水溶性牡蛎多糖的降血压活性

牡蛎中含有丰富的多糖。从牡蛎中制备的水溶性多糖经HPLC测定,其单糖组成为葡萄糖,以葡聚糖分子筛测定其分子量为(3.93~10.84)×106 Da。以牡蛎多糖(7g/kg)对高血压模型大鼠灌胃均具有较明显的降低收缩压和舒张压作用。     

牡蛎多糖啤酒制备研究

通过在啤酒发酵过程中添加不同剂量的牡蛎多糖,研究啤酒发酵过程的变化。研究表明,在啤酒发酵前加入1.2%(w/v)牡蛎多糖参与发酵,生产的牡蛎多糖啤酒其香味与啤酒风味较协调。     

龙须菜多糖的降解及其降解产物的抗氧化活性

采用维生素C和过氧化氢体系诱导产生的自由基降解龙须菜多糖,并对龙须菜多糖及其降解产物的抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明,在维生素C和过氧化氢反应体系中,龙须菜多糖的降解反应在2h内基本完成,降解后得到的4种产物分子量分别为21492,12864,5417和3043U,降解反应未导致龙须菜多糖去硫酸化,但3,6-内醚-半乳糖含量略有降低;在清除超氧阴离子、DPPH自由基和还原Fe3+方面,龙须菜多糖的抗氧化活性随分子量的降低而增强,而在清除羟基自由基方面,抗氧化活性却随多糖分子量的降低而减弱。     

皱纹盘鲍性腺多糖抗氧化活性研究

采用酶法结合醇提法从皱纹盘鲍性腺中提取鲍性腺多糖PAG,测定其组成为:糖31.77%,蛋白质6.1%,脂肪6.79%,硫酸根25.78%,氨基己糖6.42%,氨基半乳糖1.25%.以·OH清除活性、DPPH·清除活性、还原性及抗脂质过氧化能力等为指标,测定PAG的体外抗氧化活性.试验结果表明,PAG不仅具有较强的·OH、DPPH·清除作用和还原能力,还具有一定的抗脂质过氧化能力.     

超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜多糖及其抗氧化活性的研究

该试验比较了超声波法、过氧化氢法、超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)多糖的效果,最后以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化了超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜多糖的工艺。对比了降解前后多糖的抗氧化活性,并分析了其与分子量、结构特征及理化性质等的相关性。结果表明,在过氧化氢体积分数10%、温度65℃、超声波辅助2.5 h条件下,该多糖降解前后DPPH自由基清除率的半抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)由9.37 mg·mL^-1降为1.71 mg·mL^-1;凝胶渗透色谱结果显示分子量由大于670 kD降为235835 D;傅里叶红外光谱表明多糖特征吸收峰依旧存在;高效液相色谱分析发现单糖组成大致相同,糖醛酸质量分数有所降低;理化性质显示硫酸基质量分数增高,3,6-内醚半乳糖质量分数明显降低。因而超声波辅助过氧化氢法可较好地降解坛紫菜多糖,并可改善理化性质及结构特征进而增强抗氧化活性,为低分子量多糖的制备及构效关系分析提供依据。     

海藻硫酸多糖抗氧化活性研究进展

本文就海藻硫酸多糖（SPS）的结构特征、制备,抗氧化机制及影响因素进行了较为详细的阐述。众多研究表明,SPS是从海藻中提取的一类生物活性多糖,是多糖分子链中单糖分子的部分羟基被硫酸根取代而形成的;它能有效地清除自由基,还能与金属离子鳌合,抑制脂质过氧化作用,具有显著抗氧化活性;制备粗多糖主要采用水提醇沉法,用离子交换、凝胶渗透和亲和层析法进行纯化;影响SPS抗氧化活性的因素主要有硫酸多糖的来源、多酚含量、相对分子质量大小以及硫酸基的含量与位置等。     

牡蛎酶解液的抗氧化活性

检测了牡蛎(Crassotera gigas)木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶酶解液的抗氧化活性。由Sephadex G-15葡聚糖凝胶柱层析分析牡蛎酶解液,得到具抗氧化活性组分的分子量分布。分子量为1191 D和826 D左右的木瓜蛋白酶酶解活性肽组分的自由羟基清除活性最强,当其质量浓度分别为0.184 mg/mL和0.673 mg/mL时,体外自由羟基清除活性分别为53.6%和66.5%;分子量分别为1074 D和735 D左右的中性蛋白酶酶解活性肽的自由羟基清除活性最强,当其质量浓度分别为0.166 mg/mL和0.830 mg/mL时,体外自由羟基清除活性分别57.6%和70.5%。HPLC分析结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶酶解的活性肽组分分别由几种抗氧化肽组成。抗氧化活性最强的木瓜蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶酶解的肽组分在质量浓度为2.5 mg/mL时,活性分别可达83.6%和80.8%。用牡蛎原浆与各酶解液灌胃昆明小白鼠。研究结果表明,用木瓜蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶酶解原液及经超滤纯化的酶解液对小白鼠实施灌胃,其肝脏组织的SOD活力都显著提高(P<0.05);灌胃经超滤纯化的木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶酶解液,小白鼠肝脏组织GSH-PX活力、GSH含量显著提高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。     

牡蛎的生理活性及开发

牡蛎含有很多营养物质和生理活性物质。以牡蛎为主，辅以亚油酸、维生素Ｅ、大豆卵磷脂等，可生产多种适合儿童、成年人、老年人的保健品、疗效品。     

复合酶提取牡蛎抗氧化肽的工艺研究

以牡蛎为原料,首先从木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶中筛选出胰蛋白酶为内切酶,以水解度为指标,得到最佳的酶解工艺条件:时间4h,温度50℃,pH8.0,料水比1∶2,加酶量3％(7 500 U/g),水解度为49.50％;同时以水解度为指标,得到外切酶风味蛋白酶的最佳酶解工艺:时间5h,温度50℃,pH8.0,料水比1∶2,加酶量3％ (450 U/g),实际水解度50.95％.最后,以清除羟自由基能力和水解度为指标,探讨内切酶(胰蛋白酶)和外切酶(风味蛋白酶)不同复合酶解方式的抗氧化能力.最终确定,复合酶解制备牡蛎抗氧化肽效果最好,其酶解条件为胰蛋白酶为3％(7 500 U/g)、风味蛋白酶加酶量为3％ (450 U/g),pH8.0,时间5h,料水比1∶2,温度50℃时,水解度高达53.94％,体外清除·OH的EC50为0.56 mg/mL.     

年产1000kg牡蛎多糖车间设计初探

随着牡蛎养殖产量的迅速增加,对牡蛎资源进行高值化开发利用已经成为推动牡蛎产业发展的重要手段。牡蛎多糖是牡蛎中重要的活性物质,它可以作为保健食品及药品来进行开发利用,是有价值的牡蛎深加工产品,因此有必要对牡蛎多糖进行产业化开发利用。为了实现这一目标,需要设计合理可行的生产工艺。本文以太平洋牡蛎为原料,摒弃传统醇沉提取多糖的工艺方法,而只采用热水浸提、等电点沉淀及膜分离法相结合进行牡蛎多糖的提取分离,并对牡蛎多糖生产车间设计中出现的问题提出了有效的解决方案。     

藻红蛋白的高效异源生物合成及其生物活性

鲍鱼内脏中含有丰富的可分解藻类多糖的水解酶。为实现坛紫菜 (Porphyra haitanensis) 蛋白的高效提取和产业化制备,采用鲍鱼内脏酶对坛紫菜进行酶法破壁提取紫菜蛋白,并比较冷冻干燥与喷雾干燥对蛋白理化性质的影响。结果显示,鲍鱼内脏酶酶解坛紫菜提取蛋白的最佳条件为：加酶量7.6%、酶解时间2.8 h、酶解温度35 ℃、料液比质量体积比为1∶25,在该条件下获得的蛋白得率为 (238.65±2.13) mg∙g⁻¹。观察坛紫菜的外观及细胞形态,发现鲍鱼内脏酶能显著破坏坛紫菜细胞壁。冷冻干燥坛紫菜蛋白 (Freeze-dried P. haitanensis protein, FPP) 在不同pH下的溶解性和乳化性能均优于喷雾干燥坛紫菜蛋白 (Spray-dried P. haitanensis protein, SPP) (P<0.01),而SPP的表面疏水性与接触角均高于FPP (P<0.01)。扫描电镜结果显示, FPP为表面光滑的片状结构,而SPP呈大小较为均一、表面有凹槽的球状颗粒。综上,鲍鱼内脏酶能有效破坏坛紫菜细胞壁,使水溶性蛋白溶出。制备得到的蛋白均具有良好的理化特性,其中冷冻干燥所制备蛋白的理化性质更佳。     

Supplementation of dietary apple cider vinegar as an organic acidifier on the growth performance,digestive enzymes and mucosal immunity of green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus)

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary apple cider vinegar (ACV) on digestive enzyme activity and growth performance as well as immune responses and antibacterial activity of skin mucus in green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus). Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% of ACV (40.830 ppm acetic acid concentration) for 63 days. The final weight and weight gain values were observed to be significantly higher in fish fed with 2% of ACV compared to the control group (p < .05). ACV inclusion in the diets had significant effects on SGR (%) and FCR values (p > .05). ACV treatment resulted in a significant increase in the intestinal protease, α‐amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase activities compared to control (p < .05). The activities of digestive enzymes in fish fed with 2% and 4% of ACV diets were significantly higher than the other groups (p < .05). The total protein content, alternative haemolytic complement, alkaline phosphatase, total immunoglobulins and lysozyme activities of skin mucus increased significantly in fish fed with ACV diets (p < .05). In conclusion, administration of ACV enhanced digestive enzyme activity, growth performance, immune responses and the immune properties of skin mucus, and it can be used as a natural growth promoter and immunostimulant in green terror culture.     

长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因(CgTyr1)SNP多态性与壳色性状的关联

黑色素是一种广泛存在于动物界的生物色素,而酪氨酸酶被认为是一种重要的调控黑色素合成的关键酶。实验以3种壳色的长牡蛎选育品系为材料,使用PCR-SSCP的方法对长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因CgTyr1进行SNP分型筛选,将突变位点与不同壳色性状进行关联分析。结果显示,酪氨酸酶基因的外显子上存在23个SNP位点,其中11个SNP位点与壳色性状极显著相关;在这11个SNP位点中,检测到有3个SNP位点为有义突变(c.591C/T、c.632G/A和c.1155T/C),分别导致不同的氨基酸突变(Ala122Val、Gly136Ser和Phe310Ser);利用极显著关联的11个SNP位点,为每种壳色群体建立了1种单倍型,并在验证组中得到了确认。研究表明,长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因的单个碱基突变和以此构建的单倍型与壳色性状存在显著的关联。本研究筛选出的SNP位点和构建的单倍型为长牡蛎壳色品系选育提供了重要的参考资料。     

Effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp. A total of 315 grass carp, with similar initial weight (average weight of fish 45?g), were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates. The control group was fed the basal diet without Bacillus; treatment group 1 was added Bacillus preparation no. 1 with 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ per 7?days in culture water and also fed the basal diet; treatment group 2 was fed the basal diet mixed with 0.5?% Bacillus preparation no. 2, and the culture water was added 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ Bacillus preparation no. 1 per 7?days. After 4?weeks of culture, 12 grass carp from each replicate were taken randomly for the determination of immune response and oxidization resistance indices. The results showed that compared with control, the level of globulin and IgM of treatment group 2 was significantly increased (P?<?0.05), which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. For the non-specific immunity index, compared with control, the lysozyme activity and complement (C3) content of treatment group 1 significantly increased (P?<?0.05), and the level of myeloperoxidase and C3 of treatment group 2 was significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of control, which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. In the serum, compared with the control, the level of total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), antisuperoxide anion free radical (ASAFR) and glutathione (GSH) of two treatment groups was significantly increased (P?<?0.05); GSH content of treatment group 2 was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher than that of treatment group 1 and control. There was no significant difference between T-AOC and ASAFR among the two treatment groups; no significant effect was found on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) among the three groups. In the liver, T-AOC, SOD, ASAFR, GSH-Px and GSH from two treatment groups were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of control; T-AOC, SOD and catalase from treatment group 2 were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of treatment group 1; and MDA of two treatment groups was significantly decreased (P?<?0.05) as compared with the control. The results indicate that Bacillus preparations added into water can increase serum immunoglobulin levels and most of non-specific immune parameters content and enhance the antioxidant ability of grass carp, while adding Bacillus preparation into the water and feed is much better.     

夏季高温期三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎生理能量学及碳收支的比较研究

为解析夏季高温期三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)摄食和代谢生理以及能量/碳分配策略的差异,于2022年8月,以三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎为研究对象,在山东荣成桑沟湾采用现场流水法测定滤水率、吸收效率、耗氧率、排氨率等摄食和代谢相关生理参数,并基于能量收支方程估算能量分配与碳分配情况。结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎的滤水率、同化效率均高于二倍体长牡蛎,但无显著差异(P>0.05);三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率、排氨率存在显著差异(P<0.05),三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率显著低于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05),但排氨率显著高于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.01)。能量收支与碳收支的结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎的摄食能/碳、同化能/碳均高于二倍体长牡蛎,但无显著差异(P>0.05);三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎的呼吸能/碳、排泄能/碳、生长余力存在显著差异(P<0.05),三倍体长牡蛎的呼吸能/碳显著低于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05),但排泄能/碳、生长余力显著高于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05)。三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎的氧氮比波动范围分别为7.91~14.11和59.81~94.19,因此,三倍体长牡蛎的主要供能物质为蛋白质,二倍体长牡蛎的主要供能物质为糖类和脂肪。研究结果为揭示夏季高温期长牡蛎倍性效应关联的能量分配方式差异提供了数据支撑。     

牡蛎及其酶解产物抗皮肤光老化的初步研究

文章探讨了香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)肉粉(Oyster meat,OM)及其酶解产物(Oyster hydrolysis,OH)对紫外线诱导的小鼠(Mus musculus)皮肤光老化的保护作用。紫外线(UVA+UVB)每天照射构建小鼠皮肤光老化模型并灌胃OM和OH,分为低、中、高三组(30、90、180 mg·kg^?1)给药,持续8周。结果表明,OM和OH可减轻小鼠皮肤皱纹,提高皮肤弹性,减少皮下血管的萎缩,防止血管通透性增加;皮肤HE染色结果表明,中高剂量的OM和OH可显著减缓表皮层过度角化增厚(P<0.05);Masson染色和醛品红染色结果表明,OM和OH可减少胶原纤维的卷曲和降解,避免弹性纤维的异常增生,恢复真皮细胞外基质网络的排列;与模型组相比,OM和OH可使皮肤中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GSH-Px)的活力显著提高,同时使丙二醛(MDA)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHDG)的浓度降低(P<0.05);OM和OH可抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-3、MMP-9)的表达,显著降低真皮中羟脯胺酸(Hyp)的降解;此外,高剂量的OH可显著降低皮肤中炎症因子细胞白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的表达,并通过提高转化生长因子(TGF-β)来提高皮肤抗炎能力。     

牡蛎清洗试验研究与清洗设备设计

分别采用毛刷、高压水、超声波对牡蛎进行清洗,以去除杂质比重为主要指标,探讨几种方式对牡蛎清洗效果的影响,初步确定最佳清洗参数。结果表明:毛刷、高压水、超声波都能够对牡蛎进行有效清洗。模拟人工冲刷式实验最佳工艺条件为:滚刷转速20 r/min,高压水压力8 MPa,流量15 L/min,时间2~5 min;超声波清洗实验最佳工艺条件为:低频(26 KHz),处理时间5 min。此系列工艺条件下牡蛎无死亡,生态冰温保活9 d后,存活率达到95%以上。以试验参数为基础,设计一种集三种清洗方式为一体的组合式牡蛎清洗设备。     

黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能、抗氧化功能及抗病力的影响

将淇河鲫(Carassius auratus)随机分为 4 组, 分别以普通饲料、黄芪多糖添加量为 500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、 1500 mg/kg 的饲料进行投喂, 42 d 后检测其生长性能、脏器指数和肝脏抗氧化酶活性(总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)及嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒后淇河鲫的存活率。实验结果显示, 不同剂量的黄芪多糖可显著(P＜0.05)增加淇河鲫增重率和特定生长率; 黄芪多糖添加后淇河鲫肾脏指数和脾脏指数无变化, 仅 1000 mg/kg 黄芪多糖添加组肝脏指数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05); 黄芪多糖能显著增加淇河鲫肝脏 SOD、 CAT 和 GPx 活性, 降低肝脏 MDA 含量(P＜0.05); 不同剂量黄芪多糖添加后均可提高淇河鲫在嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率, 且 1000 mg/kg 添加组抗菌效果最好, 96 h 后淇河鲫存活率为 75%。上述结果表明, 黄芪多糖可促进淇河鲫生长, 增强其抗氧化能力, 从而提高其抵御细菌感染的抗病力。综合分析和评估, 在水产养殖淇河鲫幼鱼饲料中黄芪多糖适宜添加量为 1000 mg/kg, 可有效防控鱼类感染嗜水气单胞菌疾病的发生。     

Two European oyster (Ostrea edulis) mortalities associated with an abnormal haemocytic condition

Regularly occurring mortalities of the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis L., on two sites, one in Galicia, Spain, and one in Yugoslavia, are reported. The oysters involved showed an apparent neoplastic condition of the haemocytes. No pathogen has been detected and the possible involvement of adverse water quality is suggested.