青海海西荒漠半荒漠草地氮硫的季节变化及盈缺分析

在春季(3月中旬),夏季(7月中旬)和秋季(11月中旬)对青海海西地区荒漠半荒漠草地中的土壤、可食牧草和绵羊的血清、瘤胃液、被毛等进行了检测分析。结果表明:7月份的土壤全氮为(0.33±0.10)%,土壤有效硫为(42.65±8.57)mg/kg,均分别显著高于3月份土壤全氮(0.15±0.04)%、土壤有效硫(20.00±3.02)mg/kg和11月份土壤全氮(0.07±0.03)%、土壤有效硫(37.85±7.91)mg/kg。三季都能满足植物生长的基本需要;可食牧草中的全氮和全硫在7月份时最高,春季和秋季,牧草含量远不能满足绵羊生长的需要;血清中的氮、硫在3月份、7月份和11月份表现出相同的变化趋势,均为7月份>11月份>3月份。3月份血清白蛋白的含量(33.92±9.77)g/L显著低于7月份(53.11±10.59)g/L和11月份(53.53±7.74)g/L,三季含量均低于绵羊血清白蛋白正常含量;瘤胃液氮与牧草氮含量和血清白蛋白的变化规律一致。     

青藏高原高寒草甸草场土-草-畜生态系统中钠、钾的季节变化研究

本试验对青海省三角城种羊场土壤-牧草-绵羊生态系统中6、9、12月份常量矿物元素钾、钠进行了调查研究。结果表明:①9月份试验点土壤钠含量最高(13．88 g/kg),土壤速效钾含量最低(0．21 g/kg);②牧草中钠在幼嫩期 (6月份)含量最高(5．77 g/kg),在生长末期(9月份)含量最低;而钾在牧草生长末期(9月份)最高(5．96 g/kg),在枯草期(12月份)含量最低;③钾元素在9、12月份出现负沉积,3期中日采食量均低于需要量;血液中钠、钾含量均低于正常值,唾液中钠钾比在6月份和9月份均低于正常值。     

高寒草甸草地水、土、草中氮硫含量冷暖季节的变化

根据青海高原特殊的气候分布特征，把高寒草甸草地绵羊放牧地划分为冷季和暖季。通过测定冷暖绵羊放牧地水、土壤、牧草中氮和硫含量的结果表明：水、土壤、牧草中氮和硫的含量暖季＞冷季（P＜0．05），其中地表水冷季含硫量分别为3．7mg/kg、5.1mg/kg，水中没有检测到氮；牧草中硫含量冷暖季分别为2952mg/kg,3262mg/kg，差异显著（P＜0．05）；牧草中氮含量冷暖季分别为0．62％、1．36％，差异显著（P＜0．05）；土壤氮含量冷暖季分别为0．22％、0．285％，差异显著（P＜0．05）；硫含量冷暖季分别为0．24％、0．37％。     

青藏高原高寒草甸草场土-草-畜生态系统中钙、磷、镁的季节变化研究

在牧草幼嫩期(6月份)、生长末期(9月份)和枯黄期(12月份)采样，对青海省三角城种羊场土壤一牧草一绵羊“三位一体”生态系统中常量矿物元素钙、磷、镁及其在土壤、牧草和畜体中的含量进行了调查测定。结果表明：①土壤速效磷、全镁和全钙含量在12月份采样点相对最低，分别为8．33、3．79、10757．50mg／kg；②牧草中磷、镁在幼嫩期(6月份)含量最高。分别为：2．58、8．84g／kg。而钙在牧草生长末期(9月份)最高，为6．06g／kg．三种矿物元素在枯草期(12月份)含量最低。③该地区镁含量丰富，能满足放牧绵羊的需要；钙在6月份和12月份出现负沉积．日采食量也低于需要量；磷元素在6月份和12月份的日采食量低于需要量．12月份血清无机磷含量最低。经试验分析得出：在本地区不同季节视绵羊需要应补饲钙、磷。     

高寒草地放牧系统钼的季节变化及盈缺分析

对青海省三角城种羊场高寒草地夏(6月中旬)、秋(9月中旬)、冬(12月中旬)三季的水、土壤、牧草以及绵羊被毛、肝脏、粪中钼含量进行了调查采样分析.结果表明,土壤中钼除夏季与我国正常水平(0.17mg/kg)一致外,秋冬两季均较低;牧草中的钼为夏季>秋季>冬季,但均低于正常水平(1.00mg/kg);绵羊被毛中钼夏季高于正常值,而秋冬两季严重缺乏且与三季绵羊肝钼状况一致,都表现出与牧草相同的季节变化规律,即夏季>秋季>冬季.因此,青海三角城种羊场绵羊处于低钼的生态环境与营养状况.     

青海三角城种羊场草场硒的季节变化及其盈缺分析

经过对青海省三角城种羊场夏(6月中旬)、秋(9月中旬)、冬(12月中旬)三季的水、土壤、牧草、绵羊被毛、血液、组织器官及粪中硒的含量进行调查分析,结果表明,三角城种羊场夏季土壤和牧草严重缺硒;绵羊血浆硒浓度全年均属正常;肝硒浓度低于临界水平;粪硒浓度冬季低于0.1mg/kgDM的正常值;被毛硒则在夏秋两季稍高,冬季严重缺乏,仅为0.012 mg/kg,极显著的低于羊毛缺硒值0.079 mg/kg(P<0.01).     

氯化钠对托克逊黑绵羊生长性能、氮平衡及尿中氨和一氧化二氮排泄的影响

文章旨在评价饲粮中添加氯化钠对绵羊生长性能和氮平衡的影响,以及随后绵羊尿液处理牧场对氨和一氧化二氮排放的影响。将30只托克逊黑绵羊平均体重(15±1.3)kg随机分为3组,对照组采用基础日粮(氯化钠2 g/kg),处理1和处理2组日粮氯化钠水平分别为4和6 g/kg。随后从对照组和处理2组收集的尿液样本用于土地进行田间试验,共设5个处理组,T1~T5分别为土壤未经任何处理、蒸馏水组、高盐组尿液用蒸馏水10倍稀释、对照组尿液和高盐组尿液。结果表明:补充氯化钠对绵羊生长性能和氮平衡无不良影响(P>0.05)。高盐日粮组总尿量、平均尿量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但尿pH、尿氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。与T4组相比,T5组使土壤一氧化二氮排放峰值延迟,氨气平均排放速率降低48%(P<0.05),一氧化二氮平均排放速率降低26%(P<0.05)。综上所述,放牧绵羊全混合日粮添加高水平氯化钠(6 g/kg)提高了尿液量和降低尿液中总氮浓度,从而降低尿液处理牧场土壤氨气和一氧化二氮的排放。     

果青牧场冷暖两季土壤与牧草中的铜铁含量变化研究

为有效推行三江源区矮生嵩草草场季节性畜牧业,有效合理利用草地资源,防治家畜营养代谢疾病,提高体系生产力水平,制定针对性的补饲措施。2011年4月、7月,采集青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县果青牧场冷暖两季0⁵ cm、55 cm、5¹0 cm土壤、可食牧草,应用微波消解-原子吸收法测定土壤与牧草中的铜、铁含量。结果:冷、暖两季土壤平均铁含量处于丰盈状态(17 377.710 cm土壤、可食牧草,应用微波消解-原子吸收法测定土壤与牧草中的铜、铁含量。结果:冷、暖两季土壤平均铁含量处于丰盈状态(17 377.7²5 688.29 mg/kg),平均铜含量处于缺乏状态,且暖季大于冷季(025 688.29 mg/kg),平均铜含量处于缺乏状态,且暖季大于冷季(0⁵ cm,2.60 vs 2.45 mg/g;55 cm,2.60 vs 2.45 mg/g;5¹0 cm,2.89 vs 2.73 mg/kg);牧草平均铁含量冷季大于暖季(1 115.84 vs 372.00mg/kg),平均铜含量暖季大于冷季(0.66 vs 0.44 mg/kg)。     

草场绵羊放牧系统锌的季节变化及盈缺分析

对青海省三角城种羊场夏(6月中旬)、秋(9月中旬)、冬(12月中旬)三季的水、土壤、牧草、绵羊被毛、血液、组织器官及粪、尿中锌含量进行调查分析,结果表明:土壤中锌含量正常;绵羊采食牧草中锌含量为夏季>秋季>冬季;三季采食牧草平均值中锌处于临界缺乏状态;绵羊被毛中锌低于正常范围的下限;从三季绵羊血液、肝脏的统计分析结果看出,锌处于临界缺乏;从土壤-牧草-畜体生态系统看,青海三角城种羊场绵羊处于低锌营养状况。     

氮磷添加对环青海湖高寒草原牧草营养成分和土壤养分的影响

为探讨环青海湖区域轻度退化高寒草原适宜的氮磷添加量,选用尿素与磷酸二铵,采用随机区组设计,设置N1P1 (35,26 kg·hm–2),N1P2 (35,52 kg·hm–2),N1P3 (35,65 kg·hm–2),N2P1 (70,26 kg·hm–2),N2P2 (70,52 kg·hm–2),N2P3 (70,65 kg·hm–2),N3P1 (140,26 kg·hm–2),N3P2(140,52 kg·hm–2),N3P3 (140,65 kg·hm–2) 9个施肥梯度,以不施肥为N0P0对照(CK),研究氮磷合施对该草原牧草营养成分和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1)氮磷合施显著增加了牧草粗蛋白和牧草全磷含量(P 0.05),随着施肥量的增加,牧草粗纤维含量随之降低,但对牧草粗脂肪和粗灰分含量的增加起到促进作用。2)氮磷合施显著增加了土壤全量养分(P 0.05)。不同梯度氮磷合施下土壤速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮分别增加7.41%～150.00%、3.22%～114.68%、2.35%～306.85%。3)氮素施量为70～140 kg·hm–2,磷素施量为26～52 kg·hm–2时,不同梯度氮磷合施经济效益较高,牧草净收益增加1 646.74～5 797.68 CNY·hm–2。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.