红心蛋研究进展

概述了鸡蛋和鸭蛋黄着色研究历史、增色方法、色度标准、着色机理的研究进展，分析了鸭蛋蛋黄着色研究存在的问题，提出了相应措施。     

应用饮水法改善鸡蛋蛋黄色泽

蛋黄颜色是衡量鸡蛋品质的一项重要指标 ,正常的蛋黄呈桔黄色至橙黄色。一般来说 ,浅色蛋黄的鸡蛋商业价值低于深色蛋黄的鸡蛋。蛋鸡自身不能全程合成类胡萝卜素 ,完全依赖从饲料中吸取将其转移至蛋黄中 ,构成蛋黄的颜色。黄玉米、苜蓿和青草是富含类胡萝卜素的蛋鸡饲料 ,但是天然植物类胡萝卜素的含量低 ,波动幅度大且极不稳定 ,经常出现蛋鸡摄取量不足造成类胡萝卜素负平衡 ,致使蛋黄颜色不正常。集约化的养殖方式和因降低成本而大量使用非常规饲料 ,如麦类及其副产品原料使蛋黄色泽问题更为突出。抗应激饮水剂含有高水平的维生素A ,可能…     

卵黄抗体在饲料添加剂中的应用

卵黄抗体是从产蛋鸡中提取的针对特异性抗原的免疫球蛋白,产量高,成本低廉,防病效果好,理化性质稳定。本文综述了卵黄抗体作为添加剂在猪、家禽及水产动物中的应用,旨在更好地利用卵黄抗体,促进畜牧业发展。     

鸭卵黄免疫球蛋白IgY研究进展

鸭卵黄抗体IgY作为一种特异性多克隆抗体，被称为新生代抗体。它有完整型的和缺失型的两种类型的IgY，其缺失型IgY（△Fc）可以有效的排除假阳性反应，能够与别的特异性抗原有效结合而不会发生交叉反应。两种类型的IgY仅在一定的盐浓度环境中产生沉淀反应，目前己建立起多种鸭IgY分离纯化方法。卵黄抗体IgY具有类似于哺乳类IgG、IgE的功能，但鸭I既具有IgG的生物活性，又具有许多比哺乳类IgG更为优越的特点。     

The relationships between egg weight and yolk weight

Figures on egg weight and yolk weight from a commercial strain of White Leghorn pullets obtained during the early part of their laying year have been analysed to obtain estimates of heritability and phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations.

The heritability figure of 0.50 for egg weight agrees with the majority of those in the literature. The larger value of 0.71 derived from the sire component compared with that from the dam component of 0.29 is in agreement with a number of other reports suggesting the existence of sex linkage.

The heritability of yolk weight was estimated to be 0.43 with no difference between estimates derived from sire and dam components. Attention is drawn to the lower precision of the figures based on dam components because of the small number of daughters per dam available.

Correlations between egg weight and yolk weight are high. The phenotypic correlation is 0.58 and the genetic correlation 0.82, whereas the environmental correlation is only 0.33.

Continuing selection for increased egg weight is therefore expected to lead to a concomitant increase in yolk weight nearly as great as that expected from direct selection for yolk weight.

The heritability of the yolk weight/egg weight ratio is low, of the order of 0.20. The negative phenotypic correlation of —0.42 of this ratio with egg weight is the joint effect of a large negative genetic correlation of — 1.00 and a small positive environmental one (0.02). Direct selection for a higher yolk ratio would therefore be tantamount to selecting for small eggs.     

Hen egg yolk lipid fractions with antiatherogenic properties

Three different types of hen egg yolk, cage‐free, organic and daily fresh, were tested for their antiatherogenic properties. Total lipids (TL) of all hen egg yolk samples were extracted by the method of Bligh and Dyer and further separated into total polar lipids (TPL) and total neutral lipids (TNL) by counter current distribution chromatography. TPL and TNL were further separated by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). TL, TPL, TNL and the obtained polar and neutral lipid fractions after TLC separation were tested to determine whether they induce platelet activation or inhibit platelet activating factor (PAF)‐induced platelet activation. All three hen egg yolk TL samples possessed strong inhibitory activity against PAF‐induced platelet activation that was mainly attributed to TPL, especially to PL fraction 4. Cage‐free hen egg yolk exhibited the most potent anti‐PAF activity in all lipid classes (TL, TPL and TNL). Thus hen egg yolk contains PAF inhibitors that reinforce their nutritional value in terms of protection against cardiovascular diseases, since PAF is a crucial inflammatory phospholipid mediator that is implicated in the mechanism of atherogenesis.     

卵黄抗体最佳灭活方法的确立

自Klemperer于1983年首次报道鸡蛋中存在抗体以来，进一步研究证明鸡蛋内的抗体主要存在于卵黄内，称为卵黄抗体（egg yolk immunoglobulins简称IgY）。卵黄抗体以IgG占优势，而IgA和IgM的含量极低。近20年来国内外学者对卵黄抗体的制备和应用做了大量的研究。由于卵黄IgG的制备成本非常低，卵黄抗体已越来越广泛地用于许多疾病的防治。但是，用于生产卵黄抗体的鸡蛋多来自普通蛋鸡，用其制备的卵黄抗体可能带有某些卵传性病原，如禽脑脊髓炎、禽白血病、网状内皮组织增生症、减蛋综合征、支原体病等。使用这些卵黄抗体，甚至是精制的IgY进行疾病防治的同时，可能造成上述疾病的传播和扩散。本试验用3种低浓度的甲醛对混有禽脑脊髓炎病毒的禽流感-H9高免卵黄抗体在不同温度下，作用不同时间，进行灭活处理，以期建立一种对卵黄抗体的有效灭活方法。     

亚麻籽脂肪酸在蛋黄中的沉积效果

Greenland岛的爱斯基摩人摄入大量脂肪,但很少发生心脑血管疾病,营养学家推断廿碳五烯酸（Eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5ω-3 EPA）和廿二碳六烯酸（Docosahexaenoicacid,22:6ω-3 DHA）可减少心脑血管疾病发生,从此ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3PUFA）的营养,引起了人们的重视。研究表明,ω-3脂肪酸是大脑发育所必需的物质,具有抗动脉硬化、抗血栓、降血脂、抗炎性反应等保健作用。ω-3脂肪酸的作用,提示蛋鸡生产者生产富含ω-3不饱和脂肪酸的保健鸡蛋,一方面可以提高鸡蛋的营养价值,另一方面可以缓解因鸡蛋中的高胆固醇（200-250mg胆固醇/枚）带给老年消费者的后顾之忧。尽管鸡蛋中的胆固醇能否使血中胆固醇升高仍有争议,但营养学家推荐每天     

The bioefficacy of microemulsified natural pigments in egg yolk pigmentation

1. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that microemulsified carotenoid products show improved bioavailability over corresponding regular preparations, leading to greater yolk pigmentation at lower dosages.

2. The first trial was conducted using a maize–soya bean basal diet supplemented with either 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 g/kg of microemulsified Red or non-microemulsified Red. The second trial involved feeding microemulsified Yellow or non-microemulsified Yellow using a similar dosage range. The layers were divided into 4 replicates of 8 layers each (32 layers per treatment). The 8 cages of layers were fed from a single feed trough. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the trial. Each week, the eggs were collected. The whole liquid egg colour was determined by means of a commercially available yolk colour fan. Where required, HPLC-(high-performance liquid chromatography) based analysis of trans-capsanthin or trans-lutein equivalents using the Association of Analytical Communities method was carried out. Data were statistically analysed by one-way ANOVA method using Statgraphics.

3. Results showed that the colour and carotenoid content of the egg yolk increased with increasing amount of carotenoids in the diet. The colour of egg yolks from layers fed similar concentrations of microemulsified versus the regular preparation was significantly different. At the commercial recommended dose of one g/kg regular Yellow or Red product, the microemulsified pigmenter is able to provide the equivalent yolk colour at a 20–30% lower dose.

4. In conclusion, the trial results supported the hypothesis that a desired yolk colour score is achievable at a significantly lower inclusion rate when carotenoid molecules are emulsified using the microemulsion nanotechnology.     

应用饮水法改善鸡蛋蛋黄色泽(续)

中国饲用玉米中总叶黄素的含量平均为 1 8mg/kg ,变化幅度 7～ 31mg/kg(Liu ,2 0 0 0 ) ,世界范围内为 8～ 40mg/kg(BASF ,1 997)。蛋鸡完全依赖植物中天然来源的叶黄素 ,蛋黄颜色指数只能达到 8左右。根据蛋黄着色的特点 ,蛋黄颜色先进入所谓的“黄色饱和区” ,尔后无法再依赖黄色效应的色素再提高色度 ,蛋黄颜色指数 8恰好位于“饱和区”。即欲达到 8以上的色度 ,进入“饱和区”( 9～ 1 5 ) ,还需依赖红色效应的色素。为了观察补充的效果 ,尽可能延伸观察外源补充效果的下限 ,必须尽量降低日粮中天然的叶黄素的背景水平 ,最大限度地模拟…     

泊洛沙姆对鸡卵黄脱脂作用的研究

通过对鸡法氏囊高免蛋卵黄进行泊洛沙姆脱脂研究证明:泊洛沙姆对鸡卵黄具有良好的脱脂作用,并且具有脂类自然沉降速度快、对抗体影响小、简化工艺以及本身无毒、无害的特点,适合于卵黄的综合开发利用。     

蛋黄卵磷脂对小鼠神经兴奋性的影响

以含40%,50%,67%蛋黄卵磷脂的大豆色拉油分别经口灌胃昆明种小鼠,通过对受试小鼠进行自主活动、洞板和避暗试验,以自主活动次数、探洞次数和避暗试验的潜伏期和错误次数为衡量指标,评价蛋黄卵磷脂对小鼠的神经兴奋性和被动逃避能力的影响.研究发现,蛋黄卵磷脂能提高受试小鼠的自主活动次数和探洞次数,且在灌胃70 d时,中剂量组小鼠的自主活动次数和空白组相比差异显著(P＜0.05),高剂量组小鼠的探洞次数和空白组相比差异显著(P＜0.05).在避暗试验里,灌胃80 d时各剂量组小鼠的潜伏期和空白组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01),但是各剂量组和空白组的错误次数差异不显著.