麦茬钵苗机插稻甬优2640产量12750kg/hm~2群体指标及栽培技术规程

2014~2015年开展了麦秸全量还田条件下籼粳杂交稻甬优2640钵苗机插百亩连片高产示范,并结合专题试验结果总结出麦茬钵苗机插稻甬优2640产量12 750 kg/hm~2的群体生育指标及关键栽培技术,以期为金湖县及生态条件相似地区钵苗机插稻高产栽培提供技术参考。     

水稻钵苗机插超高产群体特征及其栽培技术研究

在姜堰区水稻科技综合示范基地进行钵苗机插超高产攻关试验研究,试验表明,钵苗机插是一种有利于水稻高产超高产的机械化栽培新技术,发挥了手栽秧龄大、苗质优的优势,栽后发苗快、无植伤,利于优化群体结构,高产潜力大,高产关键技术:培育壮苗,精确施肥、重施分蘖肥、促花肥。     

淮北地区甬优2640不同机插方式生育规律及对产量的影响研究

以水稻钵苗机插和毯苗机插两种方式对比研究了籼粳杂交粳稻甬优2640的生育规律和产量表现。甬优2640钵苗机插成穗数较毯苗机插少,每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重都显著提高,产量提高了1.83%,钵苗机插的秧苗素质高,群体质量好,穗粒结构协调,群体生产力强。正常年份钵苗机插较毯苗机插成熟期提前5~7 d,利于后茬小麦适期播种。讨论提出了淮北地区钵苗机插甬优2640超高产产量构成指标和群体调控指标。     

南粳9108钵苗机插超高产栽培技术探讨

试验选用优质食味粳米南粳9108,探索配套钵苗机插栽培技术高产形成途径及规律,建立常规优质稻米高产栽培关键技术,实践表明:南粳9108品种具有高产增产优势,结合精确定量栽培技术,有利于钵苗机插水稻在保证足量穗数的基础上,攻取大穗,提高群体颖花量,保证一定的结实率和千粒重,从而实现高产。     

钵苗机插水稻氮素吸收与利用特征

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻氮素吸收与利用特征。【方法】于2013–2014年在扬州大学兴化试验基地选用大穗型品种甬优2640和甬优8号,中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号,小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料,以毯苗机插为对照,研究钵苗机插水稻氮素积累、转运与利用特性。【结果】不同穗型品种的钵苗机插较毯苗机插在水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮率和吸氮量较高。在移栽至分蘖中期、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期阶段,不同穗型品种钵苗机插氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率较毯苗机插高。与毯苗机插相比,不同穗型品种的钵苗机插水稻叶片的氮素输出量、氮素表观转运率和氮素转运贡献率显著提高,而茎鞘的氮素表观转运率和氮素转运贡献率较低。对氮素利用率而言,不同穗型品种的钵苗机插较毯苗机插氮肥偏生产力显著提高,氮素收获指数增加,其中大穗型品种差异显著。【结论】钵苗机插较毯苗机插生育中、后期氮素吸收能力强,后期叶片氮素转运量大、贡献率高,植株总氮素积累量和氮肥利用率显著提高。     

钵苗机插稻适宜水稻品种筛选研究

2014~2015年,在江苏省农业三新工程稻麦科技综合示范基地(金湖),以杂交粳稻、常规粳稻(中熟中粳和迟熟中粳)和杂交籼稻3种类型水稻品种为供试材料,进行钵苗机插适宜水稻品种的筛选试验。2014年,参照设置的钵苗机插稻产量指标,初步筛选出一批具有(超)高产潜力水稻品种;2015年,对已筛选出的每个品种采用钵苗和毯苗2种机插方式进行展示,并系统比较两种方式下水稻产量、生育期、稻米品质等指标。综合考虑气候条件及挖掘水稻产量潜力的需求,筛选出一批适合当地钵苗机插的水稻品种,供大面积生产选用。     

钵苗机插水稻育秧关键技术

针对钵苗机插水稻育秧存在的主要问题,通过多年大面积高产攻关示范和小区试验,吸取了钵苗机插育秧的经验教训并总结了标准化育苗的关键技术,主要包括秧田整地与培肥、营养土配制、机械播种、秧龄与播种量的控制、暗化出苗、秧田管理等重要技术环节,对今后大面积推广应用钵苗机插新技术具有实际指导意义。     

稻作方式对优质食味品种南粳9108的产量、品质及效益的影响

以南粳9108为试验材料,研究了不同稻作方式对优质稻品种产量、品质及效益的影响。结果表明,不同稻作方式实收单产由高到低依次为钵苗机插、毯苗机插、稻鸭共作和稻虾共作;整精米率由高到低依次为稻鸭共作、稻虾共作、钵苗机插和毯苗机插,垩白粒率及垩白度表现为钵苗机插最高、稻鸭共作最低,稻田综合种养模式稻米的外观品质表现较好。稻田综合种养模式降低了南粳9108稻米的蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量,适当提高了稻米的胶稠度,稻米RVA特征谱表现出消减值降低和崩解值提高,改善了蒸煮食味品质。经济效益由高到低依次为稻虾共作、稻鸭共作、钵苗机插、毯苗机插,综合种养模式的效益明显高于单一种稻模式。     

钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响

以杂交籼稻品种五丰优T025、籼粳杂交稻品种甬优538、常规粳稻品种小叶迟熟为材料,设置5个钵苗机插密度(D1,33 cm×12 cm;D2,33 cm×13 cm;D3,33 cm×14 cm;D4,33 cm×15 cm;D5,33 cm×16 cm),以毯苗机插为对照(CK,30.0 cm×13.2 cm),比较研究了不同钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响,旨在探明水稻钵苗机插在双季晚稻区的适宜栽插密度。试验结果表明:(1)三种类型水稻的产量均随移栽密度的增加而增加,相同密度条件下D1处理产量均极显著高于CK,2年平均增产8.13%~9.50%;(2)钵苗机插水稻移栽后群体的茎蘖数均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,与CK相比,D1处理的茎蘖数栽后增长快,拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢,成穗率高;(3)移栽期至拔节期、拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期三种类型水稻钵苗机插的干物质积累量、群体生长率、光合势均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,移栽期至拔节期CK的干物质积累量和光合势大于D1处理,拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期D1的干物质积累量、群体生长率及光合势均高于CK;(4)钵苗机插水稻主要生育期的群体干物质量均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,而单茎干物质量却表现出相反的趋势;(5)钵苗机插水稻在主要生育时期的叶面积指数及抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均随密度的增加呈上升趋势,抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比D1处理极显著高于CK。本试验结果表明,在双季晚稻区不同类型水稻品种钵苗机插最适宜行株距为33 cm×12 cm。     

甬优1540钵苗机插850kg/667m~2群体指标与精确定量栽培技术

以籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为材料,在钵苗超稀植机插方式下,比较分析了其在不同产量(高产、超高产)水平下的群体结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累的表现,并提出了甬优1540钵苗超稀植机插850 kg/667 m~2群体指标,总结了配套的精确定量栽培技术。     

兜兰离体快繁技术研究进展

由于生境破坏和人工过度采挖及繁殖的障碍,兜兰已是世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录I而被禁止交易。突破其种苗繁殖技术瓶颈有利于兜兰种质资源的保护和可持续利用。本文对兜兰属植物无菌播种、共生萌发和组织培养技术等离体快繁技术的进展进行综述,并提出了目前存在的问题和解决方法,以期为兜兰属植物离体繁殖技术的深入研究和优质种苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

High variation in frequency of infection by endophytes in cultivars of meadow fescue in Finland

Systemic and asymptomatic Neotyphodium fungal endophytes infect numerous species of the Poaceae. The frequencies of Neotyphodium endophyte infection in Finland were investigated among and within seven Nordic cultivars of meadow fescue, Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv., which is a widely grown pasture and forage grass species in Scandinavia. The cultivars were Kasper, Salten, Antti, Fure, Ilmari, Inkeri and Kalevi. Frequencies of infection of cultivars varied from endophyte-free cultivar Fure to highly infected cultivar Inkeri [mean (standard deviation of mean) of 0·95 (0·023)]. Mean frequencies of infection of three cultivars remained lower than 0·10, and two of the cultivars, Kasper and Salten, were intermediately infected. In most of the cultivars, frequencies of infection varied only slightly among seed lots. In cultivar Kasper, however, the frequency of endophyte infection was highly variable (0–0·96) among the 45 seed lots examined. The relative importance of cultivar, seed lot and infection by Neotyphodium endophyte to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. was studied experimentally, using both endophyte-free and endophyte-infected plants of four seed lots of the two intermediately infected cultivars. Endophyte infection increased plant resistance to R. padi , overriding the influences of seed lot and cultivar. It is proposed that variation caused by endophyte infections in cultivars of meadow fescue should be taken into account in assessing plant breeding programmes in Europe.     

Investigation of Polymorphisms in Coding Region of OsHKT1 in Relation to Salinity in Rice

Rice(Oryza sativa) is sensitive to salinity, but the salt tolerance level differs among cultivars, which might result from natural variations in the genes that are responsible for salt tolerance. High-affinity potassium transporter(HKTs) has been proven to be involved in salt tolerance in plants. Therefore, we screened for natural nucleotide polymorphism in the coding sequence of Os HKT1, which encodes the HKT protein in eight Vietnamese rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance level. In total, seven nucleotide substitutions in coding sequence of Os HKT1 were found, including two non-synonymous and five synonymous substitutions. Further analysis revealed that these two non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions(G50T and T1209A) caused changes in amino acids(Gly17Val and Asp403Glu) at signal peptide and the loop of the sixth transmembrane domain, respectively. To assess the potential effect of these substitutions on the protein function, the 3D structure of HKT protein variants was modelled by using PHYRE2 webserver. The results showed that no difference was observed when compared those predicted 3D structure of HKT protein variants with each other. In addition, the codon bias of synonymous substitutions cannot clearly show correlation with salt tolerance level. It might be interesting to further investigate the functional roles of detected non-synonymous substitutions as it might correlate to salt tolerance in rice.     

用蛭石做马铃薯快繁培养基支持体的初步研究

1　前　言目前 ,马铃薯脱毒快繁技术已广泛应用于科研与生产中 ,快繁过程中脱毒苗培养基支持体通常采用琼脂或直接采用液体培养。然而这两种培养基存在着诸多问题 ,例如琼脂培养基中的琼脂价格昂贵、成本高 ,而且胶体不利于营养物质的扩散、透气性差 ,导致瓶苗生长不良。因此 ,该实验在本着降低成本的同时 ,又能保证瓶苗正常生长的前提下 ,以蛭石代替琼脂 ,分析其在实际生产中的应用价值。2　材料与方法2 1　材料供试品种为郑薯 6号脱毒苗 ,试验于 2 0 0 2年在郑州市蔬菜研究所马铃薯脱毒实验室内进行。2 2　方法本试验设两个处理 :处理 1…     

Matlab在玉米子粒灌浆特性分析中的应用

利用Matlab软件对玉米子粒灌浆过程用Richards方程进行拟合后,通过编程实现灌浆次级特征参数计算,并对不同播期子粒灌浆特征进行分析和探讨。结果表明,在黑龙港地区生态条件下,不同播期玉米各部位子粒灌浆均符合"S"形生长曲线,可用Richards方程很好地拟合。不同播期条件下,早播处理子粒起始势最高,达到灌浆盛期时间最早,平均灌浆速率及最大灌浆速率最大,活跃灌浆期较长,粒重最高。各播期玉米不同部位子粒,穗下部与上部相比,子粒的起始生长势较大,平均灌浆速率较高,达到灌浆高峰期时间较短,粒重较高。     

5个马铃薯品种组培幼苗的磷效率差异研究

试验以5个生产用马铃薯品种脱毒试管苗为材料,采用组织培养的方法,初步研究了茎切段在正常磷及低磷培养基中生长30 d时幼苗的磷营养效率差异,为筛选出适宜于生产用的磷高效马铃薯品种奠定了基础。试验结果表明,5个马铃薯品种幼苗在正常磷和低磷胁迫下对磷素的吸收和利用能力均存在明显的基因型差异。利用各品种幼苗的磷效率指标(植株干重、鲜重、吸磷量、磷利用效率)的相对指标(低磷处理的结果/正常磷处理的结果×100)进行聚类分析(类平均法)的结果表明,大白和I-1035属于磷高效基因型品种,中农Ⅷ是磷低效基因型品种,凉薯97和疫不加则属于中间类型品种。     

Role of invertase in the accumulation of sugars in cold-stored potatoes

Freshly harvested potatoes contain low levels of total invertase and high levels of invertase inhibitor. Total invertase increases sharply when potatoes are placed in cold storage, but the inhibitor is not depleted in all varieties. The absence of basal invertase activity in Norchip tubers indicates that an excess of invertase is not required for reducing sugar formation. Analyses of 37 varieties and seedlings after 3 months cold storage revealed that the reducing sugar content is not proportional to the invertase activity. High sugar contents are associated with low inhibitor levels, but low sugars are not necessarily associated with high inhibitor levels. The results indicate that invertase participates in reducing sugar formation, but other factors are responsible for the regulation of starch-sugar conversion in potatoes during cold storage.     

Quantitative assessment of metals in local brands of tea in Pakistan

In present study, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd were analyzed by FAAS in green and black tea samples of locally available in the Pakistani market. Na and K were also determined by Flame Photometer. Tea leaves can be the source of mineral components and trace elements, as well as some undesirable substances due to exposure to the environment. Among the metals tested, K was the most abundant one followed by Na, Mn and Fe. Fortunately, toxic heavy metals, Pb and Cd, had the lowest contents in tea samples and also in tea aqueous extracts. Concentration of heavy metals in tea aqueous extract was markedly lower than their total contents except that of K. The solubility of studied metals in tea aqueous extract varied widely and ranged from 0.0-95%. The lowest ranges of solubility were listed for toxic heavy metals Pb and Cd. The possible uptake of metals by the human body from tea aqueous extract has also been determined. The amounts of metals that one may take up through consumption of tea aqueous extract were found to match the acceptable daily intake even taking into account exposure from air, food and drinking water.     

马铃薯试管苗组织培养及微型薯诱导技术的研究

通过加入不同浓度的BA、NAA和KT,以探讨外源激素对马铃薯试管苗生理性状的影响,发现低浓度的外源激素较适合用来进行试管苗的增殖。本试验利用香豆素进行微型薯的诱导,结果表明低浓度的香豆素对提高薯重和大薯率有利,而高浓度有利于提高微型薯的结薯数量。