Late pleistocene history of coniferous woodland in the mohave desert

Seventeen ancient wood-rat middens, ranging in radiocarbon age from 7400 to 19,500 years and to older than 40,000 years, have been uncovered in the northeastern, north-central, southeastern, and southwestern sectors of the Mohave Desert. Excellent preservation of macroscopic plant materials (including stems, buds, leaves, fruits, and seeds) enables identification of many plant species growing within the limited foraging range of the sedentary wood rat. An approximately synchronous zonal differentiation of vegetation in response to a gradient of elevation on limestone in the northeastern Mohave Desert is apparent from the macrofossil evidence, preserved in wood-rat middens and ground-sloth coprolites, covering a time span bracketed by radiocarbon ages of about 9000 and 10,000 years. XerophilQus juniper woodlands descended to an elevation of 1100 meters, some 600 meters below the present lower limit of woodland (1700 meters) in the latitude of Frenchman Flat. But desert or semidesert shrubs coexisted with the woodland trees throughout much of the span of elevation corresponding to the pluvial lowering of the woodland zone, and the more mesophytic phase of pinyonjuniper woodland was evidently confined to montane habitats at elevations above 1500 meters. Joshua trees, accompanied by desert shrubs, prevailed down to about 600 meters at Gypsum Cave, Nevada, but only the shrubs of the existing warm-desert vegetation occurred at 530 meters near Rampart Cave, Arizona. Pleistocene middens from the southeastern Mohave Desert record a relatively large downward shift of the pinyon-juniper woodland zone, paralleling the remarkably low minimum elevation of the existing woodland zone in that area. The macrofossil evidence speaks for former continuity of the many disjunct stands of woodland vegetation in the Mohave Desert region, at least along the higher divides connecting most of the ranges. However, there is no macrofossil evidence of pluvial continuity of range for the more mesophytic, montane, coniferous-forest zone of ponderosa pine or white fir now occupying islands of relatively mesic environment on the highest mountains of the region. On the contrary, the uneven stocking of the lofty mountains of the Mohave Desert with mesephytic or boreal species and the trend toward endemism suggest a long history of isolation.     

Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild

Twelve years after three species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) were removed from plots of Chihuahuan Desert shrub habitat, density of tall perennial and annual grasses had increased approximately threefold and rodent species typical of arid grassland had colonized. These were just the most recent and drmatic in a series of changes in plants and animals caused by experimental exclusion of Dipodomys. In this ecosystem kangaroo rats are a keystone guild: through seed predation and soil disturbance they have major effects on biological diversity and biogeochemical processes.     

宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区春季鸟类物种多样性

为了解鸟类多样性现状和制定科学有效的栖息地保护管理对策,于2013年4～5月采用样线调查法对宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区春季鸟类组成进行调查。共记录鸟类7目20科43种,约占全国鸟类种数（1 319种）的3.26%,占宁夏鸟类种数（320种）的14.44%。在地理区划上,古北界鸟类32种,占该地区春季鸟类种数的74.42%;广布种类11种,占25.58%;未观测到东洋界鸟类。其中,留鸟30种,占69.77%;夏候鸟7种,占16.28%;冬候鸟3种,占6.98%;旅鸟2种,占4.65%;迷鸟1种,占2.33%。山地针叶林带出现的鸟类种类最多,有24种,其次是山地疏林草原带和山地草原带,分别有22种和13种,亚高山灌丛草甸带和湿地最少,仅见11种和7种。宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区春季有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类7种。     

Holocene woodlands in the southwestern deserts

Twenty-nine radiocarbon-dated pack rat middens document woodland communities in the deserts of the southwestern United States less than 10,000 years ago. A synchronous change from woodland to desert or grassland occurred about 8000 years ago in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mohave deserts. A shift of the Aleutian low and the winter storm track to the north, which resulted in drastically reduced winter precipitation in these areas, is inferred. The shift to nonpluvial climates in the Southwest lagged behind the beginning of nonglacial climates in the North because the melting continental glaciers contined to affect general circulation patterns.     

毛乌素沙地与植被有关的地下水环境研究

[目的]研究毛乌素沙地与植被有关的地下水环境。[方法]选择毛乌素沙漠腹地,研究沙漠地区植被与地下水的关系,建立了沙漠地区的研究植被与地下水关系的指标体系,即植被的种群、地下水埋深、包气带含水率、地下水矿化度和包气带含盐量等,以及相应的野外工作方法。[结果]结果表明,研究区分布有9个主要的植被种群,沙蒿（Artemisia）、沙柳（Salixpsammophila）和苔草（Carex）是优势植被;地下水矿化度在沙丘地区为100～300mg/L,滩地为800mg/L左右;包气带含水率全年维持在8%～16%;沙丘含盐量小于0.2%,滩地含盐量大于0.3%。[结论]这些成果为研究该区植被与地下水的关系提供了依据。     

Holocene vegetation in chaco canyon, new Mexico

Well-preserved plant remains in packrat middens chronicle vegetation change in Chaco Canyon over the past 11,000 years. Early Holocene evidence of communities dominated by Douglas fir, Rocky Mountain juniper, and limber pine in the San Juan Basin calls for revision of traditional constructs based on fossil pollen. Middle and late Holocene vegetation in the canyon was pinyon-juniper woodland up until Anasazi occupation between 1000 and 800 years ago. Instead of climate, Anasazi fuel needs may explain the drastic reduction of pinyon and juniper after 1230 years ago. The lack of pinyon-juniper recovery over the past millennium has implications for contemporary forest and range ecology.     

车八岭不同演替阶段植物群落土壤特性的初步研究

探讨了广东省车八岭国家级自然保护区原生阔叶林，次生阔叶林，马尾松针阔混交林，马尾松纯林及次生草坡等５个不同演替阶段植物落的土壤理化性质的特点。初步结果显示，不同演替类型的植被，其土壤理化性质有一定差异，原生林的土壤结构和土壤肥力比较好，土壤有机质，全氮，有效磷和有效钾都比较高；     

红松林天然更新对连续小梯度海拔变化的响应

海拔是影响森林类型分布及其更新的重要生态因子,研究海拔梯度上森林更新的变化,对不同海拔梯度的森林经营与生态保护具有重要意义。以红松母树林群落的天然更新为研究对象,在小兴安岭地区东折棱河林业经营所56号林班,以连续小梯度海拔变化,沿林班内山坡下部、中下部、中部3个坡位,设置12块样地进行调查。结果表明:(1)无人为干扰条件下,随海拔梯度升高,林内针、阔叶树总株数逐增,立木层(红松、臭冷杉、鱼鳞云杉等)针叶树逐渐取代伴生阔叶树(青楷槭、花楷槭、黄桦、白桦等);林冠下层,针、阔叶树更新苗株数总体呈上升趋势,针叶树更新苗数量与阔叶树差距逐渐缩小,在海拔447 m时,针叶树更新数量首次超过阔叶树更新数量。(2)有人为干扰条件下,立木层林木稀疏,林内针、阔叶树更新不良,样地H主要树种更新频度均为0,林窗下以阔叶树更新为主(样地F、I仅有1种更新苗,分别为花楷槭与青楷槭),红松仅有极少幼树存在。(3)随着海拔梯度升高,红松断面积组成与重要值变化趋势基本一致,均保持稳定增长,红松群落优势更加明显。(4)海拔变化对立木层红松分布格局无明显影响,低海拔区红松无更新或更新极少且呈随机分布,中海拔区红松更新良好且多呈聚集分布,在演替过程中,最终以随机分布进入主林层。     

Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States

Plant macrofossils in ancient packrat middens document the presence of woodland communities in most of the present Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mohave deserts in the southwestern United States during the late Wisconsinan (22,000 to 11,000 years before present by radiocarbon dating). Warm desert species were common in the woodlands at lower elevations and mixed conifer and subalpine forests were present at high elevations. Inferred mild, wet winters and cool summers produced unusual plant and animal associations compared to those of today. Montane communities acquired modern aspects and more mesophytic species disappeared from lower woodlands about 11,000 years ago. Early Holocene xeric woodlands and an inferred winter precipitation regime persisted until about 8000 years ago. The present circulation patterns, rainfall regimes, and biotic distributions probably formed as a result of the melting of the continental ice sheets. Southwestern communities appear to have responded quickly to climatic changes compared to the gradual responses of central and eastern United States forest communities.     

基于地形因子的大都市边缘区土地利用变化分析——以北京市平谷区为例

为探讨平谷区在不同高程、坡度和坡向分级的土地利用变化规律,为土地资源可持续利用和管理决策提供依据,以北京市平谷区为例,借助DEM提取地形信息,对平谷区土地利用变化在各地形因子分级的分布特征进行分析,结果表明:1)平谷区的土地利用类型以耕地、园地和林地为主,1993-2008年的15年间,平谷区耕地面积大幅度减少,园地、居民点及工矿和交通用地面积明显增加;2)平谷区的土地利用变化在不同高程、坡度和坡向分级差异明显.耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的转化主要发生在0～300m高程带和小于15°的坡度带,林地与草地的互转主要发生在高程300～800m、坡度大于8°的阳坡与半阳坡;园地与草地的转化主要发生在高程0～300m、坡度在2～25°的半阳坡;园地与林地的转化主要发生在高程0～800m、坡度2～25°的阳坡与半阳坡,高程大于800m、坡度大于25°的区域主要是林地向其他地类的转化;3)平谷区的土地利用变化剧烈且与高程、坡度和坡向具有高度相关性,低高程和低坡度区域内主要表现为建设用地和园地增加以及耕地流失.随着高程、坡度增大,土地利用变化逐渐减弱.     

黄土区场刺槐×油松复垦地物种演替规律分析

为了进一步了解研究区复垦地物种演替规律,通过野外调查获取样地复垦17年后植被数据,采用数据分析法研究刺槐×油松复垦模式下植被种群数量结构特征与空间分布格局。结果表明:在黄土区刺槐×油松复垦模式下刺槐的存活率为34.56%,远低于油松的存活率94.39%;侵入树种主要有榆树和杨树,侵入树种占乔木层物种总数的15.42%;刺槐的径级结构在1cm和10cm出现峰值,油松的径级结构在7cm出现峰值;样地草本中菊科的重要值为37.38,禾本科的重要值为13.33。刺槐更新个体较多但成活率低,油松成活率较高,刺槐纯林易受到榆树和杨树的侵入。草本植物中菊科和禾本科重要值最高,大籽蒿为优势物种。     

凉水国家级自然保护区森林群落林下物种多样性

该文采用多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等对凉水自然保护区森林群落林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行研究.结果表明,用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数测度凉水自然保护区森林群落林下物种多样性,都反映出基本一致的趋势.其总体多样性顺序为:原始红松林>人工落叶松林>槭树红松林>阔叶红松林>云冷杉红松林>人工红松林>椴树红松林>白桦林.各群落林下总的丰富度主要受草本层丰富度的影响.云冷杉红松林和人工红松林的灌木层多样性指数均高于草本层,其他6种不同林型中,灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性指数都低于草本层.各林型的灌木层与草本层间的均匀度差异不大.通过群落主成分分析,得出第一主成分和第二主成分即物种丰富度指数S和物种多样性指数D的累积贡献率达98.945%,基本上反映了原来6个变量的信息.     

The response of vegetation on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to Pleistocene climate change

A reconstruction of past environmental change from Ecuador reveals the response of lower montane forest on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to glacial-interglacial global climate change. Radiometric dating of volcanic ash indicates that deposition occurred ~324,000 to 193,000 years ago during parts of Marine Isotope Stages 9, 7, and 6. Fossil pollen and wood preserved within organic sediments suggest that the composition of the forest altered radically in response to glacial-interglacial climate change. The presence of Podocarpus macrofossils ~1000 meters below the lower limit of their modern distribution indicates a relative cooling of at least 5°C during glacials and persistence of wet conditions. Interglacial deposits contain thermophilic palms suggesting warm and wet climates. Hence, global temperature change can radically alter vegetation communities and biodiversity in this region.     

金塔沙漠人工林植被物种多样性研究

以金塔沙漠不同类型人工林为研究对象,通过采用样方调查法,对金塔沙漠不同类型的人工林植被群落物种组成、多样性特征,以及物种多样性和土壤水分含量相关关系进行了研究。结果表明:1）金塔生态环境脆弱,人工林植被群落物种组成简单,共有植物种26个,分属10科24属,主要以胡杨、沙枣、梭梭、花棒、假苇拂子茅、黑沙蒿、小果白刺、骆驼刺、沙拐枣、柽柳为优势种,反映了沙漠植被的特征。2）金塔沙漠人工林有乔木林和灌木林2种类型,乔木林植被群落类型为胡杨（柽柳、芦苇）×沙枣（花棒、黑沙蒿）群落、胡杨（假苇拂子茅）×沙枣（芦苇）群落,灌木林植被群落类型为柽柳（花花柴）×小果白刺（骆驼刺）群落、梭梭（河西菊）×沙拐枣（芦苇）群落。3）乔木林植物群落物种多样性水平较低,物种组成稀少,其物种丰富度为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,乔木层、草本层的Simpson指数均高于灌木层,Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-wiener指数均比灌木层的小,呈现出乔木层、草本层物种的集中程度较高、均匀度偏低的规律;灌木林植物群落物种多样性水平也较低,物种丰富度为灌木层＞草本层,灌木层的Shannon-wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均比草本层的小,Simpson指数比草本层的大,反映出灌木层物种的集中程度偏高、均匀度偏低的规律。     

北京山区油松林地菌根性食用菌发生规律

 【目的】明确北京油松林地菌根性食用菌的发生规律以及与林地的依存状况,为松林的持续发展和野生菌的合理开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】对北京山区油松林地发生的菌根食用菌种类、发生时间、发生量与立地条件等进行4年的定位观测和临时调查。【结果】血红铆钉菇（Chroogomphus rutilus）和点柄粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus granulatus)是油松林地最常发生的2种外生菌根菌,其次为棕灰口蘑(Tricholoma terreum）。 点柄粘盖牛肝菌和血红铆钉菇分布于海拔400—1 100 m,于8—10月发生,多雨年份出菇达到4—5潮,持续时间可达2个月以上。其子实体发生后约5 d散发孢子,天热时 7 d后腐烂。点柄粘盖牛肝菌在春秋雨水较多的年份还发生于夏初和深秋。充足降雨之后,连续3—5 d的高温是子实体大量发生的必要条件。油松林地地下菌塘菌丝密集,地表具有丰富的生物多样性。【结论】血红铆钉菇、点柄粘盖牛肝菌是北京油松林地的优势菌根性食用菌。降雨量、温度等气象因子是决定每年子实体发生时间和当年产量高低的重要因子。不同海拔、不同坡位的油松林地,菌根食用菌发生时间、发生的优势种类不同。     

放牧扰动对山地荒漠草地植物群落结构的影响

对祁连山北坡山地荒漠草地植物群落放牧干扰下的物种组成、丰富度及丰盛度进行了初步测定,结果表明：在不同放牧压力梯度下,物种丰富度呈单峰状曲线,植物高度、覆盖度和地面凋落物随放牧强度的增加而显著减少,植被组成也相应发生变化,杂草随放牧强度的增大而增多。     

贺兰山石鸡越冬期栖息地的选择

于2004年11月-2005年1月期间,采用样带法对贺兰山区石鸡的栖息地选择进行研究。共测定了74个利用样方,结果表明:贺兰山石鸡(Alectoris chukar potanini)对植被类型具有选择性(χ2=453.17,df=3,P≤0.001),喜欢利用山地草原带,避免选择山地疏林草原带、山地针叶林带、亚高山灌丛和草甸带;对优势乔木的利用有选择性(χ2=195.76,df=6,P≤0.001),喜欢利用无树的栖息地,随机利用灰榆优势的栖息地,避免选择山杨、杜松、油松、青海云杉占优势和混合型的栖息地;对坡向(χ2=85.12,df=2,P≤0.001)选择性利用,喜欢位于阳坡的栖息地,避免利用阴坡的栖息地,对半阴和半阳坡随机利用;对坡位也具有选择性(χ2=44.93,df=2,P≤0.001),偏好下坡位,避免上坡位,对中坡位随机利用。并对利用样方和任意样方进行比较,石鸡的利用样方以乔木密度低、灌木密度低、草本覆盖度高、坡度小、雪覆盖浅、低海拔为主要特征。逐步判别分析表明,乔木密度、草本覆盖度、灌木密度和雪深具有重要作用。由这4个变量构成的方程在对利用样方和任意样方进行区分时,正确判别率可以达到94.9%。     

不同改造方式对小兴安岭低质林生物多样性的影响

对小兴安岭低质林的生物多样性进行调查,以小兴安岭铁力林业局卫东林场的原始阔叶红松林生物多样性作为对照,运用主成分分析的方法,对不同改造方式低质林的试验区生物多样性数据进行综合评析,并分析试验区植被恢复效果与影响因素之间的关系。研究结果表明:恢复时间和改造方式对生物多样性恢复与分布起主导作用,横山皆伐带10 m带宽样地、顺山皆伐带10 m带宽样地与择伐带采伐强度41%的样地生物多样性恢复效果最好,横山皆伐带和顺山皆伐带的8 m带宽样地与择伐带采伐强度55%的样地生物多样性恢复效果次之。     

Species duration and evolution: benthic foraminifera on the atlantic continental margin of north america

Average species durations were estimated for 131 commonly occurring modern species. The duration of species occurring at depths of less than 200 meters is 16 million years, while for those at greater than 200 meters and at all depths it is 25 to 26 million years. Species (less than 200 meters) distributed from Florida to Newfoundland and from Florida to Cape Hatteras have about the same durations (18 to 20 million years). The duration for species restricted to north of Cape Hatteras is only 7 million years. The data suggest that evolutionary rates are greater in shallower than in deeper depths and greatest in the shallower northern area.     

Colonization of exploded volcanic islands by birds: the supertramp strategy

After volcanic explosions or tidal waves had defaunated several islands near New Guinea, bird species number rapidly returned to equilibrium on coral islets and rapidly returned to quasi-steady-state values limited by regrowth of vegetation in lowland forest of larger islands. However, reequilibration in montane forest has been limited by slow dispersal of the birds. Colonists have been drawn disproportionately from r-selected "supertramrip" species, which maintain much higher population densities than do K-selected faunas, perhaps due to selection for resource overexploitation by the latter.