1981-2016年庆阳市地表湿润状况时空变化特征分析

根据甘肃省庆阳市8个气象站1981-2016年降水量、温度、日照等观测资料,利用改进后的Thornthwaite公式计算潜在蒸散量,从而得出庆阳市地表湿润指数,并利用地表湿润指数对庆阳市地表湿润状况的时空变化特征进行分析,得出：近36年庆阳市干湿状况的总体特征与各个时间段的空间分布特征均为北干南湿,湿润度从西北向东南递增;平均地表湿润指数随年代变化具有波动减小的趋势,其变化倾向率为0.05/10a,表示庆阳市具有越来越干的趋势;80年代为最湿润时期,该时期庆阳市整体湿润水平较高,90年代最干,各地地表湿润指数均低于30年平均值,2000年以后庆阳市略变湿润,但干湿分布呈现出两极化的特征,西北部与东南部干湿差异增大;降水量与潜在蒸散量随时间变化呈现出相反的特征,降水量随时间递增而减小,而潜在蒸散量随时间递增而增大;地表湿润指数与降水量和潜在蒸散量有极强的相关性,其次是日照,与气温相关性最弱。     

重庆北碚大气污染物的变化特征及其与气象要素的相关性

为了深入了解重庆北碚地区大气污染物与气象要素的相关性,进而为改善北碚大气污染状况提供科学依据。利用重庆北碚地区2009—2014年空气质量数据及地面气象观测资料,综合采用线性回归、数理统计等方法分析北碚地区大气污染物的变化特征,以及大气污染物与气象要素之间的相关性。结果显示:北碚地区PM10浓度平均值年际变化幅度较大,呈上升趋势;季节性变化明显,冬季秋季春季夏季;月变化特征呈"V"型,7月最低,12月最高;北碚地区的大气污染物浓度主要随温度、风速、降水的增加而减小,静风时PM10浓度更容易出现较大值。北碚地区大气污染物浓度在冬季最高,与北碚地区冬季所处的大气环流形势密切相关。     

焦化厂煤粉尘的沉降规律及其对玉米抗氧化系统的影响

为了进一步明确煤粉尘的沉降特征及其对植物抗逆系统的影响,笔者通过室外定期收集降尘及室内植物生理指标分析等方法,研究了孝义市梧桐镇某焦化厂储煤场周围下风向400 m范围的总降尘和煤粉尘的沉降规律,及其煤粉尘对该范围内所种植苗期玉米抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着距储煤场距离的增加,总降尘和煤粉尘的量显著减少,而苗期玉米叶片的总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、双氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、脱氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）也均显著降低,尤其是SOD酶活性表现更为敏感。总之,煤粉尘的降落促进了玉米体内抗逆系统的防御能力,因而导致T-AOC、SOD、CAT抗氧化指标的增加,减少了对玉米的氧化伤害。     

湖州大气扩散能力变化特征及其原因探讨

为大气环境治理提供理论参考,利用1980-2013年湖州大气混合层高度、大气扩散参数和平均风速等资料,分析其多时间尺度变化特征及可能原因。结果表明：(1)湖州大气混合层高度呈现缓慢增长趋势,水平风速和大气扩散参数总体趋于减弱,风速与大气扩散参数有显著的正相关关系。(2)大气混合层高度、扩散参数和水平风速的月变化呈双峰型,3月与8月为波峰,7月和10月为波谷,且三者存在显著正相关关系,其季节变化呈现春高秋低特征。(3)城市化建设、城市热岛和干岛效应等增加了大气的垂直运动能力,使得大气混合层高度增加,而地表粗糙度的增加使得水平风速减小,导致大气的水平运动能力减弱,大气扩散能力减弱。(4)紧邻太湖水体使得湖州大气扩散能力与沿海相似,水陆热力差异、风速变化、梅雨、晴热高温等对大气混合层厚度和扩散参数的季节变化都有明显影响。     

灌溉量对灌浆期麦田土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,在维持全球碳平衡中发挥着十分重要的作用。全球气候变暖会改变大气环流和全球水文循环,研究土壤水分状况对土壤呼吸的影响机理对于预测未来土壤碳储量变化具有重要意义。本文通过人为控制灌溉量,研究了灌溉量对灌浆期麦田土壤呼吸的影响,结果表明:在水分亏缺下,土壤呼吸随着灌溉量的增大而增强,但过量灌溉会抑制土壤呼吸,而这种抑制作用会随着时间的推移而消退。Q10与灌溉量之间呈抛物线关系,在灌溉量较小的情况下,Q10随灌溉量的增加而增大,过量灌溉时随灌溉量的增加而减小。     

许昌市街道灰尘粒度特征及其来源分析

为获得许昌市街道灰尘的粒度特征和判断其主要来源,利用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪对2012年3月采集的许昌市街道灰尘样品进行粒度分析。结果表明,许昌市街道灰尘以粉砂为主,其次是砂粒,粘粒含量最少。粒度呈三峰型尖锐曲线,第1众数为30~145μm,第2众数为4~15μm,第3众数为0.5~1μm,平均粒径在25.42~236.15μm,分选性差,负偏。许昌市街道灰尘粒度分布与现代尘暴降尘的粒度分布模式相似,说明许昌市街道灰尘沉积是风积作用的继续,即街道灰尘主要是由低空季风环流产生的粗粒粉尘和由西风环流控制细粒粉尘混合搬运的结果,同时建筑工地就地起源的粗颗粒物质导致部分样品粒径偏大,反映出建筑行为对街道灰尘的贡献。     

唐山地区空中云水资源特征及开发潜力分析

为了解唐山空中云水资源特征,有效开发空中云水资源,更好地服务于工农业生产,利用唐山11个观测站56年的地面水汽压、降水资料和唐山4个地基GPS 2010年6月—2012年10月的月平均大气可降水量数据,分析唐山地区整层大气可降水量和自然降水效率的时空分布特征。结果表明：唐山地区空中云水资源丰富,开发潜力较大。唐山地区平均年大气可降水量为6914.2 mm,自然降水效率为8.9%;唐山地区可降水量基本上从北到南逐渐增加,与降水量和自然降水效率大致相反;年代际变化不明显,年可降水量略有上升,自然降水效率略有下降;月、季分布特征相似,月分布二者都呈单峰型,7月最大,1月最小,可降水量和自然降水效率均为夏季最大,春秋相当,冬季最小。     

灌溉水温对土壤水分入渗及分布的影响

为了解灌溉水温度对土壤水分入渗参数的影响,通过土柱试验研究了盐碱砂质壤土在三种水温(5℃、20℃和40℃)时的入渗特征,分析了不同温度下,土壤水分入渗及湿润锋的变化,结果表明:湿润锋运移距离与时间平方根为直线关系,当土壤温度增加时,参数a呈幂函数形式增大,随温度升高,直线变得越来越陡,在相同时段内,湿润锋运移距离随温度升高而增大。累积入渗量与时间平方根具有较好线性函数关系,随温度升高,直线斜率增大,相同时段内,累积入渗量随温度升高而增大。温度对盐碱砂质壤土湿润锋运移速率和水分入渗速率的影响因温度的变化而变化,且较高温度区对其的影响小于较低温区。     

山西省1981—2010年大气能见度变化趋势研究

采用线性倾向率以及气候变化趋势检验的方法分析了近30年山西能见度的变化特征,同时应用平均值法、累积百分率分析法和Ridit分析法,利用山西省109个地面站的大气能见度资料及相关的地面气象常规资料（1981—2010年）对能见度变化趋势进行分析,发现山西11个城市大气能见度空间分布呈现自西北向东南递增的趋势;30年来由于空气污染,11个城市的大气能见度均显著下降,山西省1981—2010年年、春、夏、秋、冬能见度年平均值变化一直处于下降趋势,线性倾向率与年变化趋势系数均为负,四季中夏季的下降趋势最明显,高于年总下降趋势,春季的下降趋势最小,年总下降趋势高于春、秋、冬季的下降趋势。能见度的4个季节的差异呈减小趋势,能见度下降最明显的为夏季。从山西省1981—2010年平均能见度的月和季变化可以看出,能见度有明显的月和季变化特征。能见度的月变化呈多峰分布,3个峰值分别出现在2、6、9月,最大值出现在6月;能见度的季变化呈单峰分布,夏季最高、秋季次之、冬季最低。     

近49年石家庄地区参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征分析

利用石家庄地区9个气象站1964—2012年的气象数据,运用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验、经验正交函数等统计方法,以Penman-Monteith公式为基础,研究了该地区参考作物蒸散量月、年的时空变化特征。结果表明：石家庄地区的参考作物蒸散量在2月和3月呈上升趋势,其他月份呈下降趋势。其中,6月下降趋势最大,4月下降趋势最小;在突变检验分析中,5月、6月、8月、10月、11月和年的ETO变化发生了突变且下降趋势明显,上述月ETO时间序列的显著下降时间均出现在1983年之后;该区参考作物蒸散量随着纬度的增加而减少,空间变化表现为一致性,在20世纪80年代后期,石家庄—赵县一线西南进入了下降较快的阶段。该研究可以为石家庄地区节水农业发展和解决地下水供需矛盾提供必要的参考。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.