Lake Magadi, Kenya. Both are well-crystallized layered silicates with large basal spacings. Concretions within the magadiite bed consist of kenyaite or quartz (chert) in the center, surrounded by kenyaite. In dilute acids magadiite and kenyaite are converted to 6SiO(2).H(2)O (SH), the first known crystalline hydrate of silica. The magadiite bed probably represents a chemical precipitate from alkaline brines. Percolating waters convert magadiite to kenyaite and eventually to chert. Thus a mechanism has been outlined for the formation of bedded chert deposits through inorganic precipitation. Alternations between silica-rich and iron-rich bands of iron formations may be due to concentration cycles in alkaline lakes.     

Earth's Core-Mantle Boundary: Results of Experiments at High Pressures and Temperatures

Laboratory experiments document that liquid iron reacts chemically with silicates at high pressures (>/=2.4 x 10(10) Pascals) and temperatures. In particular, (Mg,Fe)SiO(3) perovskite, the most abundant mineral of Earth's lower mantle, is expected to react with liquid iron to produce metallic alloys (FeO and FeSi) and nonmetallic silicates (SiO(2) stishovite and MgSiO(3) perovskite) at the pressures of the core-mantle boundary, 14 x 10(10) Pascals. The experimental observations, in conjunction with seismological data, suggest that the lowermost 200 to 300 kilometers of Earth's mantle, the D" layer, may be an extremely heterogeneous region as a result of chemical reactions between the silicate mantle and the liquid iron alloy of Earth's core. The combined thermal-chemical-electrical boundary layer resulting from such reactions offers a plausible explanation for the complex behavior of seismic waves near the core-mantle boundary and could influence Earth's magnetic field observed at the surface.     

Elasticity of agr-Cristobalite: A Silicon Dioxide with a Negative Poisson's Ratio

Laser Brillouin spectroscopy was used to determine the adiabatic single-crystal elastic stiffness coefficients of silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) in the alpha-cristobalite structure. This SiO(2) polymorph, unlike other silicas and silicates, exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio; alpha-cristobalite contracts laterally when compressed and expands laterally when stretched. Tensorial analysis of the elastic coefficients shows that Poisson's ratio reaches a maximum value of -0.5 in some directions, whereas averaged values for the single-phased aggregate yield a Poisson's ratio of -0.16.     

Silica in alkaline brines

Analysis of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate brines from closed basins in volcanic terranes of Oregon and Kenya reveals silica contents of up to 2700 parts per million at pH's higher than 10. These high concentrations of SiO(2) can be attributed to reaction of waters with silicates, and subsequent evaporative concentration accompanied by a rise in pH. Supersaturation with respect to amorphous silica may occur and persist for brines that are out of contact with silicate muds and undersaturated with respect to trona; correlation of SiO(2) with concentration of Na and total CO(2) support this interpretation. Addition of more-dilute waters to alkaline brines may lower the pH and cause inorganic precipitation of substantial amounts of silica.     

Electrical conductivity and the red shift of absorption in olivine and spinel at high pressure

Above 100 kilobars the apparent absorption edges (approximately 3 electron volts) of single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of the metastable olivine and stable spinel forms of Fe(2)SiO(4) shift rapidly with pressure from the near-ultraviolet into the lower-energy infrared region. Simultaneously, an exponential increase in electrical conductivity occurs. These effects are reversible as pressure is reduced or reapplied and are not accompanied by a first-order phase change in olivine or spinel. These observations relate to fundamental concepts of electrical conductivity and photon absorption in complex transition-metal silicates in that they cannot be readily interpreted in terms of an intrinsic band-gap model. The intensity and energy changes are too great and the effect occurs at too low a pressure to be explained by processes such as spin-pairing and other crystal-field effects. The results suggest that a new mechanism of conduction, perhaps symbiotic and employing an efficient charge-transfer process, is induced at high pressure.     

Tetraplex formation of a guanine-containing nonameric DNA fragment

A combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques has been used to characterize the structures formed by a family of short, guanine-containing DNA single strands of the form d[GGTTXTTGG], X = A, C, G, T. In 1 molar NaCl at low temperatures, these molecules do not behave like single strands, but rather exhibit properties consistent with tetraplex formation. The standard state enthalpies, entropies, and free energies for formation of each tetraplex have been measured, as have preliminary nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. In 1 molar KCl, the melting behavior of the structure or structures is more complex than in 1 molar NaCl. This observation may be related to the recently proposed "sodium-potassium switch."     

Spectroscopic evidence for pressure-induced coordination changes in silicate glasses and melts

Infrared spectra demonstrate that at pressures above 20 gigapascals and room temperature the regular tetrahedral coordination of oxygen around both silicon and aluminum ions is severely disrupted in SiO(2), CaMgSi(2)O(6), and CaAlSi(2)O(8) composition glasses. The spectra are consistent with gradual, pressure-induced increases in the coordination numbers of silicon and aluminum. A variety of coordination environments, from sixfold to fourfold, appears to be present at pressures as high as about 40 gigapascals. This apparent change in coordination is not quenchable at room temperature: on decompression, the glasses return to tetrahedral coordination. This continuous and reversible coordination change in amorphous silicates explains the lack of observation of coordination changes in silicate glasses quenched from high pressure, the shallow melting slopes observed for mantle silicates at high pressures, and the possible presence of neutrally buoyant magmas deep within the terrestrial planets.     

Effect of a Coordination Change on the Strength of Amorphous SiO2

Measurements of the yield strength of SiO(2) glass to pressures as high as 81 gigapascals at room temperature show that the strength of amorphous silica decreases significantly as it is compressed to denser strctures with higher coordination. Above 27 gigapascals, as the silicon in amorphous SiO(2) is continuously transformed from fourfold to sixfold coordination, the strength of the glass decrases by more than an order of magnitude. These data confirm theoretical predictions that the mechanical properties of polymerized amorphous silicates are sensitive to pressure-induced structural transformations and suggest that the viscosity of silica-rich liquids decreases significantly at high pressures. Such a change in melt rheology could enhance the processes of chemical differentiation with depth in the Earth's mantle.     

土壤干湿处理与储存时间对土壤溶液组分离子活度及离子活度积的影响

采用真空置换法（ｖａｃｕｍｎｄｉｓｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ）提取土壤溶液，研究了土壤温度及储存时间两种处理对离子化学形态电脑模型计算结果的影响．研究不同处理效应的电脑输出数据以负对数表示，计有：（１）Ｈ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ａｌ３＋及ＳＯ的离子活度，（２）（Ａｌ＋）（ＯＨ）３、（Ａｌ３）２（ＯＨ）６（Ｈ４ＳｉＯ４）２及Ａｌ３＋）３．７７（Ｈ４ＳｉＯ４）３．２４（Ｋ＋）０．２４（Ｃａ）０．０８（Ｆｅ＋）０．２４（Ｍｇ）０．２０（ＯＨ）１２．８３的离子活度积和（３）Ｃａ２＋／Ａ１３＋的离子活度比．结果表明，储存期长短的影响比不同干湿处理为显著，两处理的交互影响很少见．根据ＰＨ—１／３ｐＡｌ对ＰＨ４ＳｉＯ４的图发现，无定形ＳｉＯ２、高岭土、绿泥化蛭石（ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｉｎｔｅｒｉａｙｅｒｅｄｖｅｒｍｉｃｕｌｉｔｅ）及潜晶水铝矿（ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｎｅｇｉｂｂｓｉｔｅ）的稳定性几乎不受样品处理的影响，但是ＰＨ４ＳｉＯ４在土样风干后再湿润组中增加显著．当采用电脑模型分析土壤溶液组分中离子的化学形态时，土壤预处理的方法需要作较为详细的说明．     

Radiation effects and oxygen vacancies in silicates

Proton and electron irradiation of silicates, minerals, and rocks produces a paramagnetic defect whose resonance spectrum is identical to that of the singly charged oxygen vacancy in silica glass and alpha-quartz. It is suggested that this defect is characteristic of all structures containing SiO(4) tetrahedra. Cracks, fracturing, and electric discharges have been observed after irradiation in planes determined by the particle ranges. These processes may contribute to the erosion materials.     

硅对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗保护酶活性和离子吸收的影响

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为试验材料,采用叶面喷施K2SiO3的方法,研究了不同浓度硅处理对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片保护酶活性及离子吸收的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下水稻叶片SOD、POD活性均显著降低,MDA含量显著提高,喷施1.0～2.0 mmol/L K2SiO3处理显著提高了水稻叶片SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA含量,减轻了盐胁迫下叶片膜脂过氧化程度。盐胁迫显著降低了地上和地下部分对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的吸收,增加了对Na+的吸收,1.5～2.5 mmol/L K2SiO3处理可显著增加水稻幼苗地上、地下部分K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的积累,降低Na+的积累。硅处理的最佳浓度为1.5 mmol/L。另外,叶面喷施硅后,水稻茎秆中SiO2的含量提高了,茎秆的抗倒伏能力增强。     

Negative Pressure-Temperature Slopes for Reactions Formign MgSiO3 Perovskite from Calorimetry

A new and sensitive differential drop solution calorimetric technique was developed for very small samples. A single experiment using one 5.18-milligram sample of perovskite, synthesized at 25 gigapascals and 1873 Kelvin, gave 110.1 +/- 4.1 kilojoules per mole for the enthalpy of the ilmenite-pervoskite transition in MgSiO(3). The thermodynamics of the reaction of MgSiO(3) (ilmenite) to MgSiO(3) (perovskite) and of Mg(2)SiO(4) (spinel) to MgSiO(3) (pervoskite) and MgO (periclase) were assessed. Despite uncertainties in heat capacity and molar volume at high pressure and temperature, both reactions clearly have negative pressure-temperature slopes, -0.005 +/- 0.002 and -0.004 +/- 0.002 gigapascals per Kelvin, respectively. The latter may be insufficiently negative to preclude whole-mantle convection.     

Organic Compounds in Meteorites: They may have formed in the solar nebula, by catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and ammonia

Organic compounds in meteorites seem to have formed by catalytic reactions of CO, H2, and NH3 in the solar nebula, at 360 degrees to 400 degrees K and (4 to 10) x 10-6 atm. The onset of these reactions was triggered by the formation of suitable catalysts (magnetite, hydrated silicates) at these temperatures. These reactions may be a source of prebiotic carbon compounds on the inner planets, and interstellar molecules.     

Stability and structure of MgSiO3 perovskite to 2300-kilometer depth in Earth's mantle

Unexplained features have been observed seismically near the middle (approximately 1700-kilometer depth) and bottom of the Earth's lower mantle, and these could have important implications for the dynamics and evolution of the planet. (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite is expected to be the dominant mineral in the deep mantle, but experimental results are discrepant regarding its stability and structure. Here we report in situ x-ray diffraction observations of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite at conditions (50 to 106 gigapascals, 1600 to 2400 kelvin) close to a mantle geotherm from three different starting materials, (Mg0.9Fe0.1)SiO enstatite, MgSiO3 glass, and an MgO+SiO2 mixture. Our results confirm the stability of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite to at least 2300-kilometer depth in the mantle. However, diffraction patterns above 83 gigapascals and 1700 kelvin (1900-kilometer depth) cannot presently rule out a possible transformation from Pbnm perovskite to one of three other possible perovskite structures with space group P2(1)/m, Pmmn, or P4(2)/nmc.     

双季杂交稻高产施肥技术研究

采用田间试验研究施肥水平与杂交水稻产量的关系,以及不同生育阶段养分吸收量,据此,提出了夺取杂交水稻高产的施肥技术。 杂交早稻亩产540公斤,需吸收氮10.9公斤、五氧化二磷4.9公斤、氧化钾15.9公斤、二氧化硅43.8公斤;杂交晚稻亩产560公斤,需吸收氮15.9公斤、五氧化二磷5公斤、氧化钾19公斤、二氧化硅63.8公斤.同一施肥水平,杂交晚稻比杂交早稻多吸收氮20％～27.5％,钾7％～24.1％,磷相似。杂交晚稻秧苗期、分蘖盛期吸钾量高于杂交早稻,齐穗后低于杂交早稻;杂交稻要获高产在氮磷水平中上稻田,施钾是第一位因素,杂交早稻应重视中后期施钾,杂交晚稻应重视苗期及早施钾肥;早晚杂交稻要获超500公斤产量其氮磷钾最佳拖肥量分别为12、4、10.7公斤/亩和12、4、12公斤/亩。     

施肥措施对一品红抗寒生理指标的影响

研究了K、Ca、Si肥对一品红天鹅绒、威望2品种抗寒性生理生化特性的影响及可能的调控技术。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了施K、Ca、Si量与2品种抗寒性综合分之间的效应模型并对模型进行了优化分析。结果表明:3种肥料均能提高一品红抗寒性,但对威望品种影响大于天鹅绒品种,各指标对抗寒性影响大小为:电导率>丙二醛>可溶性蛋白质>可溶性糖>脯氨酸>SOD。高抗寒性栽培要点如下:天鹅绒品种:施KCl量231～369mg/L,施CaCl2量79～121mg/L,施Na2SiO3量42～58mg/L;威望品种:施KCl量229～330mg/L,施CaCl2量86～120mg/L,施Na2SiO3量33～48mg/L。     

几种化学诱导物对甜瓜白粉病抗性的诱导作用

采用5种化学物质分别对甜瓜叶片进行处理,研究了5种化学诱导剂对甜瓜抗白粉病的诱导作用以及对甜瓜白粉菌孢子萌发的抑制效果.结果表明:苯并噻重氮(BTH)、水杨酸(SA)、草酸(OAA)、硅酸钠(Na2SiO3)均能显著诱导甜瓜对白粉病的抗性.各种诱导剂的最适诱导浓度分别为BTH 0.35 mmol/L、SA 1.0 mmol/L、OAA30 mmol/L、Na2SiO310 mmol/L;适宜浓度下的诱导效果分别为:72.4%4、9.9%4、3.4%和34.9%.磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)在供试浓度范围内对甜瓜抗白粉病的诱导作用不显著.试验同时还表明,5种诱导剂在供试浓度范围内对甜瓜白粉菌无抑菌活性.     

Activities of sodium and potassium ions in epithelial cells of small intestine

Intracellular molar Na(+) activity (a(Na)), measured with cation-selective glass microelectrodes, in epithelial cells of isolated bullfrog small intestine immersed at 26 degrees C in a sodium sulfate Ringer solution containing mannitol was 0.0144 +/- 0.0031 (average value plus or minus standard deviation). The corresponding K(+) activity (a(K)) was 0.0854 +/- 0.0060. Combination of these values with previous estimates of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations under identical conditions indicated that a substantial fraction of the cellular Na(+) is in an osmotically inactive state. When the cells were exposed to a Ringer solution in which 26 millimoles of mannitol per liter were replaced by 3-O-methyl glucose, highly significant decreases in a(K) and a(Na) were observed. The decrease in a(K) was proportionately larger than the corresponding decrease in a(Na).     

钙镁磷肥和硅肥对Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤上小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响

采用盆栽方法研究在 Cd、Pb、Zn污染的酸性土壤上 ,钙镁磷肥和硅肥对小白菜生长及污染元素 (Cd、Pb、Zn)和养分元素 (N、P、K、Mn、Fe、Cu)吸收的影响 .结果表明 :钙镁磷肥显著促进小白菜的生长 ,显著抑制 Cd、Pb、Zn对小白菜的毒害及向地上部的迁移 ,对 N、K、Cu、Mn的吸收也有显著抑制作用 ;硅肥对小白菜生长的促进效果及对 Cd、Pb、Zn吸收的抑制效果较差 .提高土壤 p H是抑制小白菜重金属吸收的有效方法     

An empirical model for predicting diffusion coefficients in silicate minerals

An empirical model describing the diffusion kinetics of oxygen in silicate minerals under hydrothermal conditions has been established for temperatures between 773 and 1073 Kelvin at 100 megapascals of water pressure. The equation, log D = alpha + (beta/T) + [(gamma + (delta/T))Z], where D is the diffusion coefficient, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are constants, T is the Kelvin temperature, and Z is the total ionic porosity, may be used to predict diffusion coefficients, in most cases to within the reported experimental reproducibility of a factor of 2. For oxygen diffusion, alpha = -2, beta = -3.4 x 10(4)K, gamma = -0.13, and delta = 6.4 x 10(2)K, for D in square centimeters per second. Limited data for the diffusion of argon in silicates suggest that the model describes this system as well.