Dakota rose: A bright red tablestock potato cultivar that retains its skin color in storage

‘Dakota Rose’ is a medium-maturing, white-fleshed, red-skinned cultivar that retains its bright red color in storage. Tubers have very smooth skin with an oblong shape. Yields are equivalent, or superior, to ‘Red Norland’, but lower than ‘Red Pontiac’, a late-maturing cultivar. Dakota Rose produces a high percentage of U.S. No. 1 tubers and few oversized tubers. Sensory evaluation scores for baked, boiled, and microwaved potatoes are similar to Red Norland and Red Pontiac, standard red tablestock cultivars. The specific gravity averaged about 1.067 across irrigated and non-irrigated sites, a typical value for a red tablestock cultivar. Adequate skin set for handling has often been difficult to achieve; application of nitrogen early in the growing season, coupled with chemical vinekill 3 weeks prior to harvest aids in minimizing the problem. Dakota Rose was released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station on 17 November 2000.     

Dakota Jewel: An attractive, new, bright red-skinned, fresh market potato cultivar with improved storage characteristics

‘Dakota Jewel’ is a medium- to late-maturing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar; however, tuber maturity is early. Tubers are smooth, round to oblong in shape, with bright red skin and white flesh. Dakota Jewel is suitable for the fresh tablestock market, both directly from the field and following storage. Yield potential is medium, with total yield, U.S. No. 1s and percentage U.S. No. 1s of Dakota Jewel equal to those of Red Norland; size distribution is similar. Dakota Jewel sizes early, retains its color in storage, and has strong dormancy. It is susceptible to hollow heart. A mean specific gravity of 1.077 across non-irrigated and irrigated sites in North Dakota is much higher than Red Norland and Red Pontiac, standard red tablestock cultivars. Sensory evaluation scores of baked, boiled, and microwaved tubers are similar to Red Norland and Red Pontiac. Dakota Jewel was released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station on 26 March 2004.     

A plot design to sequentially harvest early generation selections and its use in evaluating fresh market characteristics of three new cultivars

A plot design was developed to compare changing yield and quality characteristics of early generation selections in our potato breeding program over a 6-wk harvest season. In this design all replicates for one harvest date are located within one row to facilitate harvesting and the variety plot arrangements in adjacent rows are identical to eliminate inter-variety plant competition effects. To illustrate the usefulness of this design, three new fresh market cultivars, Norkotah Russet, HiLite Russet, and Frontier Russet, and a standard commercial cultivar, Norgold Russet, were harvested every 10 to 14 days from late July through early September to measure earliness and optimum time of harvest for each cultivar. Each cultivar was found to have a characteristic maturation pattern. Total and marketable yields and tuber size distribution generally improved in all four cultivars as the harvest season progressed. However, the yield of marketable tubers of Norkotah and Frontier peaked and then decreased later in the season as many tubers became oversized (over 340 gms). Tuber number per plot was a stable attribute and was judged to be the most important factor determining performance of each line. Norkotah and Frontier produced fewer tubers and showed rapid tuber bulking and early production of marketable tubers of preferred sizes. HiLite produced more tubers than the other cultivars so had higher percentages of undersized tubers in late July and early August, but it produced high yields and desirable size distributions in late August and early September. Specific gravities for all three new cultivars decreased during early August, increased in mid-August as plants died, and then declined. HiLite and Frontier had higher solids than Norgold and Norkotah throughout the season.     

Effect of transplant container volume and growing season length on field performance of micropropagated potatoes

Micropropagation is a tissue culture technique adapted for the rapid multiplication of disease-free seed stocks. Procedures for propagating potatoes in the laboratory and acclimating plantlets in the greenhouse are available, but information on cultural practices for maximizing tuber yield of plantlets when transplanted to the field is lacking. Centennial Russet and Russet Burbank plantlets were transferred from culture jars to three sizes of transplant containers for establishment under greenhouse conditions before transplanting to the field. Length of field growing season was varied by using two transplant dates and two vine kill dates. Survival of field transplanted plantlets was above 95 percent in both 1983 and 1984. Cultural practices significantly affected the tuber yield of plantlets of both cultivars. Total yield and yield of tubers larger than 35 mm in diameter increased with increasing transplant container volume. Transplant container volume had no effect on the yield of tubers less than 35 mm in diameter. Highest total yields and tuber production per plantlet for both Centennial Russet and Russet Burbank were obtained from the longest growing season (early transplant date with late vine kill). Yield of Russet Burbank plantlets increased more in response to a longer growing season than did Centennial Russet.     

Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars

Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L^?1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L^?1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing.     

Effect of year,location, and harvest on susceptibility of cultivars to internal heat necrosis in North Carolina

Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a physiological disorder that affects potato quality. The influences of year, location, harvest date, and tuber size on the incidence of IHN were investigated toward developing an IHN screening technique. In 1989 and 1990, potato cultivars were grown at two North Carolina locations with normal season (90–105 days) and late (115–125 days) harvests at each location. At each harvest, yield data were taken, tubers were divided into three size classes (1= 48–64 mm, 2 = 65–83 mm, and 3 = > 83 mm), and 20 tubers were evaluated for amount and severity of IHN within each size class. More IHN was observed when tubers were sampled in size class 2 versus size class 1; there were not enough tubers in size class 3 to evaluate. Cultivars differed significantly in their susceptibility to IHN. Location did not influence the amount of IHN observed. Time of harvest also did not significantly affect incidence of IHN. The amount of IHN varied greatly depending on the year. Resistant and susceptible checks are strongly recommended to be included in future IHN field studies to monitor yearly variation in IHN severity.     

The Effect of Vine Kill Method on Vine Kill,Tuber Skinning Injury,Tuber Yield and Size Distribution,and Tuber Nutrients and Phytonutrients in Two Potato Cultivars Grown for Early Potato Production

Sixteen vine kill programs were tested on Bintje and Ciklamen potato cultivars grown for early potato production over a three year period near Paterson, Washington. Mechanical (flail chopping, flail chopping and undercutting), chemical (glufosinate, diquat, sulfuric acid, carfentrazone, pyraflufen-ethyl), and physical (flaming) vine kill methods, and sequential combinations of the three were effective in killing rapidly growing potato vines of Bintje and Ciklamen. Rolling and crimping did not kill vines as completely and more vine regrowth occurred than with most other methods tested. Tuber skinning injury was greatly reduced when harvesting at 4 weeks after initial vine kill than at 2 weeks. None of the vine kill programs were able to hasten skin set enough to allow tubers to be harvested at 2 weeks after initial vine kill without significant tuber skinning injury. Glufosinate treatments that were applied several days earlier than other initial vine kill treatments tended to average less skinning injury at the early harvest possibly due to more time elapsing between initial vine kill and harvest. Total tuber yield and size distribution were similar among most vine kill treatments, with the exception of the earlier applied glufosinate treatments, which tended to reduce total yield, but still yielded a similar mass of desired 25 to 35 mm diameter tubers. Tubers from vine-killed plots tended to average greater N, P, K, Fe, and Ca content than tubers from non-killed control plots of both cultivars. Tuber ascorbate levels were also greater in non-killed controls, whereas total phenolic content tended to be greatest in earlier-applied glufosinate treatments. Nonchemical vine kill methods, chemical vine kill methods, and combinations of the two were identified that killed vines well, had low skinning injury at the 4 week harvest, and yielded similar amounts of 25 to 35 mm diameter early potato tubers.     

The response of potatoes to a single transient heat or drought stress imposed at different stages of tuber growth

Summary The effects of a single treatment of heat or drought stress imposed at different stages of tuber growth, were investigated in two potato cultivars, Désirée and Cara. Both stresses impaired dry matter accumulation in tubers, and tuber yields. Stress imposed at early stages of tuber growth, when tubers were less than 20 mm in diameter, had little effect on dry matter accumulation, whereas stress imposed later resulted ingnificant losses of dry matter in tubers. Stress imposed during later tuber growth increased the percentage of tubers sprouting in the soil. Tuber malformation was less affected. The adverse effects of heat on tuber yield and quality seemed to be greater than those of drought. Drought increased the content of total soluble solids (TSS) and lowered the osmotic potential in the tuber tissue of both cultivars. These effects were detectable even 55 days after stress relief. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel No 984-E, 1984 Series. This investigation was sponsored by a grant from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Technical Assistance Department, Netherlands.     

Tuber initiation and development in irrigated and non-irrigated potatoes

Tuber initiation and development are processes basic to potato production and are particularly critical in areas with short growing seasons. It is important to know how and to what extent management decisions affect these processes in order to maximize the yield of marketable tubers. A two-year field study, conducted in southcentral Alaska, examined top growth, tuber initiation, and tuber development in eight potato cultivars grown with and without irrigation. Plants of the cultivars Allagash Russet, Bake-King, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Lemhi Russet, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Superior were harvested weekly throughout the growing season, and top dry weight, numbers of tubers, and individual tuber fresh weights were recorded. Top dry weight was reduced by moisture stress shortly after emergence in 1993, and about one month following emergence in 1994, when early-season soil moisture was greater. The weight of tubers was similarly affected within approximately 5 wk of emergence in 1993 and 6 weeks in 1994. Tuber weight at harvest was increased two-to three-fold by irrigation in all cultivars. The number of tubers each plant set was affected by irrigation in most, but not all, cultivars. Some varieties (Lemhi Russet in 1994, Allagash Russet both years) set more tubers than were maintained through the growing season. Tuber remnants found during sample collection indicated that tuber reabsorption had occurred. Irrigated Green Mountain had more than one tuber initiation period during the season, whereas other varieties such as Shepody maintained a relatively constant number of tubers following initial tuber set. Tuber size distribution at the end of the growing season showed that larger tubers were favored by irrigation.     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级、密度、品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级、不同密度、不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀的品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

Dakota Pearl: An attractive, bright white-skinned, cold-chipping cultivar with tablestock potential

Dakota Pearl (ND2676-10) is a medium-maturing chipping cultivar with uniform, round, bright white-skinned tubers with shallow eyes. Dakota Pearl has the ability to produce commercially acceptable chips following long-term storage at 5.5 C without the need for reconditioning. It yields well under both dryland and irrigated trial conditions in North Dakota. North Central Regional Potato Variety Trial and Snack Food Association Trial results indicate it has wide adaptability. Yield and specific gravity under dryland conditions are similar to Norchip; Dakota Pearl has a low percentage of external defects. Average set is 12 to 14 tubers per hill. Dakota Pearl demonstrates wide consumer appeal as a tablestock cultivar due to attractive tuber appearance and bright-white skin. Sensory evaluation scores for baking, boiling, and microwaving are comparable to those of standard chip cvs Atlantic, NorValley, and Snowden. The specific gravity of Dakota Pearl is similar to cvs Norchip and NorValley, lower than for Atlantic or Snowden. Total glycoalkaloid levels are low, at 1.5 mg/100 g fresh tuber tissue. The North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station released Dakota Pearl on 23 April 1999.     

Differential Growth Response and Minituber Production of Three Potato Cultivars Under Aeroponics and Greenhouse Bed Culture

We have evaluated and compared different methods and cultivars for the production of quality prebasic seed in potato. Two cultivation systems, aeroponics and greenhouse beds with a peat moss substrate, and three potato cultivars with different vegetative cycle, Agria, Monalisa and Zorba, were assayed. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased growth and their vegetative cycle extended between 12 and 36 % compared to the plants cultivated in greenhouse beds. Flowering and tuberization dates, Absolute Growth Rates (AGR) during the period of 60 days after planting (DAP) and height presented a wide variation between cultivars. Zorba showed earlier flowering and tuberization, lower AGR and reached a minor height at 60 DAP. Instead the late season cultivar Agria showed later flowering and tuberization, presented higher AGR and reached an increased height at 60 DAP. The total tuber yield per plant was between 34 and 87 % higher in the aeroponic system, with a marked difference for the earlier cultivars Zorba and Monalisa. Tuber numbers increased between 60 and 80 %. Minituber production in aeroponics showed a better size distribution, with a reduction in the percentage of tubers smaller than 12 mm of between 33 and 86 %. In this soil-less culture system average tuber weight increased in Zorba and Monalisa over 60 % but was lower for Agria. Further studies are needed to optimize aeroponics system, which can be considered a high yield potato multiplication system, particularly for early or mid season potato cultivars that may produce best quality minitubers.     

Effect of cultivar maturity period on the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Potato plants of early cultivars grown from microtubers have been reported to have a much lower growth vigor and produce lower yields than microtubers of late cultivars. This study intended to clarify the field performance of plants grown from directly planted microtubers of cultivars with different maturity periods, with a special attention to early cultivars. The experiments were conducted at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Microtubers and conventional seed tubers of the early cultivar Kitaakari, late cultivars Konafubuki and Norin 1, and very late breeding line IWA-1 were planted, and the plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants of Kitaakari had a lower initial increase in leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but at the maximum shoot growth had the same leaf area index. This pattern was also observed in the other cultivars. Tuber initiation and tuber bulking occurred on average five days later in microtuber plants than in conventional seed tuber plants of cultivar Kitaakari. At maximum shoot growth, microtuber plants had on average 65% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants, with small variation among cultivars. Irrespective of maturity period, microtuber plants showed a higher tuber increase after maximum shoot growth, achieving around 86% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants at harvest. From the results of this study we conclude that microtuber plants of early and late cultivars have a similar yield potential relative to conventional seed tuber plants, and microtubers of both early and late cultivars might be used as an alternative seed tuber source for potato production, if necessary.     

Hill Shape Effect on Yield,Quality, Stolon Length and Tuber Orientation of Two Potato Cultivars

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars are mostly planted using similar seed piece planting depths and hill shapes even though cultivars have unique tuber and stolon characteristics. A hill-shape study was conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho to determine the effects of hill shape on yield and field-green tuber yields and quality along with stolon length and tuber spatial orientation for two potato cultivars, 'Defender' and 'Summit Russet.' Plots were planted in late April to early May. Prior to emergence four hill shapes were formed: 1) plant-and-drag, 2) broad, 3) normal, and 4) peaked. Defender had higher total yield with the broad hill, but there were no differences among the remaining three hill shapes. For Defender, U.S. No. 1 yield was lower with the plant-and-drag hill shape, and the normal and peaked hills produced lower field-green tuber yield. Hill shape had no effect on total, U.S. No. 1, or field-green tuber yields of Summit Russet. The peaked hill resulted in a deeper uppermost tuber for Defender, while the uppermost tuber was deeper in the normal and peaked hills for Summit Russet. The broad hill resulted in a larger average tuber size for Defender, but hill shape had no effect on tuber size for Summit Russet. Total number of tubers per plant, stolon length and tuber spatial orientation were not affected by hill shape for either cultivar. Hill shape and height are important considerations in maximizing yield of saleable tubers, so needs to be customized according to cultivar-dependent stolon length and tuber orientation characteristics.     

Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts,stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant

Summary The relationships between the number of initial sprouts, the number of main stems, stolons and tubers per plant are depicted in 4-quadrant figures. The number of sprouts per seed tuber varied because of different pre-sprouting conditions and/or because of the use of different cultivars. Good linear relationships are shown between the numbers of sprouts and stems, stolons and tubers, and sprouts and tubers, but especially between stolons and tubers within each trial with the one cultivar. When comparing different experiments with the one cultivar the linear relationship between the numbers of stems and stolons disappeared. When comparing different cultivars, no relation was found between the numbers of sprouts and stems. These two cases also led to a statistically less significant relation between the number of sprouts planted and the number of tubers harvested.     

Morphological changes and yield enhancement of Russet Burbank potatoes by AC 243,654

The nitroguanidines are a new family of plant growth regulators with cytokinin-like activity. AC 243,654, l-(m)-methoxybenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine, is a member of this family, and has caused morphological and yield changes on several crops. Greenhouse-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivar Russet Burbank were exposed at 15 days after emergence (DAE) to AC 243,654 at 0.5 and 1 kg/ha. The effects of AC 243,654 on plant growth and tuber yields were determined at 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days after treatment (DAT). At 14 to 42 DAT, AC 243,654 increased the number of branches. Stolon length was increased at 7 and 14 DAT, and root length was decreased at 7 DAT. Stem length was not affected. Plant weight was higher in treated plants than in checks at 14 DAT but not at 28 DAT. At 42 DAT, the check weight was decreasing while the weight of the treated plants was maintained. The slower weight loss in treated plants is attributed to the anti-senescence effect of AC 243,654. Treated plants had greater tuber yield and number than the checks at tuber initiation, 7 DAT. From 14 DAT to the final harvest at 70 DAT, the treated plants produced higher yields than the checks of tubers over 25.4 mm. This resulted in higher total yields at 42, 56 and 70 DAT, but not at 14 and 28 DAT due to the proportionately lower yield of tubers less than 25.4 mm     

Andover: An early to midseason golden nematode resistant variety for use as chipstock or tablestock

Andover may be used as an early to midseason tablestock and chipstock variety. It has a very rapid emergence and early tuber set. The vine maturity is similar to Superior in the absence of severe stress. In New York trials harvested 90 days after planting, the yields of Andover and Superior are nearly equal, 274 cwt/A. At 120 days, over eight seasons at two Ithaca locations, Andover yielded 87% Atlantic. Andover appears to be susceptible to drought and heat stress which can cause early senescence and reduce late season yields. It has few external and internal defectS. Specific gravity is high for an early variety, being .009 less than Atlantic. Andover has excellent chip color from the field from a range of environments and from 7 C storage. It has good boiling and baking properties. The mealiness of the baked potatoes is especially good. Tuber dormancy is two weeks longer than Atlantic. The reaction to common scab is like that of Monona, which is considered to be resistant. It is also resistant to powdery scab and the golden nematode.     

脱毒马铃薯扩繁技术初探

本试验以早熟品种东农３０３、中熟品种系薯１号和晚熟品种晋薯７号为试验材料，采用Ｌ１２（４×３￣２）正交试验法，分室内和室外两组同时进行试验，结果表明，出芽天数随着温度的上升而减少；大薯块出芽数极显著高于中小薯块；出芽数则随着掰芽次数的增加而减少；系薯１号的出芽数明显高于晋薯７号，与东农３０３差异不显著．产量结果表明，主因素为品种；其次为薯块大小；掰芽次数间差异不显著；母薯则极显著高于掰芽次数．综合结果分析，脱毒马铃薯掰芽扩繁是一项节省种薯，提高繁殖系数的有效措施；以选择适宜当地种植的高产高效和大薯块掰芽为好；三次掰芽扩繁移栽和母薯直播是可行的马铃薯扩繁技术措施．     

Influence of cultivar,harvest-date and soil nitrogen on sucrose,specific gravity and storage stability of potatoes grown in Michigan

The cultivars Atlantic, Belchip, Denali, Monona, Norchip and Russet Burbank were harvested at weekly intervals from early August to early October in 1980–81 and analyzed for the following attributes: 1) sucrose rating (SR) (mg sucrose/g fresh tuber) 2) specific gravity (Sp.G.); 3) total yield and 4) chip color. At the final harvest, samples of each cultivar were stored and analyzed for color to determine chipping ability after storage. All varieties achieved a SR below 1.0 by 145 days of growth. Higher nitrogen levels reduced the total yield for early harvests but had no significant effect for later harvests. Changes in sucrose levels as tubers matured were helpful in evaluating the chemical maturity of more recently developed cultivars in relation to established chipping varieties.     

Correlations between quality parameters of potatoes during growth and long-term storage

The relationship between chip color, dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, protein, and storage temperature of commercially grown and stored Russet Burbank, Norchip, and Kennebec potatoes was investigated. Multiple correlation analysis of data, collected over a period of three years, demonstrated that while dry matter, reducing sugars, sucrose, and tuber weight were significant in determining chip color of freshly harvested potatoes, reducing sugars, tuber temperature, and sucrose were important in determining chip color of stored tubers. The relative importance of each parameter varied with the age of the tubers, year in which the potatoes were grown and stored, and cultivar. The multiple correlation coefficient among chip color, dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugars, and tuber weight was 0.901 for fresh Russet Burbank, 0.839 for fresh Norchip, 0.909 for fresh Kennebec, and 0.790 for the three cultivars combined. Similarly, the multiple correlation coefficient among chip color, reducing sugars, sucrose, and tuber temperature was 0.866 for stored Russet Burbank, 0.731 for stored Norchip, 0.914 for stored Kennebec and 0.790 for the combined stored material. Regression equations varied from cultivar to cultivar and from one season to another. This indicates that the quantitative relationship between the factors assayed was not sufficiently stable to serve as a general measure of prediction.