Errors in greenhouse forcing and soil carbon sequestration estimates in freshwater wetlands: a comment on Mitsch et al. (2013)

Radiative forcing feedbacks from wetlands have been an important component of past climate change and will likely be so in the future, so accurately assessing the carbon (C) and radiative balances of wetlands remains an important research priority. This commentary shows that the paper by Mitsch et al. (Landscape Ecol 28:583–597, 2013) seriously underestimated the radiative forcing effect of methane (CH₄) emissions and overestimated soil C sequestration in freshwater wetlands. The model that they used is flawed in double counting the atmospheric decay of CH₄ and incorporating a single 100 year CH₄ global warming potential. They also used a small number of sites and short-term soil dating that resulted in unrealistically high soil C sequestration rates, ignoring decay of the entire soil C pool and allochthonous inputs of C. They calculated the radiative balance instead of the radiative forcing of natural wetlands, making their calculations irrelevant to anthropogenic climate change. Irrespective of the radiative forcing of wetlands, they provide essential ecosystem services that are important to protect.     

The need for biological realism in habitat modeling: a reinterpretation of Zharikov et al. (2006)

Zharikov et al. (2006: Landscape Ecology 21:107–120) modeled the nest-site habitat use of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Desolation Sound (DS) and Clayoquot Sound (CS), British Columbia. They compared known nest sites, located with radio-telemetry, with randomly-located points within the same areas. Their conclusions suggest that murrelets tended to nest in disproportionately smaller fragments within the more disturbed DS landscape; streams, steeper slopes, and lower elevations were selected in both landscapes; murrelets nested closer to recent clearcuts than would be expected in the DS landscape; and survivorship of nestlings was greater in areas with recent clearcuts and was positively correlated with recent habitat fragmentation. These conclusions are contrary to current management guidelines in British Columbia, and therefore require close scrutiny. Our detailed examination reveals flaws in their use of data, application of modeling, and most seriously, interpretation of the results. Problems include: conceptual errors in the interpretation of models; inappropriate spatial resolution; confusing use and interpretation of fragmentation and patch size data; overemphasis of statistically significant but biologically trivial results; and ignoring some contradictory studies. We conclude that it would be risky to apply the results from Zharikov et al. in the selection of murrelet nesting habitat for management purposes in British Columbia. Our review identifies issues that may arise in other ecological modeling studies and stresses the need for biological realism in addition to statistical rigour.     

克菌康等生物杀菌剂防治桃细菌性穿孔病研究

室内外试验研究表明,3％克菌康可湿性粉剂是防治桃细菌性穿孔病的优良杀菌剂,田间施用浓度以400～600倍液为宜;克菌康与有机合成杀菌剂交替施用,能提高防治效果;72％硫酸链霉素可湿性粉剂3000倍液对桃细菌性穿孔病也有较好的防治效果。     

挑战吉尼斯纪录的花生--丰花5号

丰花5号是从丰花3号优良单株中选育，具有优质高产抗病大花生特征。     

Historical landscape ecology of an urbanized California valley: wetlands and woodlands in the Santa Clara Valley

Historical records provide information to land managers and landscape ecologists attempting to understand current trajectories in altered landscapes. In this study, we synthesized a heterogeneous array of historical sources to reconstruct historical land cover in California’s Santa Clara Valley (a.k.a. “Silicon Valley”). To increase and assess accuracy, we used the triangulation of overlapping, independent data sources and the application of certainty level standards. The region has been subject to extensive urbanization, so we also evaluated the applicability of historical landscape reconstructions to the altered landscape. We found evidence for five major land cover types prior to significant Euro–American modification. Valley freshwater marsh, wet meadow, alkali meadow, willow grove, and valley oak savanna have all experienced extreme decline (85–100%) since Euro–American settlement. However, comparison of historical land cover patterns to contemporary land use suggested several new strategies for environmental recovery, despite the limitations of surrounding urbanization. We also observed a temporal shift in riparian habitat along the mainstem of Coyote Creek, from a relatively open mixture of riparian scrub, sycamore woodland, and unvegetated gravel bars to dense riparian forest, likely resulting from stream flow regulation. By identifying former land cover patterns we provide a basis for evaluating local landscape change and setting restoration targets, including the identification of residual features and under-recognized land cover types. These findings suggest that reliable historical landscape reconstructions can be developed in the absence of standardized historical data sources and can be of value even in highly modified regions.     

Early forcing of narcissus: The effects of lifting date and stage of floral development at the start of cooling

Early Narcissus flowers may be obtained if bulbs are lifted early from the field, warm-stored (35°C) and then cool-stored (9°C) before forcing in a glasshouse. The earliest satisfactory forcing was investigated, in ‘Carlton’ and ‘Fortune’, by lifting weekly from 27 May to 22 June, and storing at 17°C for 0–7 weeks between warm- and cool-storage. Storage at 17°C is usually intercalated to allow the completion of flower differentiation prior to the start of cool storage.After warm-storage, the bulbs lifted on 27 May and 22 June had reached Stages Sp and A2 of flower differentiation, respectively; 5–7 weeks of 17°C-storage were then needed to reach complete flower differentiation (Stage Pc). Cool storage was therefore begun with bulbs ranging from Stage Sp to Stage Pc. The earliest cooled bulbs had progressed only to Stage A2, and all others to Stage Pc, after 14–16 weeks of cool storage. No floral defects (e.g., split paracorolla) were noted in any treatment, but in ‘Carlton’, about half the bulbs lifted on 27 May and stored for 0 or 1 week at 17°C did not yield a flower, due to failure of the scape to elongate and death of the flower bud within the spathe.Duration of the glasshouse period was reduced by later lifting and by longer 17°C-storage, but following lifting on 15 or 22 June and 2 or more weeks at 17°C, differences were trivial. For flowering within 30 days in the glasshouse, 5 or 6 weeks' 17°C-storage was needed with 27 May lifting, reducing to 1 week at 17°C after 22 June lifting. Flowering within 21 glasshouse days was achieved only after 15 or 22 June lifts followed by 4–5 weeks at 17°C. The earliest flowers in ‘Fortune’ (7 November) were produced following 3–5 weeks at 17°C after lifting on 27 May or 1 June, or following 1–2 weeks at 17°C after later lifting. In ‘Carlton’, the earliest flowers (23 November) followed 2–3 weeks at 17°C after lifting between 1 and 15 June, or 0–1 weeks at 17°C after the last lifting date (22 June). Following the use of 3 weeks' 17°C-storage, flowering date was about equal, irrespective of lifting date. However, further extension of 17°C-storage resulted in a delay in flowering date. Scape length increased irregularly with longer storage at 17°C; scapes were taller following later lifting (8–22 June) than following earlier lifting. Differences in flower diameter between treatments were relatively small.     

中国梅的变异与分布研究

通过文献阅读、标本查阅及实地考察，发现了梅的一些变异类型。提出了梅的地理分布格局，对梅分布的历史迁作的探讨。种、滇、藏交界的横断山区是梅的自然分布中心，另外还有一些亚中心；在对种群数量和变异类型研究的基础上，确认梅的自然分布中心即梅的变异中心。     

湘莲腐败病防治研究

在莲藕移植前,用７０％甲基托布津１０００倍液浸种藕和用“９６１”盖种剂盖种藕对莲藕腐败病有很好的防治效果;在莲田翻耕时,用石灰１００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２也有一定的防治效果;在发病后用药剂喷雾对莲藕腐败病的防效不理想。     

Seasonal and interannual analysis of wetlands in South America using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time series: the case of the Parana Delta Region

The use of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time series from July 1981 to December 2000 was evaluated for the assessment of the functioning of a wetland macrosystem, the Paraná River Delta. The spatial resolution of the dataset was 8 by 8 km. Spatial and temporal variations in NDVI pattern were analyzed and evidences for El Niño/South Oscillation events identified. We studied five wetland units (WUs) classified on the basis of landscape pattern and dominant hydrologic regime. Spearman rank correlations were performed among the NDVI time series of the different WUs. NDVI time series were correlated with water level in the Paraná River and with records of local rainfall. In order to obtain a synthetic model of NDVI patterns, the autocorrelation functions (ACF) were estimated for each of the WUs. Results indicated that monthly mean NDVI values for all WUs showed a similar annual seasonal pattern, suggesting a control from the plant annual cycle on the NDVI signal. Besides, two general NDVI patterns were identified. The first pattern is represented by WUs under fluvial hydrologic regime. This is subjected to a significative interannual variability associated mainly to ENSO events. The second pattern corresponds to WUs with a very regular NDVI patterns. It includes wetlands which water input corresponds to tides or to rainfall. The ENSO had no significant influence on this pattern. This study suggests that NOAA-AVHRR NDVI long time series might provide valuable information about functioning of the large scale fluvial wetlands like those associated with South America basins.     

Influence of the environment on growth and development of chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.). II. Breaking of the rest period and forcing

Successful forcing of chives is supported by a preceding rest period. This promotes the translocation of assimilates from the leaves to the bulbs and especially to the roots. Furthermore the old leaves die at the beginning of the rest period, and after this period new undamaged leaves will develop.For early forcing, the rest period has to be broken. This can be achieved by a cold- or, more successfully, by a hot-temperature treatment. The heat treatment may be given by hot water (8–16 hours, starting at 40°C and then gradually cooling) or by hot air (33–36°C for 2–3 days) at an air humidity of about 80%. Plants without, or with only a partial, rest period (mostly end of September, beginning of October) are more susceptible to heat damage than plants in full rest (middle of October–November).Forcing-temperatures of 22–24°C gave the highest growth rates. If lower temperatures are given, a rest induction should be avoided by long-day conditions.     

珍稀药用植物湖南蜘蛛抱蛋生态学初步研究

采用实地调查和询访的方法对湘西地区蜘蛛抱蛋野生资源进行了调查研究。结果表明:蜘蛛抱蛋一般出现在海拔600~900 m的溪边石灰质岩石山坡中,土壤主要为疏松、潮湿的石灰岩黄砂壤土,对蜘蛛抱蛋分布影响较大的因子是土壤、湿度和温度。对珍稀濒危药材蜘蛛抱蛋进行野生资源实地调查研究,了解其生态学习性,为其人工引种驯化及规范化种植提供依据。     

Governing the landscape: potential and challenges of integrated approaches to landscape sustainability in Indonesia

Landscape Ecology - In recent years, landscape sustainability, the maintenance and improvement of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in landscapes, has become a core objective...     

软枣猕猴桃光合日变化的研究

为了解不同的软枣猕猴桃的光合生理生态特性,采用CIRAS-2便携式光合系统对自然条件下的软枣猕猴桃的光合生理特性日变化及其与气象因子关系进行研究。结果表明:不同软枣猕猴桃净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,出现明显的光合"午休"现象。软枣猕猴桃的光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度密切相关。     

菜薹细胞质不育系小孢子发生的细胞形态学研究

菜薹雄性不育系小孢子发生的细胞形态学观察表明，孢原细胞分化期之前败育的花占５９．６％，不形成花粉囊；有花粉囊发育的花占４０．４％，其中绝大多数花中只有一个雄蕊能形成一个体积很小的花粉囊，雄性不育系小孢子发育在小孢子母细胞期、四分体及单核小孢子期均有败育，败育方式有绒毡层细胞异常肥大，挤压小孢子母细胞；减数分裂异常，无胞质分裂而形成巨细胞；单核小孢子粘连成花粉块，异常膨大等。还有雄蕊雌蕊化等花器异常现象。     

低温处理对油白菜SYM-4初花期的影响

浸种12、24、36、48 h的SYM-4种子分别在5、0、-5℃冰箱内放置5、10、15 d,进而研究不同低温处理对SYM-4初花期的影响.结果表明:浸种24 h并在5℃冰箱内放置15 d的低温处理对SYM-4初花期的影响效果最为明显,此处理方法在制种实践中可以直接应用.     

藿香植物组织培养技术研究

选用藿香健壮枝条和叶片作为试验材料,进行组培技术的研究.结果表明:藿香取材季节以夏季较好,适宜的外植体种类为茎段.诱导愈伤组织形成的激素组合为6-BA 1.0mg/L NAA 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D 0.3 mg/L,具有愈伤组织生长速度快并易于分化;不定芽分化激素组合为6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L,继代培养组合6-BA 0.1 mg/L NAA 0.5 mg/L B90.3mg/L,增殖在8倍以上;生根培养组合1/2MS NAA0.6 mg/L,一般20 d左右生根,平均根量4～5条,生根率达92%.     

Issues and challenges in landscape models for agriculture: from the representation of agroecosystems to the design of management strategies

Context

Agroecosystems produce food and many other services that are crucial for human well-being. Given the scales at which the processes underlying these services take place, agricultural landscapes appear as appropriate spatial units for their evaluation and management. The design of sustainable agricultural landscapes that value these services has thus become a pressing issue but faces major challenges stemming from the diversity of processes, their interactions and the number of scales at stake. Agricultural landscape modelling can provide a key contribution to this design but must still overcome several difficulties to offer reliable tools for decision makers.

Objectives

Our study aimed at shedding light on the main scientific and technical difficulties that make the building of landscape models that may efficiently inform decision-makers a complex task, as well as translating them in terms of challenges that can be further investigated and discussed.

Methods

We examine current issues and challenges and indicate future research needs to overcome the scientific and technical obstacles in the development of useful agricultural landscape models.

Results

We highlight research perspectives to better couple landscape patterns and process models and account for feedbacks, integrate the decisions of multiple stakeholders, consider the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of data and processes, explore alternative landscape organisations and assess multiobjective performance.

Conclusion

Coping with the issues and challenges discussed in this paper should improve our understanding of agroecosystems and give rise to new hypotheses, thereby informing future research.

     

青杂油白菜1号在西宁地区秋季复种的可行性研究

对青杂油白菜1号在西宁地区秋季复种的效益及影响复种的各关键因子进行了研究分析,结果表明:光、热、市场等关键因子均有利于该种植模式且效益显著.因此,在西宁地区秋季空闲田种植青杂油白菜1号完全可行.     

Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design

The twenty-first century global population will be increasingly urban-focusing the sustainability challenge on cities and raising new challenges to address urban resilience capacity. Landscape ecologists are poised to contribute to this challenge in a transdisciplinary mode in which science and research are integrated with planning policies and design applications. Five strategies to build resilience capacity and transdisciplinary collaboration are proposed: biodiversity; urban ecological networks and connectivity; multifunctionality; redundancy and modularization, adaptive design. Key research questions for landscape ecologists, planners and designers are posed to advance the development of knowledge in an adaptive mode.