植物生长调节剂对百合鳞片繁殖效应的初步研究

以宜兴百合(Lilium lancifolium Thunb)和兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)为试材,研究了赤霉素(GA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和吲哚丁酸(IBA)3种植物生长调节剂对鳞片繁殖小鳞茎的影响.结果表明,300 mg/kg(毫克/公斤)的IBA浸泡鳞片5 h(小时),最有利于宜兴百合鳞片形成小鳞茎,且鳞片不易腐烂,但所形成的鳞茎大多处于休眠状态.兰州百合以200 mg/kg(毫克/公斤)的IBA处理效果最好,并且形成的小鳞茎大多处于萌发状态.低温处理可有效提高鳞茎发生率、鳞茎级数、繁殖系数和鳞茎萌发率.NAA处理的鳞片腐烂率较高,其原因有待于进一步研究.     

不同灌溉量对兰州百合生长发育及产量的影响

以兰州百合为试材,采用遮雨棚人工控水方式,研究了在不同灌溉条件下兰州百合的生长形态、脯氨酸、糖含量、产量及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:随着灌溉量的增加,兰州百合的株高、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶片相对含水量、地上部、地下部、产量和水分利用率均增加。在350 mm灌溉量下脯氨酸含量显著上升,在灌溉量为450 mm条件下兰州百合鳞茎中的淀粉含量、海藻糖含量和多糖含量差异显著且含量最高,可溶性糖随着灌溉量的增加而增加。兰州百合鳞茎中葡萄糖的含量随着灌溉量的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在550 mm灌溉量下兰州百合鳞茎中果糖含量最高(2.86 mg·g~(-1))。灌溉量在550 mm下兰州百合产量(鳞茎质量)显著提高。在350～450 mm灌溉量下兰州百合鳞茎中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性最高,450 mm灌溉量下蔗糖合成酶活性最低,α-淀粉酶活性在650 mm灌溉量下最高。不同灌溉量下耗水量和水分利用效率依次为650 mm550 mm450 mm350 mm。结合兰州百合在不同灌溉量下的产量(鳞茎质量)、淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量、果糖含量等指标,可知在550 mm的灌溉量下兰州百合的产量和品质均显著提高,因此兰州百合的灌溉量以550 mm最佳。     

3种百合鳞片扦插技术的研究

以兰州百合、细叶百合、丹东布朗百合为试材,通过正交试验方法,研究了不同百合种类、扦插基质、植物生长调节剂种类及处理时间在百合鳞片扦插过程中,对扦插成活率、平均根数、平均根粗、平均根长、平均繁殖小鳞茎数、小鳞茎平均球径的影响,结果表明:影响百合鳞片扦插成活的主要因素是百合种类,用浓度为100mg/L的GA3处理0.5h,兰州百合鳞片扦插成活率可达90%以上,细叶百合扦插成活率也较高,约为63%,而丹东布朗百合在各试验处理中成活率都很低。     

兰州百合栽培技术

百合为百合科百合属多年生宿根草本植物,集观赏、食用、药用、保健于一身,是一种综合价值较高的蔬菜。青海西宁地区由于其特殊的生态环境,适合百合等鳞茎、块根作物栽培,如在西宁地区种植的兰州百合商品性极佳,鳞茎洁白、口感好。笔者现结合在西宁市蔬菜研究所蔬菜科技示范园中栽培兰州百合的生产实践,将兰州百合高产高效栽培技术作一总结。     

兰州百合鳞片优质快速繁育技术

兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor Cotton)属百合科(Liliaceae)百合属(Lilium)中能形成鳞茎的栽培种群,为多年生宿根草本植物.兰州百合的鳞茎肥大、色泽洁白、风味甘甜,富含糖分、蛋白质、氨基酸以及矿物质微量元素,尤其Fe、Zn含量较高,是理想的高档蔬菜,越来越受到人们的喜爱.兰州百合是甘肃省兰州市的名优特产,也是兰州市七里河区农业支柱产业,2010年全区百合留床面积达到2 800 hm2,占全省百合留床面积达48.8％,百合产量1 510万kg,总产值3.6亿元;农民种植百合人均收入3 600元,是兰州市七里河区后山二阴山区农民的主要来源.     

兰州百合鳞茎增重规律的探讨

兰州百合鳞茎增重规律的探讨刘建常，魏周兴（甘肃省兰州市七里河区百合研究所７３００５０）兰州百合［ＬｉｌｉｕｍＬ．ｄａｖｉｄｉｉＤｕｃｈ．ｖａｒ．ｗｉｌｌｍｏｔｔｉａｅ（Ｗｉｉｓｏｎ）Ｒａｆｆｉｌ］为川百合之变种。其特点是鳞茎大、瓣片厚、色洁白、质细腻...     

不同覆盖方式对土壤温湿度及兰州百合鳞茎产量的影响

在山旱地条件下,对兰州百合进行了秸秆+地膜覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和不覆盖4种栽培方式处理,研究了不同覆盖方式对土壤温湿度及兰州百合鳞茎产量的影响.结果表明:在百合生长前期,土壤平均温度和含水量均是秸秆+地膜覆盖栽培＞地膜覆盖栽培＞秸秆覆盖栽培＞不覆盖栽培.并且秸秆+地膜覆盖栽培百合茎粗,株高,叶片数多,出苗期较传统不覆盖栽培提前10 d,鳞茎产量提高12.15％.     

珠芽期不同措施对兰州百合生长的影响

通过对珠芽期兰州百合喷施矮壮素、磷酸二氢钾和摘花处理,探索不同措施对高温环境下兰州百合生长的影响。结果表明:喷施200 mg/L矮壮素、0.3%磷酸二氢钾和摘花处理都可增加兰州百合叶片厚度,降低叶片枯黄数量和枯黄程度,提高百合鳞茎鲜质量;其中,喷施矮壮素处理的效果优于喷施磷酸二氢钾和摘花处理;3种措施联合使用效果最好。     

不同质量浓度钾肥对兰州百合生长发育的影响

为探究不同质量浓度钾肥对兰州百合植株生长的影响,以山丹类兰州百合为试验材料,在固定氮、磷肥用量的基础上,施以4种浓度钾肥处理(0 mg/L、447.6 mg/L、671.4 mg/L和895.2 mg/L),分析不同生育时期兰州百合的农艺性状表现。结果表明,在兰州百合整个生育期,不同钾肥浓度处理对其农艺性状表现影响差异显著(P<0.05)。施钾肥447.6～671.4 mg/L时,可明显促进植株生长发育,其中,各农艺性状表现最大值均出现在K₂(671.4 mg/L)处理,茎粗、叶片数、叶绿素含量、鳞茎周径、鳞茎重量和茎生根比对照K₀处理分别提高24.61%、25.52%、7.10%、6.10%、6.10%、31.80%。由此说明,K₂(671.4 mg/L)处理为兰州百合最佳施钾肥浓度值,对植株生长发育的促进作用最为明显。     

百合新品种兰州百合2号的选育

兰州百合2号是从兰州百合栽培群体中优选出的一批自然变异单株,经过复选、组培快繁、品种比较试验、区域试验及生产试验选育出的优良品种。植株生长势强,鳞茎口杯形,商品百合单个鳞茎质量200～280g。鳞片长,包合紧实,色泽洁白,肉质肥厚、细腻,味极甜美,纤维少,蔗糖8.75%,淀粉11.44%,蛋白质3.26%,脂肪0.14%,钾0.36%,锌0.39%,VB2含量1000mg·kg-1。每667m2产量1800～2500kg。抗灰霉病、疫病和枯萎病,适应性较广,在兰州及周边海拔1500～3000m的山地均可栽培。     

龙牙百合叶片与鳞茎对干旱胁迫生理响应的研究

人工模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究龙牙百合在土壤不同含水量条件下,叶片和鳞茎脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、还原性糖含量等生理指标的变化。结果表明,龙牙百合的叶片对干旱胁迫的响应性比鳞茎好,脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量对干旱胁迫的响应性比还原性糖含量好。     

Soil pasteurization and inoculation with Glomus intraradices alters flower production and bulb composition of Zephyranthes spp.

Summary

We assessed whether adding inoculum of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus intraradices into growing medium of three Zephyranthes spp (White Rain Lily [WRL], Z. candida; Pink Fairy Lily [PFL], Z. robusta; Yellow Zephyr Lily [YZL], Z. sulphurea) alters aspects of flower and bulb production. Shoots of inoculated plants emerged 7–13 d earlier than those of non-inoculated plants. Inoculation slightly delayed the emergence of flower buds on WRL and PFL, but did not delay the time of flower opening of WRL. Inoculated YZL flowered 4–11.d earlier than non-inoculated plants. The number of flowers produced by YZL was consistently increased by inoculation, while the inoculation with VAMF increased flower production by WRL and PFL only when plants were growing in pasteurized soil. Leaf biomass of inoculated WRL was larger than non-inoculated plants, while leaf biomass was generally smaller in inoculated PFL and YZL. Partitioning of biomass to bulbs and offsets varied with species, soil pasteurization, and inoculation. Inoculation increased the combined weight of bulbs and offsets at the end of the second growing cycle by 50–150%. Inoculated YZL and WRL consistently produced more offsets in the second growing season after inoculation. For all species, inoculation increased phosphorus and carbohydrates and decreased nitrogen and amino acids in bulbs. Adding VAMF into the growing medium of Zephyranthes altered aspects of plant development and biomass partitioning important to flower and bulb production during the first growing cycle after inoculation, and most effects of VAMF inoculation are more pronounced in the second growing cycle after inoculation. Of the three species examined, Z. sulphurea showed the most consistent responses to inoculation.     

Postharvest sprouting of onion bulbs grown in different temperature and C02 environments in the UK

Summary

The effects of different mean growing season temperatures and C0₂ concentrations during bulb production on postharvest bulb sprouting in a common storage environment at Reading, UK, was examined in two cultivars of the Rijnsburger type of onion (Allium cepa L.). Crops were grown in the field in temperature gradient tunnels maintained at either 374 or 532 ppm C0₂. At crop maturity, cohorts of bulbs were harvested, transferred to a constant temperature room (at an average of 11.6°C) and the subsequent duration to sprouting recorded. The duration to the onset of sprouting (expressed as days in storage until the first bulb sprouted) was not affected by cultivar, mean growing season temperature or CO₂ concentration, and was 165 d. The subsequent rate of sprouting (expressed as bulbs per day) was a positive linear function of mean growing season temperature, but no effects of CO₂ or cultivar were detected. Mean rate of sprouting increased from an average of 0.036 bulbs per day at 12.3°C to 0.093 bulbs per day at 18.6°C. Rapid sprouting in storage was associated with lower levels of total non-structural carbohydrate in the bulbs at the time of harvest. Thus, postharvest susceptibility of onion bulbs to sprouting in storage is expected to increase in warmer crop production temperatures.     

外源酚类物质处理对百合鳞茎萌发的影响

为探讨酚类物质与百合鳞茎休眠的关系,研究了3种不同浓度下对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸、水杨酸和香豆素处理对鳞茎萌发的影响.结果表明:在100～500 mg/mL浓度范围内,中、低浓度的对羟基苯甲酸和水杨酸抑制了鳞茎萌发,随着浓度升高,鳞茎萌发率显著增加,顶芽在鳞茎内的萌动加快,鳞茎出苗日期提前.香豆素对百合鳞茎萌发有明显促进作用,500 mg/mL 处理鳞茎发芽率最高,200 mg/mL处理的出苗一致性最好.阿魏酸与百合鳞茎休眠没有显著相关关系.     

Accelerated storage losses in onion subjected to water deficit during bulb filling

Withholding irrigation during last stages of onion crops is a common practice to minimize losses in storage due to rots. However, it is unclear whether extended periods of water deprivation may affect bulb postharvest behaviour. In this study we analyze the effects of water deficit during the crop cycle on bulb weight loss and sprouting during storage. Two experiments were conducted: one in a glasshouse with two onion cultivars subjected to three treatments of water availability (100%, 80% and 60% of field capacity); the other in the field, with one of these cultivars, subjected to two water availability treatments (dryland and irrigated twice during bulb filling). In both experiments five destructive samplings were done along crop development to assess plant height, number of green leaves, bulb and neck diameter, and whole-plant dry weight. Bulbs were harvested when 50% or more of the tops fell over. Harvested bulbs were classified by weight and then kept in a ventilated chamber at a mean temperature of 15 °C and weighted every two weeks, up to six months. Water deficit led to a significant reduction of bulb size, an acceleration of sprouting and an increased rate of weight loss during storage in both cultivars and under both experimental conditions. Hence, restricted irrigation during extended periods may have negative effects on the conservation of stored onion bulbs which suggests the need to finely adjust water management in this crop.     

长白山百合的离体快繁技术研究

为明确长白山百合离体组织培养及植株的再生能力,对长白山百合不同部位的组织进行了离体培养,并进行了不同培养激素的对比试验.结果表明:长白山百合外中部鳞片小鳞茎形成率明显高于内部,再生小鳞茎的出现部位主要位于鳞片基部;在附加不同激素水平及其配比的MS培养基上培养,长白山百合以MS(植物组织培养基本培养基)+0.5mg/L BA(细胞分裂素)+0.1 mg/L NAA(萘乙酸)+3%蔗糖和MS+0.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+3%蔗糖等2个培养基生长最好.     

Effect of temperature on bulb growth capacity and sensitivity to summer sprouting in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.

The production of Lilium longiflorum bulbs in The Netherlands, with its cool climate, has been a problem because of unsatisfactory bulb growth and the risk of premature sprouting of the daughter bulbs (summer sprouting). To investigate the possibilities of breeding a type of L. longiflorum that can be grown under cool climatic conditions, a collection of 27 L. longiflorum cultivars from Japan, The Netherlands and the United States was tested, together with two Asiatic hybrids and a L. speciosum cultivar, under low phytotron temperatures (10, 14, 17°C) and in field experiments.‘Mount Everest’, ‘Saeki’, ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘White American’ were among the best L. longiflorum cultivars, with less than 20% summer sprouting and good bulb production. This was in contrast to ‘Hinomoto’, ‘Ace’ and some American introductions, which showed more than 60% summer sprouting and low bulb production. The lower the phytotron temperature, the more summer sprouting occurred. The differences observed between the cultivars in the field experiments were in agreement with those observed in the phytotron. The genetic variation proved large enough to start a breeding program for L. longiflorum adapted to cool climate conditions.     

Study and prediction of quality changes in garlic cv. Perla (Allium sativum L.) stored at different temperatures

White and purple garlic is harvested in the Bajio region of Mexico from February to August and then stored at room temperature. A complete study of quality changes under different conditions and how these conditions interact to determine the shelf life of the product has been lacking, nor have objective parameters to predict shelf life been determined. Six batches of 360 bulbs of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Perla were stored for 190 days at 0 °C, 0 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH), 5, 20, 30 °C, and at room temperature (RT) (17.7 ± 7 °C). The weight loss, subjective firmness of the bulbs, clove penetration resistance, hue value, internal sprouting index, soluble solids and dry matter content of the cloves were recorded periodically. The weight loss and internal sprouting index had a negative correlation on the subjective firmness, penetration resistance, and hue of the cloves. Storage at 5 °C, 20 °C, and RT induced sprouting, and subsequent growth had an effect on a loss of firmness and color. Complete sprouting (>100%) induced a weight loss of 9–11% at these temperatures. In order to maintain an adequate safety margin for marketing, we propose an internal sprouting index of 50% to determining the effective shelf life of garlic cv. ‘Perla’. In accordance with this criterion and in conditions studying, shelf life at 0 °C was 155 days; at 5 °C and RT it was 80 days; and at 20 °C it was 60 days. These results lead us to conclude that it is possible to estimate the shelf life of garlic using the internal sprouting index.     

Effect of ethephon on bulbing,bull-necking,yield and sprouting during storage of two onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.)

Ethephon at 1 000 and 3 000 mg l^?1 applied either on one occasion or three times at weekly intervals to two onion cultivars reduced average bulb weight and total yield by 14% to 67%. In cv Hygro the percentage of bull-neck bulbs was reduced by ethephon but cv Cepavon was unaffected. The number of bulbs sprouting in store was reduced in both cultivars by all ethephon treatments except the single 1000 mg l^?1 application.