Effect of amount and source of supplemental dietary vegetable oil on broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxicosis

1. Addition of sunflower oil (SFO) at 30 or 60 g/kg or three vegetable oils, namely SFO, soybean (SBO) or groundnut (GNO), at 30 g/kg to isocaloric and isonitrogenous broiler chicken diets were evaluated for possible counteractive effects against aflatoxin (AF) (0.3 microg B1/g diet) from 0 to 42 d of age. 2. Body weight, food intake and serum concentration of protein were lower in the AF group than in the control, whereas in the SFO and SBO supplemented groups they were comparable with those of the control. Sunflower oil at both concentrations exerted similar effects on growth. Groundnut oil did not improve growth or food intake in AF-fed birds. 3. The serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased with AF feeding and was increased by supplementation of any of the three oils both in the control and in AF-fed groups. 4. Liver and giblet weight and liver fat content were increased by AF; these effects were countered by dietary oil inclusion, except for liver weight at 60 g/kg SFO. Weights of pancreas and gall bladder were increased by AF. Oil supplementation reduced the weight of pancreas in chickens given AF. 5. Humoral immune response was depressed by AF and dietary oil supplementation (particularly SFO or SBO) countered this effect. Other variables, namely, serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity, bone mineralisation, weights of lymphoid organs, kidney and adrenals, ready-to-cook yields and fat content in muscle and skin showed little or no effect of dietary oil supplementation. 6. It is concluded that dietary inclusion of SFO or SBO at 30 g/kg may alleviate the adverse effects of 0.3 microg/g of AF B1 in commercial broiler chickens. Groundnut oil, although showing beneficial effects on some biochemical variables, failed to improve growth performance.     

Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin and T-2 toxin

Effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin, singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred (Yorkshire x Landrace x Hampshire) pigs. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatment groups of 6 barrows each fed diets containing 0 mg of AF and T-2/kg of feed (controls; group 1), 2.5 mg of AF/kg of feed (group 2), 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (group 3), or 2.5 mg of AF plus 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (AF + T-2; group 4) ad libitum for 28 days (7 to 11 weeks of age). Production performance, and serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were made weekly. Body weight and body weight gain were depressed by all toxin treatments, but the effect of AF and T-2 toxin in combination was less than additive. Liver and kidney weights, as a percentage of body weight, were increased by AF treatment, and heart weight, as a percentage of body weight, was increased by T-2 treatment. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced necrotizing contact dermatitis on the snout, buccal commissures, and prepuce. Consumption of AF resulted in increased serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, cholinesterase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Consumption of T-2 toxin resulted in increased serum triglyceride concentration and decreased serum iron concentration. Treatment with AF induced lower serum unsaturated iron-binding capacity and high RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, WBC count, and prothrombin time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The nutritive value of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake for broiler chickens: nutritional composition,performance, carcass characteristics and oxidative and mycotoxin status

This study was aimed at investigating the nutritive value of marula seed cake (MSC) as an alternative protein source for broilers. In a completely randomised design involving six replicate pens of five chickens assigned to each of five treatments, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and carcass characteristics were measured in an experiment in which 150 28-day-old broilers were fed maize-based diets containing, respectively, 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% MSC at finisher phase. The results showed MSC to be remarkably high in CP (470.0 g/kg DM) and EE (343.5 g/kg DM), with moderate CF (58.2 g/kg DM), ash (54.3 g/kg DM), Ca (1.1 g/kg DM) and P (11.0 g/kg DM). Whilst very poor in lysine, MSC was found to be rich in methionine, cyst(e)ine, arginine and glutamic acid; it also contains good levels of valine, glycine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, proline and alanine. Also, it contained 85.24% oleic (OA), 9.65% palmitic and 5.11% stearic acids, with a high peroxide value and low levels of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin. BWG, FI and FCE of broiler chickens significantly decreased (P < 0.001) as the dietary level of MSC increased. Further, dietary MSC significantly decreased bird live weight at slaughter (P < 0.001), plucked weight (P < 0.001), dressed weight (P < 0.001) and weights of the liver (P < 0.001) and neck (P < 0.05). The results therefore demonstrate MSC to be a good source of CP, fat, Ca, P, amino acids (except lysine) and OA that can replace soya bean meal (SBM) in broiler diets. However, its use is currently limited by lipid peroxidation and presence of mycotoxins.

     

黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响

文章旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响。试验将640只平均体重为（42.12±0.16）g的肉鸡随机分为4组（T1～T4）,每组4个重复,每个重复40只。T1组肉鸡在高密度（20/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T2组肉鸡在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T3组肉鸡在高饲养密度下饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物,T4组在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物。在为期42 d的饲养试验结束后分析相关指标。结果：T4组22～42 d肉鸡平均日增重、22～42 d和1～42 d采食量最高（P＜0.05）,而T1组1～42 d肉鸡平均日增重和采食量最低（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡法氏囊重量分别较T2～T4组显著降低了18.53%、17.42%和18.89%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡血清SOD和T-AOC活性最高（P＜0.05）,但血清丙二醛含量较T1组显著降低了29.04%（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡回肠大肠杆菌数量最高,分别较其他组显著提高了7.22%、6.93%和8.10%（P＜0.05）,但T1组肉鸡回肠乳酸杆菌数量较其他组显著降低了14.21%、15.74%和17.62%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡回肠双歧杆菌数量较T1组显著提高了5.41%（P＜0.05）。结论：在高饲养密度条件下肉鸡日粮中添加20 mg/kg黄连提取物可以改善肉鸡生长性能和肠道有益菌数量,提高血清抗氧化指标,降低氧化应激。 [关键词]黄连提取物|饲养密度|肉鸡|生长性能|肠道微生物|血清生化     

Evaluation of diets contaminated with aflatoxin and ochratoxin fed to growing pigs

The effects of dietary aflatoxin and ochratoxin, fed singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred pigs. Five barrows (7 weeks old at beginning of study) per group were fed either control feed, 2.0 mg of aflatoxin (AF)/kg of feed, 2.0 mg of ochratoxin (OA/kg of feed, or 2.0 mg of AF and 2.0 mg of OA/kg of feed for 28 days. Production performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, and pathologic evaluations were made. Body weights were reduced by the combination treatment, whereas body weight gain was decreased by all toxin treatments. The effect of AF and OA in combination on body weight gain was additive. Liver weights were increased by the combination treatment, whereas kidney weights were increased only in the OA group. Aflatoxin caused decreases in serum calcium, sodium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and glucose concentrations, whereas OA alone caused decreases in serum phosphorus, cholesterol, and hematologic values. The AF-OA treatment induced decreases in mean corpuscular volume, packed cell volume, and in serum concentrations of phosphorus, cholesterol, and urea nitrogen. The AF-OA treatment increased serum alkaline phosphatase activities and triglycerides. It was concluded that AF and OA, singly or in combination, can affect clinical performance, serum biochemical and hematologic values, and organ weights of barrows. Although values of some measurements were affected more by the combination than by either toxin alone and suggested synergism or antagonism, the toxic interactions could best be described as additive.     

不同配伍酶制剂添加于小麦日粮中对肉仔鸡生长和血液生化指标的影响

选择14日龄肉仔鸡,研究小麦日粮中添加不同配伍酶制剂对鸡生长和一些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡的增重(P<0.05),不同配伍间差异不明显,但有一定的增加趋势;(2)小麦日粮添加酶制剂有提高鸡血清总蛋白量的趋势(P>0.05);(3)小麦日粮添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡血清谷丙转氨酶和尿酸的量(P<0.05),不同配伍间有出现差异的趋势;(4)小麦日粮添加酶制剂可显著提高鸡血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯的量(P<0.05),不同配伍间有出现差异的趋势。结果显示,酶制剂可提高肉仔鸡生长、采食量和利用日粮营养的能力,适宜配伍酶制剂的效果更为显著。     

Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins with yeast cell wall absorbent on hematology,serum biochemistry,and oxidative stress in broiler chickens

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the toxicity of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on hematology, serum biochemistry, and oxidative stress of broiler chickens, and to evaluate the efficacy of yeast cell wall adsorbent (YCW) in preventing mycotoxins-induced adverse effects. A total of 300 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens (mixed sex) were randomly divided into 3 groups and received different treatments (5 repetitions per treatment). Treatments were control, naturally contaminated diet (NCD; aflatoxin, 102.08 mg/kg; zearalenone, 281.92 mg/kg; fumonisin, 5,874.38 mg/kg; deoxynivalenol, 2,038.96 mg/kg), and NCD + 2 g/kg of YCW. Broilers fed NCD showed elevated serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) at 21 d, and alanine transaminase, GGT, creatine kinase, and MDA at 42 d. Higher white blood cell, lymphocyte (LYM), platelet, red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin counts at 21 d, as well as LYM in whole blood and hepatic mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70 at 42 d were also observed in broilers fed with NCD compared with the control diet. However, lower mean corpuscular volume at 42 d and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) at both 21 and 42 d were observed in broilers with the NCD treatment when compared with those with the control treatment. Dietary addition of YCW at the level of 2 g/kg in addition to the NCD treatment showed a positive protective effect on GGT, T-SOD in serum, white blood cells, LYM, platelets, and hemoglobin in whole blood at 21 d, and T-SOD, MDA in serum, LYM, mean corpuscular volume in whole blood, and hepatic mRNA expression of heat-shock protein 70 at 42 d. It is suggested that feeding NCD for 42 d might result in a deleterious effect on broiler chickens, and addition of 2 g/kg of YCW can partly attenuate the detrimental effects of the NCD feeding.     

微生物处理对稻谷加工副产物营养品质的影响及其在肉鸡上的应用

文章旨在评估枯草芽孢杆菌发酵稻谷副产物对其营养品质的影响，并探讨该原料对肉鸡生长性能、组织器官相对重量及血清生化指标的影响。将初始体重为（46.09±0.12）g的600只商品肉仔鸡随机分为4组，每组5个重复，每个重复30只。稻谷副产物用1.5×108?CFU/kg枯草芽孢杆菌接种发酵48?h后，作为原料添加到肉鸡日粮中。对照组、T1～T3组肉鸡日粮分别添加0、60、120和180?g/kg微生物处理稻谷副产物。结果：稻谷副产物处理后粗蛋白质含量显著提高9.77%（P＜0.05），粗纤维含量显著降低29.77%（P＜0.05）。T3组肉鸡22～42?d及1～42?d平均日采食量分别较其他组显著降低19.01%、19.93%和28.78%（P＜0.05），12.65%、14.89%和20.46%（P＜0.05）。但T3组肉鸡22～42?d饲料报酬较其他组分别显著提高23.08%、24.67%和39.13%（P＜0.05），1～42?d饲料报酬较其他组分别显著提高12.86%、14.49%和25.40%（P＜0.05）。T3组肉鸡血清葡萄糖浓度较对照组和T1组分别显著提高11.67%和10.13%（P＜0.05），而T3组血清尿酸含量较其他组分别显著降低16.17%、12.64%和13.08%（P＜0.05）。结论：用1.5×108?CFU/kg枯草芽孢杆菌处理稻谷加工副产物可以提高其粗蛋白质含量，降低粗纤维水平。日粮中微生物处理稻谷副产物的添加水平达到18%时可以改善肉鸡饲料报酬。 [关键词]稻谷副产物|微生物处理|营养品质|肉鸡|生产     

Effect of feeding T-2 toxin contaminated feed on the utilisation of vitamin E in chickens

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experimental T-2 toxin load (2.35 mg/kg of feed) and vitamin E supply in the drinking water (10.5 mg/bird/day) on vitamin E levels of the blood plasma and liver in broiler chickens in a 14-day experiment. It was found that T-2 toxin load did not influence vitamin E content of the blood plasma except at day 3 after the toxin load when a moderate increase was detected in plasma vitamin E. No significant changes were found in vitamin E content of the liver. The simultaneous use of high-dose vitamin E supplementation and T-2 toxin load caused a significantly higher plasma vitamin E content but the changes were less expressed in the group subjected to T-2 toxin load. Vitamin E supply also resulted in a marked and significant increase in vitamin E concentrations of the liver on days 3 and 7 even in the T-2 loaded group, but this concentration significantly decreased thereafter. The results show that T-2 contamination of the diet has an adverse effect on the utilisation of vitamin E in broiler chickens.     

Effects of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone,synthetic zeolite and bentonite on serum biochemical and haematological characters of broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis

1. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), synthetic zeolite (SZ) and bentonite (BNT), when incorporated into the diets at 3, 5 and 5 g/kg respectively, were evaluated for their ability to reduce the deleterious effects of 2.5 mg aflatoxin (AF; 83.06% AFB1, 12.98% AFB2, 2.84% AFG1, and 1.12% AFG2,)/kg diet on growing broiler chickens from 1 day to 3 weeks of age. A total of 210 chicks were divided into 10 treatment groups (control, AF, PVPP, AF plus PVPP, PVPP plus SZ, AF plus PVPP plus SZ, PVPP plus BNT, AF plus PVPP plus BNT, AF plus SZ and AF plus BNT) each consisting of 21 chicks. 2. When compared to control, the AF treatment significantly decreased serum total protein, albumin, inorganic phosphorus, uric acid and total cholesterol, and the values of haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, thrombocyte counts, percentage of lymphocyte and monocyte counts; increased values of white blood cell and heterophil counts. 3. Decreased serum albumin caused by AF was significantly ameliorated by PVPP plus BNT. A similar increase was obtained in serum total cholesterol by adding BNT to the AF-containing diet. 4. The serum uric acid, white blood cell counts and percentage of lymphocyte and monocyte counts were numerically intermediate between control and AF values in all of the adsorbent treatments containing AF. The change in thrombocyte counts was alleviated by all of the adsorbent treatments containing AF, except AF plus SZ. The addition of the adsorbents in the AF-free diets did not significantly alter the serum biochemical and haematological parameters compared to controls.     

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. III. Bobwhite and Japanese quail.

Bobwhite and Japanese quail were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Aflatoxin induced mortality in bobwhites during the second and third week with 1.25 ppm (10%), 2.50 ppm (30%), and 5.00 ppm (40%), and during the same period with T-2 toxin at 8 ppm (20%) and 16 ppm (22.5%). Body weights of bobwhite quail were significantly decreased by the two higher levels of aflatoxin by 2 weeks of age, and by the two higher levels of T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. In Japanese quail, only the highest level of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin reduced body weight (by 3 weeks and by 1 week of age, respectively), and even then to a much lesser extent than in bobwhites (less than 10%). Aflatoxin did not affect feed-conversion ratio (FCR) in bobwhite quail, but the two higher levels of T-2 toxin increased FCR. None of the toxins induced mortality or increased the FCR in Japanese quail. Aflatoxin increased liver weight in both bobwhite and Japanese quail. OA increased kidney weight in 3-week-old Japanese quail but had no effect on the kidney weight of bobwhite quail. Mouth lesions were progressively more severe in bobwhite quail fed increasing levels of T-2 toxin, but lesions were far less severe in Japanese quail.     

Interaction of T-2 fusariotoxin and monensin in broiler chickens infected with Coccidia

Field observations suggest that coccidiosis is a common cause of death in broiler chicken flocks fed diets containing sufficient amounts of ionophore antibiotics (monensin, narasin, etc.) and contaminated with mycotoxins, particularly with T-2 fusariotoxin. To study this phenomenon, broiler chickens fed diets containing different amounts of T-2 toxin and free from monensin, or containing a preventive dose (100 mg/kg of feed) of monensin, were infected experimentally with coccidian oocysts. In all groups fed a diet containing monensin plus T-2 toxin severe clinical symptoms of coccidiosis (blood-stained faeces etc). occurred. Deaths and retarded growth depended on the toxin dose and were considerable. The body mass gain of chicks fed a diet containing monensin and T-2 toxin but not infected with coccidia was inferior to that of groups fed diets which contained either monensin or T-2 toxin (experiment 2). On the basis of these findings a negative interaction of the two compounds is assumed. This seems to be supported by the results of experiment 3, i. e. the finding that the lethal dose of narasin, a compound closely related to monensin both in chemical structure and mechanism of action, proved to be much lower (LD50 = 102 mg/kg body mass) for chickens fed a diet supplemented with T-2 toxin than for the control chickens (LD50 = 176 mg/kg body mass). The present results suggest that the feeding of diets severely contaminated with T-2 toxin may alter the anticoccidial efficacy of monensin.     

Cocontamination of swine diets by aflatoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol

The effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred barrows. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatments of 9 barrows each fed diets containing 1) 0 mg AF and 0 mg DAS/kg feed (control), 2) 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, 3) 2.0 mg DAS/kg feed, or 4) 2.5 mg AF + 2.0 mg DAS/kg feed for 28 days (10-14 weeks of age). Production performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, and pathologic measurements were made. Body weight and body weight gain were significantly decreased by each toxin but more so by the combination treatment. The effects were additive in nature. Liver and spleen weights, as percentages of body weight, were increased by the AF and AF + DAS treatments, and AF or AF + DAS treatments induced diffuse hepatocellular vacuolar change, early portal fibrosis, and early bile duct hyperplasia. Aflatoxin increased serum values of creatinine and gamma glutamyl transferase, cholinesterase, and alkaline phosphatase activities; increased packed cell volume and hemoglobin; and decreased urea nitrogen and total iron binding capacity. DAS reduced serum iron binding capacity. The AF + DAS treatment increased serum gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, increased hemoglobin, and decreased serum iron binding capacity. Generally, the combination treatment could be described as additive or less than additive, with most of the effects attributable to AF. Under the conditions and parameters monitored in this study, AF and DAS had no synergistic toxic effects when incorporated into diets of growing barrows.     

Effect of graded levels of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and their combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers

1. The effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), ochratoxin (OA, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) or combinations of these on body weight gain, feed efficiency, organ weights and immune response were studied in broilers. 2. Significant growth depression, reduced food consumption and poor food conversion efficiency were recorded in broilers fed a diet containing the greater concentrations of AF (1 and 2 mg/kg) and OA (2 and 4 mg/kg). 3. The combination of 2 mg/kg AF and 4 mg/kg OA exerted the maximum adverse effect on growth, feed intake and feed efficiency, indicating a synergistic effect on performance. 4. AF at 2 mg/kg in the diet caused a significant increase in the relative weight of liver, whereas the relative weight of kidney was significantly increased at 4 mg/kg of OA. A significant decrease in the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius was noted at the highest concentration of AF (2 mg/kg) and combinations of 1 and 2 mg/kg AF and 2 and 4 mg/kg OA. 5. Cell mediated immunity (CMI), in terms of mean skin thickness (MST) sensitive to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), was significantly reduced in chicks given the combination of 2 mg/kg AF and 4 mg/kg OA. Haemagglutination (HA) titre against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) peaked at 42 d of age. At 42 and 47 d of age, a significant decrease in HA titres was recorded in chicks given 4 mg/kg OA or a combination of AF (1 or 2 mg/kg) and OA (2 or 4 mg/kg). 6. AF at a dietary concentration of 1 mg/kg or more and OA at 2 mg/kg or more, either alone or in combination, caused severe reductions in growth and immune response.     

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. II. Ringneck pheasant.

Ringneck pheasants were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.5, or 5 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Severe toxin-induced mortality was seen during the first to third weeks with 2.50 and 5.00 ppm aflatoxin (92.5% and 97.5%, respectively), compared with the mortality in control pheasants fed no toxin (0%). Slight mortality (less than or equal to 5%) was seen with OA and T-2 toxin. Body weights were significantly decreased by the lowest level (1.25 ppm) of aflatoxin by 2 weeks of age, by the two highest levels of aflatoxin by 1 week of age, and by 16 ppm T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. The feed-conversion ratio was increased by 2.50 and 5.00 ppm aflatoxin compared with the feed-conversion ratio in controls, although high mortality may have influenced the results. Aflatoxin had no effect on liver weight, but OA increased kidney weight in 3-week-old pheasants. Mouth lesions were seen in some of the pheasants fed T-2 toxin.     

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. I. Chukar partridge

Chukar partridges were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.5, or 5 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Toxin-induced mortality was seen during the third week with 4 ppm OA (12.5%) and 16 ppm T-2 toxin (15%), compared with the mortality in control chukars fed no toxin (2.5%). Body weights were significantly decreased by the highest level of aflatoxin at 3 weeks of age, by the highest level of OA by 2 weeks of age, and by 8 and 16 ppm T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. Aflatoxin did not affect liver weight and OA did not increase kidney weight in 3-week-old chukars. There was a slight decrease in kidney weight in chukars fed 4 ppm OA; however, the decrease was related to the decrease in body weight produced by the toxin. Mouth lesions were seen at all levels of T-2 toxin fed.     

霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响

本试验旨在研究霉变饲料和／或添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响。选取140羽1日龄健康的AA肉鸡随机分成7个组．每组4个重复。第1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组饲喂霉变饲料;第3～7组以混合感染病鸡病变组织匀浆饮水制作人工感染疾病模型;第3～7组分别饲喂基础日粮、霉变饲料、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂＋中药增免剂。试验期35d。结果发现,肉鸡摄入霉变饲料与摄入正常饲料相比,提高肉鸡料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1v和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。给人工感染肉鸡饲喂霉变饲料与饲喂正常饲料相比．显著提高料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数,显著降低血清IFN-1、IL-2、IL-4和IL-12含量以及LTR,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能显著提高混合感染肉鸡增重,并降低料重比和死淘率（P〈0．05）,显著提高胸腺指数、法氏囊指数（P〈0．05）,显著提高血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。可见,霉变饲料可导致肉鸡免疫功能抑制,加重肉鸡混合感染病情;复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能有效缓解霉变饲料对人工感染肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和病情的不利影响,抗氧化剂和免疫功能增强剂可减轻霉变饲料的毒性作用。     

洋葱提取物对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肉品质的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加洋葱提取物对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化及肉品质的影响。试验选择平均体重接近的1日龄肉仔鸡512只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复32只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,T1组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮+60?mg/kg抗菌肽,T2组和T3组肉鸡分别饲喂基础日粮+200、400?mg/kg洋葱提取物,试验共进行35?d。结果：T1～T3组肉鸡35?d体重较对照组分别显著提高2.08%、1.00%和0.84%（P＜0.05）,而T1和T2组肉鸡1～35?d料重比较对照组分别显著降低1.55%和1.55%（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,处理组血清甘油三酯浓度分别显著降低19.18%、20.10%和18.60%（P＜0.05）,同时T2和T3组肉鸡血清胆固醇含量较对照组分别显著降低24.84%和23.16%（P＜0.05）。T2和T3组肉鸡腹脂相对重量较对照组分别显著降低12.50%和10.53%（P＜0.05）,而对照组肌肉蒸煮损失较处理组分别显著提高9.75%、10.96%和10.12%（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮添加洋葱提取物对肉鸡生长性能的影响与抗菌肽的效果相似,同时洋葱提取物可改善肉鸡脂肪代谢,降低腹脂水平和肌肉蒸煮损失。在本研究条件下,日粮中适宜的洋葱提取物添加水平为200?mg/kg。 [关键词]洋葱提取物|肉鸡|生长性能|肉品质|血清生化     

Influence of dietary electrolyte balance, source of added potassium and anticoccidial agents on the performance of male broilers

1. The performance of 1680 male broiler chickens was measured from one to 42 d of age. They were given diets with three (125, 165 and 205 mEq/kg) electrolyte balances (sodium + potassium - chloride), two sources of added potassium (carbonate or sulphate) and two anticoccidial agents (90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid). 2. The dietary treatments had no significant effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens in the starter phase. 3. In the finisher phase, the chickens given the diets containing lasalocid utilised food less efficiently that those given the diets containing monensin. 4. There were significant interactions between dietary electrolyte balance and source of added potassium on body weight gains and food:gain ratios in the finisher phase. In diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg, the inclusion of potassium sulphate instead of potassium carbonate increased body weight gains by 3.4% and reduced food:gain ratios by 4.6%. 5. The body weight gains of chickens given the finisher diets containing lasalocid and added potassium carbonate were reduced by 2.6% compared to those of chickens given the diets containing monensin or added potassium sulphate. 6. The litter moisture content was higher in pens with chickens on the diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg than on the diets with either 125 or 165 mEq/kg. Both lasalocid and potassium sulphate tended to increase the litter moisture content. 7. It may be concluded that the inclusion of 90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid in broiler diets does not alter the balance of electrolytes required for optimum growth performance of broiler chickens.     

Evaluation of two mycotoxin binders to reduce toxicity of broiler diets containing ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin contaminated grain

In order to assess ochratoxin A (OA) and T-2 toxin (T-2) binding ability of two commercial sorbents, both in vitro and in vivo trials with broilers were performed. Crude OA and T-2 extracts from contaminated grain were used to assess in vitro binding ability of two sorbents (Zeotek [Zk] and Mycofix [Mx]), by quantifying free mycotoxin through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. For in vivo trial, a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used for this experiment, being the factors: adsorbents (none, Zk, and Mx), OA (0 and 567 parts per billion [ppb]) and T-2 (0 and 927 ppb). OA and T-2 contaminated wheat and corn, respectively, were added to sorghum-soybean meal diets to meet 567 ppb of OA and 927 ppb of T-2. Mycotoxins were fed alone or combined in treatments. After 21 days, blood chemistry, gross, and histological evaluations were performed. Relative weights of liver, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius were obtained. Zk had the highest OA and T-2 in vitro binding ability (100% and 8.67%, respectively). Chickens fed OA with or without sorbents had a lower body weight and feed intake reduction. However, those birds fed T-2 were partly protected by a sorbent. Birds fed both toxins showed toxic additive effects, and no protection of any adsorbent was observed. A significant reduction in plasma proteins, albumin, and globulins was a characteristic observed in all birds fed diets with OA both with or without adsorbents. Uric acid level in blood was increased in all chickens fed OA-contaminated diets. Histological findings observed in birds fed OA-contaminated diets were necrosis of kidney tubular cells, swollen and necrotic hepatocytes, bile ducts hyperplasia, and increased diameter of proventriculus glands. In birds that received T-2 alone, only the liver, with the same kind of lesions, was affected. According to these results, it can be concluded that there is not a relation between in vitro and in vivo trials. OA toxic effects could not be counteracted by any sorbent. T-2 toxicity could be partially counteracted by an adsorbent used in this research.