白洋淀网箱养殖环境微生物原位修复技术研究

为了修复因白洋淀网箱养殖而污染的水环境,采集试验网箱底部、试验网箱周围、待用网箱及对照点四个泥样,经过富集培养,共分离到174种细菌,通过其对鱼饵料COD去除率的测定,筛选出10株有机污染降解菌,这些菌株能以鱼饵料作为生长的唯一碳源和氮源.1株细菌对鱼饵料的COD去除率约70%,5株菌的COD去除率超过60%,4株菌C...     

刺参池塘低温有机污染物降解细菌的分离筛选及其降解特性

利用刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饵料培养基,在低温(16±1)℃下,从刺参养殖池塘环境中富集驯化分离有机污染物低温降解细菌;根据菌株生长情况、好氧性和生物安全性进行了初步筛选,然后在菌体接种密度1×106 CFU/mL、(16±1)℃、pH 8.0、160 r/min条件下,通过检测菌株对饵料中有机物(COD)和氨态氮(NH4+-N)成分的去除率来最终筛选获得优良低温有机污染物降解细菌,并对其降解特性进行研究。菌株筛选结果表明,从分离的17株低温细菌中共获得3株菌株DR7、DR8和DR11,它们能同时高效降低和去除饵料浸出物中COD和NH4+-N,5 d COD去除率分别为37.7%、50.0%和21.0%,NH4+-N去除率分别为95.0%、98.0%和99.8%。根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定DR7和DR11属于假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp.),DR8属于副球菌属细菌(Paracoccus sp.)。菌株降解特性研究结果表明,菌株培养时间对饵料降解有显著影响(P<0.05),在0～6 d内3菌株对饵料中有机物和氨态氮的去除过程明显,其中DR8降解力最强;各组合菌株的饵料降解效果差异显著(P<0.05),但并不完全优于对照单菌株,其中最佳组合为DR8-DR11。研究认为,筛选的3株低温有机污染物降解细菌为良好的菌种资源,在刺参养殖池塘污染环境调控及刺参微生态制剂的研制方面具有较好的潜在应用前景。     

虾池有机污染物降解细菌的筛选

在实验室条件下对612株海洋细菌和10株海水驯化淡水菌进行筛选,检测其快速降解水体中富营养有机物的能力。利用对虾饵料培养基、BOD仪、胞外酶检测等方法进行筛选,最后筛选到10株对富营养有机物具有 较高降解性能的细菌。所有的细菌均能产生明胶酶和脂酶（Tween-80),其中9株细菌能产生淀粉酶,8株产生卵磷脂酶,2株产生酪蛋白酶,1株产生褐藻胶酶。通过测量BOD来衡量10株细菌利用对虾饵料的效果,2天时能消化46.6%-59.5%的对虾饵料,5天时能消化50.8%-70.2%的对虾饵料。用常规生理生化方法将细菌鉴定到属,其中3株为弧菌属细菌（Vibrio spp.),3株为假单胞菌属细菌（Pseudomonas spp.),2株为发光杆菌属细菌（Photobacterium spp.),1株为气单胞菌属细菌（Aeromonas spp.),1株为枯草杆菌（Bacillus subtilis)。     

海参养殖之一刺参虾池生态养殖技术

近几年来,虾池养殖刺参在我国迅速崛起,大多采取粗放经营、广种薄收的养殖方式,而刺参虾池生态养殖模式是将刺参、对虾、梭鱼、海藻等引入同一养殖池塘,使其形成品种之间相互利用、相互促进、生态互补的生态环境.混养对虾、梭鱼,可以有效地提高养殖刺参池塘的水体利用率,投喂对虾的饼类、小杂鱼虾及麸皮等饲料的剩余残饵和鱼虾粪便既可以增加池水肥度,促进藻类繁殖生长,又可以为对虾、刺参提供天然的饵料生物,同时,养殖的梭鱼还可以利用其摄食有机碎屑、浮游动物及吞入大量的泥沙、刺参和对虾的粪便等垃圾,起到清洁养殖水体的作用.现将虾池生态养殖刺参的技术要点介绍如下:     

“益水宝”改良虾池生态环境之原理及方法

近年来 ,对虾集约化养殖方式日益普及 ,然而 ,相当一部分养殖业者依旧停留在落后的养殖技术上 ,忽视虾池的管理工作 ,造成虾池水体严重污染 ,底质老化 ,细菌滋生 ,生态环境恶化 ,影响了对虾养殖业的健康发展。因此 ,如何在现有的养殖模式下 ,针对池塘生态环境的特点 ,采取有效的措施 ,调控养殖生态环境 ,促进对虾健康生长 ,是亟待解决的问题。应用有益微生物改善养殖生态环境 ,以其成本低、收效大、没有再污染等优点而逐渐为广大养殖业者认识。“益水宝”就是改良养殖池塘生态环境的一种有益微生物制剂。一、研制“益水宝”的原因对虾养殖中…     

水产养殖增效十二招

1 利用牛粪养对虾美国夏威夷海洋研究所利用牛粪养对虾,对虾生长良好,11周龄成活率达88％。该所在试验期间不投任何饵料,每周仅在虾池中投放30 kg牛粪。施放牛粪的海水养虾池,能大大降低对虾养殖成本。     

海参养殖技术之一:刺参虾池生态养殖技术

近几年来,虾池养殖刺参在我国迅速崛起,大多采取粗放经营、广种薄收的养殖方式,而刺参虾池生态养殖模式是将刺参、对虾、梭鱼、海藻等引入同一养殖池塘,使其形成品种之间相互利用、相互促进、生态互补的生态环境。混养对虾、梭鱼,可以有效地提高养殖刺参池塘的水体利用率,投喂对虾的饼类、小杂鱼虾及麸皮等饲料的剩余残饵和鱼虾粪便既可以增加池水肥度,促进藻类繁殖生长,又可以为对虾、刺参提供天然的饵料生物,同时,养殖的梭鱼还可以利用其摄食有机碎屑、浮游动物及吞入大量的泥沙、刺参和对虾的粪便等垃圾,起到清洁养殖水体的作用。现将虾…     

对虾养殖技术之三全程利用生物饵料养殖对虾技术探讨

全程利用生物饵料养殖对虾具有投资少、无污染、对虾生长速度快、无药物残留等优点,本文主要对利用好生物饵料,以实行对虾健康养殖模式,做初步探讨。一、基础饵料对虾养殖池塘中,自然繁殖、人工施肥繁殖、移植的饵料生物以及所有被对虾利用的有机碎屑形成了对虾的基础饵料,并能够被对虾直接利用,对对虾的发育具有决定意义,它们包括藻类、浮游动物及底栖动物等。对虾处于仔虾阶段时,其生长、养殖成活率与池塘内浮游生物、底栖生物有较大的关系,但在正常情况下,仔虾阶段时间较短,几乎所有的养殖池均可满足对虾对饵料的需求以过渡到幼虾。随着…     

南美白对虾养成抗病试验

近年来，对虾养殖在东营地区掀起了第二次养殖高峰，养殖品种由单一的中国对虾发展到日本对虾、刀额新对虾、脊尾白虾。但在养殖过程中虾病的暴发时间不断提前，危害越来越严重，为了寻求一种更为适合东营地区养殖的虾类，我们在曾养殖对虾的池塘进行了南美白对虾的养殖试验。现将试验情况报告如下。1 材料与方法1.1 池塘条件选取东营市水产养殖服务中心第一排的23、24号虾池，池塘面积为2公顷，泥沙底质，平均水深1.5米，进、排水方便。5月17日分别投放中国对虾30万尾，6月5日23号虾池开始发现死虾，其后陆续死亡，经诊断是细菌病，采取一…     

水产养殖增收十二招

1利用牛粪养对虾 美国夏威夷海洋研究所利用牛粪养对虾，对虾生长良好，11周龄成活率达88％。该所在试验期间不投任何饵料，每周仅在虾池中投放30kg牛粪。施放牛粪的海水养虾池，能大大降低对虾养殖成本。     

Water Management to Control Clam Shrimp,Cyzicus morsie in Walleye,Stizostedion vitreum,Production Ponds

Clam shrimp, Cyzicus morsie , can occur in hatchery ponds in such dense numbers that they interfere with production of fish. Hatchery ponds are frequently left dry during the fall and winter and are filed in spring or early summer, simulating the vernal pools where clam shrimp naturally occur. Ponds left dry over winter and ponds that were full over winter, but were drained and dried for a period of time immediately prior to stocking, had the highest numbers of clam shrimp (P = 0.001). Few or no clam shrimp were collected in ponds that were full over winter and were not dried in the spring. High turbidities were observed in ponds with high numbers of clam shrimp; however, clam shrimp were not the only cause of turbidity. The largest number of walleye were produced in ponds which contained few or no clam shrimp. Clam shrimp were controlled by preventing hatchery pond substrate from drying during winter and early spring; however, the absence of drying may cause other problems that interfere with fish production.     

A quantitative method for detecting ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria in coastal aquaculture systems

There is a need to quantify autotrophic nitrifiers in coastal aquaculture systems for evolving a bioremediation strategy. Autotrophic nitrifiers are extremely slow‐growing organisms, which cannot be detected by traditional methods as they are notoriously difficult to culture. Molecular techniques based on functional genes could be deployed for the detection of nitrifiers. Ammonia monooxygenase (amoA), that catalyses the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine in the rate‐determining step of nitrification is largely unique to ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In the present study, a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting amoA was developed to estimate AOB population size in coastal soil, ammonia‐removing bioaugmentors and the solid matrix. To achieve this objective, different set of primers and a dual labelled probe have been designed for SYBR Green and TaqMan real‐time assays. The abundance of AOB ranged from 10⁴ to 10⁶ order of magnitude in the samples. In the present study, biofilm formation of the consortium of nitrifying bacteria onto bagasse has also been quantified. The results demonstrate that the developed method is a rapid and sensitive tool for the quantitative detection of nitrifying bacteria in aquatic and related environment. This helps in making the bioremediation approach for ammonia removal by immobilization of nitrifying bacteria onto the natural substrate.     

Biochemical Composition of Pond Biota, Shrimp Ingesta, and Relative Growth of Penaeus vannamei in Earthen Ponds

Indigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi-intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 m² nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition ( N = 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2%± 1.8%; lipid, 4.8%± 2.3%; available protein, 9.6%± l.0%; carbon, 9.6%± 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9%± 2.9%. Ingesta carbon decreased from 27.0%± 3.9% on week 2 to 16.3%± 3.3% on week 8, and nitrogen content decreased from 9.5%± 4.3% to 3.6%± 0.8% during the same interval. The decrease of ingesta C:N ratio from weeks 2 to 8 may indicate changing nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Ingesta essential amino acids varied by less than 10% from short-neck clam protein. Except for several samples which were low in arginine, pond biota and environment samples contained amino acid profiles which were close to short-neck clam. Essential fatty acid composition of shrimp ingesta was highly variable. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was present in populations of shrimp from ponds experiencing the highest weekly growth rates. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was not present in measurable amounts in shrimp experiencing the lowest growth. The unsaturated fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 were absent from some pond biota and environment samples and abundant in others. The applied diet contained no measurable 20:5 or 22:6. The management implications of shrimp ingesta biochemical analyses are that diets may be fed which nutritionally complement pond biota consumed by the shrimp.     

Relative Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance among Heterotrophic Bacteria from Natural and Culture Environments of Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium Rosenbergii

As antibiotic residues and multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria are of increasing concern to those involved in the seafood industry, there is an intense international focus to monitor MDR bacteria in seafood. There is also a trend to source seafood from organically raised farms in order to reduce antibiotic usage in culture operations. Hence this study was conducted to compare the antibiotic resistance among bacteria associated with various samples from the natural and culture environment of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Samples from the natural environment included water, sediment, eggs, larvae, postlarvae (PL), feed items, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii and those from the culture environment were water, sediment, eggs, feed pellets, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii. Bacteria from water samples of natural and culture environments were frequently resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin, while more than 50% of the strains from sediment were resistant to erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin. Bacterial isolates from commercial feed had a relatively high degree of antibiotic resistance. Interestingly, occurrence of multiple drug resistance was higher among the bacteria associated with the samples from the natural environment of M. rosenbergii, pointing to more favorable selection pressure for drug resistant mutants in the natural environment.     

Fish feeds from grass clippings

The objective of this research was to develop a quality fish feed that could be produced from simple plant material by way of microbial processing. Silaged grass clippings, applied to shallow ponds, produced floating mats of microbial biomass containing 26% protein and 43% carbohydrate in 7–10 days. The final silage-microbe mat (SMM) showed increases of over 300% in biomass and 100% in protein content over the silage feedstock. Productivity and microbial succession patterns were similar in laboratory ponds and tropical field ponds located in the Dominican Republic. In laboratory experiments SMM-fed tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, showed significant growth increases over controls (fed commercial catfish fish feed), if they were allowed to graze the SMM together with the gelatinous detrital deposited during SMM culture. SMM produced little fish growth if it was harvested and fed separately in clean-bottom ponds without detrital buildup. These data show that the microbial mat produced from processed grass clippings can produce a nutritious natural fish food in the pond. The detrital trophic level in the sediment (stimulated by SMM culture), is a critical component in this diet.     

A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand

Abstract. A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63–67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions.
The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment.     

单细胞藻类饲养青蛤稚贝的研究

本试验以几种单细胞藻类为饵料,研究青蛤稚贝的生长和成活率。经21天饲养证明,小球藻、扁藻、三角褐指藻、底栖硅藻都是青蛤稚贝的适宜饵料,其成活率均达90％以上,其中又以投喂底栖硅藻生长最快。     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

对虾养殖池副溶血弧菌的分离鉴定及其耐药特征、毒力基因分析

为了解对虾养殖池中副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的耐药性和毒力基因的携带情况,2018年从山东4个地区的对虾养殖池收集分离副溶血弧菌,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测其对12种抗生素的耐药性,用PCR方法检测其携带耐热直接溶血素基因(tdh)和耐热相关溶血素基因(trh)的情况。从对虾养殖池共分离副溶血弧菌50株。药敏实验结果显示,副溶血弧菌对庆大霉素、硫酸新霉素和氨苄西林的耐药情况最为严重,耐药率分别高达98%、90%和86%,对氟苯尼考、氯霉素、头孢他啶等敏感性较高,耐药率分别为10%、10%和20%。88%的菌株具有多重耐药性。毒力基因检测结果显示,所有菌株均不携带tdh基因,4%的菌株表现为trh阳性。本研究表明,对虾养殖水环境中的副溶血弧菌对抗生素的耐药性较为严重,应加强副溶血弧菌的病原学监测,在养殖过程中合理使用抗生素,以实现水产养殖业健康发展。     

养殖刺参早期发育阶段体内可培养细菌的菌群特征及其与环境菌群相关性分析

采用传统细菌培养方法,对养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育各阶段幼体体内及环境(投入饵料及培育用水)菌群的组成与结构展开研究,对分离的优势细菌进行分子鉴定,在此基础上,进行了刺参幼体体内菌群结构与环境菌群结构相关性分析。幼体各发育期的细菌培养结果显示,在幼体开口前的各发育时期(性腺、卵、受精卵、原肠胚)均无可培养细菌,在投饵以后,耳状幼体、樽形幼体体内可分离到可培养细菌,幼体发育到稚参以后,消化道可培养细菌总数急剧增加,并在4月龄时达到108 CFU/g数量级。在幼体体内可培养细菌中,弧菌(Vibrio)占比为2.2%~77.3%。对环境菌群的细菌培养结果显示,培育用水中细菌含量变化不显著,随着幼体发育期饵料的转变,不同时期饵料中细菌含量差异显著。整个养殖系统中共分离到65株优势细菌,16S rDNA鉴定结果显示,所分离的65株优势菌鉴定为14个属43种细菌。相关性分析结果显示,随着幼体的发育,生物饵料中的细菌对消化道中的菌群结构影响越来越大。本研究结果为解析刺参消化道菌群的形成过程和演替规律以及养殖用益生菌的筛选与应用奠定了基础。