贵州地方茶树品种资源遗传多样性RAPD分析

为培育特色优良品种,采用RAPD分子标记对贵州4个地方茶树品种群体的遗传差异进行分析。结果显示,‘贵定鸟王茶’、‘都匀毛尖茶’、‘湄潭苔茶’和‘石阡苔茶’品种群体内种质间遗传距离的变幅较大,分别为0.1792~0.8328、0.1745~0.8518、0.1480~0.6507、0.1516~0.8691,Nei’s基因多样性与Shannon信息指数及品种内RPAD谱带多态性显示它们的遗传多样性依次降低。4个地方群体品种遗传多样性丰富,遗传变异主要发生在群体内。     

菜豆种质资源的植物凝集素含量测定及变化分析

为了研究菜豆种质中植物凝集素的遗传多样性及含量变化,本研究以317份菜豆品种为试验材料,利用改进的血凝法测定鲜荚中的植物凝集素含量。同时,对不同发育时期‘紫冠’和‘白珍珠’的豆荚、荚壁和种子中的植物凝集素含量进行测定分析。结果表明：菜豆种质中植物凝集素含量变幅为0.004~1.783 mg/g,变异系数为0.493,品种频率分布曲线总体显现连续性,主峰明显,呈近似正态分布。菜豆品种群体间的凝集素水平差异极显著,表现出明显的种质特异性和遗传多样性。‘紫冠’和‘白珍珠’豆荚在花后4~6天中检测到少量凝集素,表明豆荚凝集素是在花后4天开始积累。‘紫冠’与‘白珍珠’的植物凝集素含量随着豆荚生长发育都呈现出相同趋势,先上升后下降,再上升后下降,出现‘双峰’现象。     

不同类型江苏粳稻主推品种的遗传多样性分析

利用48对SSR分子标记对2007—2013年江苏省审定的65份不同类型常规粳稻品种和7份对照品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：42对分子标记在供试材料间存在多态性,42对SSR标记共检测到101个等位基因,变化范围为2~4个,平均每个位点2.40个。基因多样性指数变异范围为0.03~0.64,平均0.21。多态信息含量(PIC)变异范围为0.03~0.58,平均0.18。65份江苏省常规粳稻品种间的遗传相似系数变异范围在0.78~0.97之间,平均0.91,95.4%的供试品种其遗传相似系数在0.87~0.97之间。3个不同类型的粳稻品种群体内,迟熟中粳检测出的等位基因数量最高,迟熟中粳的平均位点PIC值和基因多样性指数均高于晚粳品种和中熟中粳。UPGMA聚类结果表明,以遗传相似系数0.87为界,可将除‘通鉴981’、‘扬农稻1号’和‘盐稻10号’以外的62份江苏省常规粳稻品种分为2类;江苏省大面积生产主推粳稻品种的遗传多样性不够丰富,品种间的遗传距离较小,同一育种单位选育的品种间遗传距离更小。     

基于SSR标记的38份欧洲报春种质资源遗传多样性分析

为加快欧洲报春育种进程,本研究以‘庆典’、‘丹诺雅’、‘丹诺雅XL’、‘丹妮莎’、‘普利罗曼’以及上海源怡种苗股份有限公司自主育种的‘春晖’系列共38个欧报春品种为材料,利用24对SSR引物通过毛细管电泳检测法进行了欧洲报春遗传多样性和遗传关系分析。供试的24对SSR引物中11对引物稳定性和多态性较好,可用于遗传多样性和聚类分析。多态性信息指数为0.360 3～0.953 3,平均值为0.814 9。38个欧洲报春品种分别来源于6个不同品系,6个品系遗传距离都维持在较高水平,其中‘丹妮莎’和‘普利罗曼’间的遗传距离最小,上海源怡种苗股份有限公司自主育种的‘春晖’系列与‘庆典’的遗传距离最大,且‘春晖’系列与其余5个品系的遗传距离均大于0.5。通过STRUCTURE分析发现6个群体中存在5个基因库,且不同品系、不同花色的品种在基因库组成比例存在较大差异。本研究初步通过已有SSR标记开展欧洲报春遗传多样性分析,筛选出的标记可用于不同品系遗传距离的分析,但在不同品种DNA指纹图谱构建中还存在一定欠缺。后续将通过多种途径开展欧洲报春SSR标记的开发,以推进欧洲报春的育种进程以及新品种鉴定工作。     

云南省5个雌雄异株工业大麻群体遗传结构评价

为了揭示雌雄异株工业大麻品种群体的遗传结构,本研究采用RAPD和ISSR分子标记对云南省5个典型的雌雄异株工业大麻品种群体(云麻1号~云麻5号)的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了评价。结果显示,所用的4条RAPD引物和8条ISSR引物在5个工业大麻品种群体共120个个体中扩增出74个位点,其中多态位点64个,多态率达86.5%。5个工业大麻品种总的Nei's基因多样性(He)为0.309 5,群体内Nei's基因多样性介于0.216 7~0.287 8,平均值为0.251 3,遗传多样性水平呈现出:云麻3号云麻4号云麻1号云麻5号云麻2号;群体间遗传相似系数介于0.874 9~0.925 5,群体间基因流(Nm)为2.159 5,表明5个工业大麻品种群体之间遗传同质化程度较高。5个品种群体之间遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.188,即总的遗传变异中有18.8%存在品种群体之间,人工选择使工业大麻品种间遗传分化显著大于风媒传粉植物居群间遗传分化的平均值(Gst为0.100)。本研究结果表明,雌雄异株工业大麻品种群体遗传相似性较高,加大群体内选择纯化或者使用遗传背景差异大的群体开展工业大麻品种育种具有较大潜力。     

菜豆种质资源的植物凝集素含量测定及变化分析

为了研究菜豆种质中植物凝集素的遗传多样性及含量变化,本研究以317份菜豆品种为试验材料,利用改进的血凝法测定鲜荚中的植物凝集素含量。同时,对不同发育时期‘紫冠’和‘白珍珠’的豆荚、荚壁和种子中的植物凝集素含量进行测定分析。结果表明:菜豆种质中植物凝集素含量变幅为0.004～1.783 mg/g,变异系数为0.493,品种频率分布曲线总体显现连续性,主峰明显,呈近似正态分布。菜豆品种群体间的凝集素水平差异极显著,表现出明显的种质特异性和遗传多样性‘。紫冠’和‘白珍珠’豆荚在花后4～6天中检测到少量凝集素,表明豆荚凝集素是在花后4天开始积累。‘紫冠’与‘白珍珠’的植物凝集素含量随着豆荚生长发育都呈现出相同趋势,先上升后下降,再上升后下降,出现‘双峰’现象。     

7个柱花草品种的AFLP和SSR遗传多样性分析

旨在阐明不同柱花草品种的遗传差异。利用AFLP、SSR两种分子标记技术对7个柱花草品种进行遗传多样性分析。12对AFLP引物组合共扩出966个条带,其中多态性条带有850条,平均每对引物的多态性条带为70.8条,多态性比率为87.99%。10对SSR引物共扩出26个条带,其中多态性条带有23个,多态性比率为88.46%;10对引物的观察杂合度(Ho)的范围是0~0.7143,平均为0.1857,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数(I)平均值为0.6545,平均多态性含量(PIC)为0.727。根据非加权成对平均数法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,获得品种聚类树形图,AFLP与SSR分析的聚类图相似性显著,7个品种明显分成两类。‘矮柱花草’与‘西卡柱花草’的遗传关系最为疏远,‘奥克雷柱花草’与‘爱德华柱花草’、‘格拉姆柱花草’与‘热研5号柱花草’关系最为密切。     

利用SSR分子标记分析茶树地方品种的遗传多样性

正确评价茶树地方品种的遗传多样性是有效保护和利用茶树地方品种的前提条件。本研究从西湖龙井群体种中选取91个单株,用SSR分子标记分析其遗传多样性。采用计算机模拟方法,探讨了抽样群体样本量、SSR引物等位基因数影响茶树地方品种的主要遗传多样性参数值的变化规律。结果表明,样本量对茶树地方品种的遗传多样性参数值有不同程度的影响,当样本量达到15个单株时,各遗传参数值趋于稳定;SSR引物等位基因数对茶树地方品种各遗传多样性参数值的影响很大,而且达到总体遗传多样性90%所需的样本量也很不一样。当SSR引物等位基因数为5时,24个茶树单株才能达到茶树地方品种总体90%以上的遗传变异。本研究为茶树地方品种遗传多样性的评价和采用合理的保护策略提供了科学依据。     

38个藤本月季品种ITS序列分析

藤本月季作为现代月季的一个重要支系,其遗传背景复杂,亲缘关系混乱,本研究旨在对其亲缘关系及遗传多样性进行分析,从而为藤本月季新品种的培育与保护提供理论依据。本研究以国外引进的32个藤本月季与西南林业大学校园内种植的6个藤本月季为材料,通过对其ITS序列进行PCR扩增测序,构建发育树,对38个藤本月季品种亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明:38个藤本月季品种ITS序列长度在734~742 bp之间,其中多态性突变位点42个,碱基的插入或缺失10个。基因单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.943,单核苷酸多态性指数(Pi)为0.009 32,表明其遗传多样性较高。38个样品间最大遗传距离为0.022。聚类分析结果表明:38个样品可分为三大支,其中‘Red Eden Rose’、‘Bienvenue’、R.R、‘Abraham Darby’、‘Alfred Colomb’被聚为一大支;‘Phyllis Bide’、R.S、‘Purple Skyliner’、‘Giardina’、‘Paul Transon’、‘Pippin’、R.B、‘Spirit of Freedom’、‘Coral Dawn’、‘Super Excelsa’、‘Salammbo’、‘Ginger Syllabub’、‘The Wedgwood Rose’、R.X分为一大支;‘Soleil Vertical’、‘Lady Hillingdon’、‘Granham Thomas’、‘Papi Delbard’、‘Handel’、‘Aloha’、‘Souvenir du Doctor’、‘Sir Paul Smith’、‘Clarence House’、‘Eden Rose’、‘Glorie de Dijon’、R.O、‘Uetersen’、‘Celme Forestier’、‘Moyesii Geranium’、‘Cinderella’、‘Blue Rambler’、‘Alchymist’、R.W被分为一大支,根据其亲缘关系每一大支又被分为若干亚支。这表明,38个样品的亲缘关系与其原产地无关。     

‘蜂糖李’栽培群体果实性状遗传多样性及数量分类分析

为深入了解‘蜂糖李’栽培群体的遗传多样性，对‘蜂糖李’栽培群体中的74个李单株的26个果实性状（12个数量性状和14个描述型性状）开展数量分类研究，并与‘蜂糖李’果实性状进行比较，旨在为贵州地方李资源科学保护和合理开发利用提供参考。根据《李种质资源描述规范和数据标准》，采用性状分布频率、变异系数、Shannon-Wiener信息指数、Simpson遗传多样性指数、表观聚类、主成分分析和显著性差异分析等方法进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）26个果实性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson遗传多样性指数的范围分别为0.3425～2.1838和0.1928～0.8775;14个描述型性状中，果核形状无变异类型，其余描述型性状平均变异类型2.9个；12个数量性状的变异系数为0.50%～31.92%，其中Vc变异系数最大，其次为单果重。（2）Q型聚类分析结果显示，在欧式距离为16.65时，可将74份材料分为A、B、C、D 4个组群，各组群材料数依次为16、12、28、18份。其中A组群、B组群、C组群与‘蜂糖李’亲缘关系较近，D组群与‘蜂糖李’的亲缘关系较远，且D组群与‘蜂糖李...     

用多态位点率和香农指数分析的 飞蝗地理种群遗传多样性

研究多态位点率和香农指数两种多样性参数所展示的飞蝗不同地理种群的遗传多样性。采用多态位点率和香农指数对飞蝗不同地理种群的RAPD数据进行了遗传多样性分析。飞蝗各种群平均多态位点率为59.17%-77.38%,平均香农指数为4.95-6.09。尽管两参数在不同引物之间存在极显著差异,但各种群的两参数之间的差异都不显著（p<0.05）。将香农指数分解为种群内和种群间两种水平的多样性,种群内多样性都比种群间的要大,平均所占比率分别为66.85%和23.15%,与用其他方法得到的结果类似。多态位点率和香农指数展示出中国飞蝗不同地理种群具较高的遗传多样性。两种多样性性参数分析RAPD数据来展示昆虫遗传多样性是可行的。     

RAPD variation within and among populations of globe artichoke cultivar 'Spinoso sardo'

Globe artichoke is a vegetable native to the Mediterranean basin. Its commercial production is mainly based on perennial cultivation of vegetatively propagated clones, which are highly heterozygous and segregate widely when progeny‐tested. The aim of this study was to measure genetic variation using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in five populations of ‘Spinoso sardo’, the most widely grown and economically important cultivar in Sardinia (Italy). Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) gave highly significant differences between populations (28.1% of the total genetic diversity); substantial within‐population variation was detected (71.8% of total genetic diversity). The RAPD results show the need to apply clonal selection to narrow the broad genetic variability within the cultivar and to address important questions on the most suitable strategies for germplasm preservation.     

红叶李与安哥诺李及其杂交子代的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA分子标记（RAPD）技术对红叶李与安哥诺李及其杂交子代中的10株植株进行遗传多样性分析。从100个随机引物中筛选出15个引物,然后对所有子代进行分析。利用PopGene3.2软件分析所得图谱的多态位点数、多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数(I)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)、遗传距离和遗传一致度。用DPSv2.0软件依据所得到的遗传距离,按照非加权平均距离法（UPGMA）构建树状图。结果表明：15个随机引物共扩增出多态条带89个,总的多态位点百分率为93.54%,平均Shannon信息指数为0.4298,平均Nei's基因多样性指数为0.3574,说明杂交后代具有较丰富的遗传多样性。从树状图可以看出杂交子代的遗传变异较丰富,其中1号植株与母本亲缘关系最近,最有可能稳定遗传母本的红叶性状。     

Genetic diversity and relationships among pea cultivars revealed by RAPDs and AFLPs

In order to obtain an overview of the genetic diversity present within the set of pea cultivars released in Germany, 21 cultivars were analysed at the DNA level by random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), as well as for agronomic traits. Yield of grain cultivars ranged from 2.95 to 3.87 t/ha. Based on the screening of 60 RAPD primers and 32 Eco RI + 3/Mse I+3 AFLP primer combinations, 20 RAPD primers and 11 Eco RI + 3/MseI+ 3 primer combinations generating polymorphic and distinct fragments were chosen for estimation of genetic diversity. Twenty RAPD primers amplified a total of 314 scorable bands ranging from about 262 bp to 1996 bp. Of these, 175 fragments (55.7%) were polymorphic. Based on these data, genetic similarity (GS) was estimated between 0.80 (‘Lisa’ vs.‘Grapis’) and 0.94 (‘Bohatyr’ vs. ‘Sponsor’; mean GS = 0.88). Eleven AFLP primer combinations led to the amplification of 949 scorable fragments ranging from 43 to 805 bp and of these, 462 (48.7%) were polymorphic. Genetic similarity based on AFLPs was calculated between 0.85 (‘Lisa’ vs.‘Laser’) and 0.94 (‘Bohatyr’ vs. ‘Sponsor’, mean GS = 0.90). Correlation of genetic similarity estimated on RAPDs and AFLPs was estimated at r = 0.79** using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and at r = 0.84 by the Mantel test, respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis carried out on these data separately for RAPDs and AFLPs and on the combined data reflected, to some extent, pedigree relationships and cophenetic correlations (r = 0.89 for RAPDs, r = 0.88 for AFLPs, and r = 0.93 RAPDs + AFLPs) indicate a good fit of respective clusters to genetic similarity data. The correlation of cluster analyses to pedigree information and the impact on parental genotype selection is discussed.     

日本沼虾不同地理种群的遗传多样性研究

本文采用随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术对6个地理种群（微山湖、洪泽湖、太湖、龙感湖、洪湖、珠江）的日本沼虾各30个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。在筛选出的18个引物中共检测到201个位点,大小在100～2000bp之间。多态位点141个,多态位点比例70.15％;各种群的多态位点数为30～99不等,多态位点比例为21.13%～55.93%。日本沼虾中国不同地理种群的平均遗传杂合度为0.2446,各种群内平均遗传杂合度为0.1132～0.2071。Shannon信息指数（I）为0.1695～0.2950。日本沼虾6个地理种群的两两地理种群间遗传分化指数Gst值在0.2116～0.4442之间,种群间总的遗传分化指数Gst0值为0.4858,Nm值在0.6257～1.8628之间,表明日本沼虾种群间已经发生显著或重要分化。同时发现OPX－830bp、OPI－360bp为珠江种群区别于其他种群的特征标记。聚类分析结果表明,洪湖种群与龙感湖种群,洪泽湖种群与微山湖种群分别先聚在一起,再与太湖种群聚类,最后与珠江种群聚合在一起。     

Heterogeneity of random amplified polymorphic DNA sequences in individual seedlings and bulked samples of four cultivars of Brassica napus

Using four different random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, a qualitative and quantitative assessment was made of the level of DNA sequence heterogeneity present in the seedlings of four representative Australian rapeseed cultivars. It was found that, depending upon the primer/cultivar combination, the seedlings diverged from total homogeneity to almost complete heterogeneity. The increase or decrease of sample-specific RAPD sequences was evaluated in proportional mixtures of DNA from individual seedlings. These results were then compared with those obtained from bulked DNA samples containing DNA from all the seedlings of a cultivar. From these comparisons, it was found that for a specific RAPD to be detectable in a bulked sample, the particular polymorphism had to be present in at least 15% of the individual seedlings. Even so, the bulked samples produced cultivar-specific RAPD banding patterns with all four primers, showing that any of these primers could be used to identify the different rapeseed cultivars. In contrast to the cultivars ‘Oscar’, ‘Dunkeld’ and ‘Narendra’, the cultivar ‘Rainbow’ was found to be highly heterogeneous—as shown by a diversity of RAPD combinations rather than the presence of differing length RAPDs—and it is suggested that this heterogeneity may be related to the improved tolerance of this cultivar to blackleg infection.     

Use of RAPD and microsatellite (SSR) variation to assess genetic relationships among populations of tetraploid alfalfa, Medicago sativa

The level of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite variation present in four ecotypes and two varieties of alfalfa (lucerne) from Italian and Egyptian germplasm sources was evaluated. A sample of 100 plants from 10 populations was analysed by means of 41 RAPD markers and 37 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Both molecular approaches revealed a high degree of genetic diversity within each of the cultivated populations and enabled each of the plants considered to be uniquely fingerprinted. The genetic relationships among plants and populations were analysed by computing AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) and F_ST analyses. RAPDs were able to separate the Italian populations from the Egyptian variety. SSRs allowed strong separation of the four Italian alfalfa ecotypes. It was concluded that RAPD and microsatellites could be useful and powerful tools for assessing genetic variation and genetic relationships in tetraploid alfalfa.     

半夏遗传结构和多样性RAPD标记分析

利用RAPD标记技术对取自半夏主要分布区16个省的24份种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（PPL）68.77%,Nei’S基因多样性指数（He）0.2062;居群水平上,PPL为9.88%～58.02%,平均27.21%,群体间遗传分化系数（GST）0.5282,居群间基因流（Nm）0.4466。UPGMA聚类分析显示,当相似系数0.896时,24份种质可分为5个类群。     

Genetic response to index selection for grain yield, kernel weight and per cent protein in four wheat crosses

Quantitative genetic theory was used to investigate selection differentials, expected and observed direct and correlated responses to simultaneous improvement of grain yield, kernel weight, and grain protein content in F₃ and F₄ populations of four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crosses. Selection in the F₃ generation based on the Smith-Hazel index (SH) and yield was found to be superior to the other methods studied in identifying high-yielding lines, but resulted in substantial decrease in grain protein level. Consequently, a 1.0% increase in protein from selection for protein depressed grain yield as much as 536 kg/ha below the population mean, reducing the expected yield gains per generation selection cycle by 250%. The weight-free indices (EW), particularly the index involving only yield and kernel weight (EW3) and its linear approximation (EW4), and the desired gains indices were effective in improving protein content but were less efficient in selecting top-yielding lines. Selection in the opposite direction using truncation of the lowest 10% of the population based on weight-free-index involving yield, kernel weight and protein (EW2) reduced all traits significantly compared with the mean of the unselected population indicating the effectiveness of the unweighted selection index. The observed genetic gains (Ra) from selection based on yield, the SH, EW3 and EW4 indices were slightly lower than the expected advances per cycle (R) in populations from crosses ‘Sinton’בGlenlea’ (C1), ‘Glenlea’בNB505’ (C2), and ‘A2P5’בNB320’ (C6) (Ra/R = 70 to 85%) but were higher in cross ‘NB505’בA2P5’ (C5) (Ra/R = 126 to 143%). It was concluded that weight-free and the desired gains indices can be used to improve wheat grain yield and grain protein simultaneously in F₃ generation selection, as revealed by response to selection measured in the F₄ generation.     

Radiomutants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) of the Lady group: RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the molecular characterization of 10 new radiomutants of chrysanthemum. The original cultivar ‘Richmond’ differed in genetic distance from its Lady group mutants. The analysis of genetic similarity indices revealed low diversity within the radiomutants. The dendrogram obtained after cluster analysis separated the new cultivars as a group that differed from the original cultivar ‘Richmond’. The Lady group cultivars, derived from one original cultivar by radiomutation, could be distinguished from each other by using RAPD markers of only a single primer or sets of two or three primers. Polymerase chain reaction analysis proved the efficiency of the RAPD method for DNA fingerprinting of the original cultivar ‘Richmond’ and its new radiomutants.