植物精油对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避效果

在室内采用非选择性和选择性两种试验方法,测定了14种非寄主植物精油对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避效果。结果表明,香紫苏油、肉桂油和香茅油对荔枝蒂蛀虫有很好的产卵驱避效果,其非选择性产卵驱避率(ODR_n)达90%以上;而选择性产卵驱避率(ODR_s)达80%以上。留兰香油对荔枝蒂蛀虫也有较好的产卵驱避效果,其ODR_n和ODR_s分别为89.19%和73.30%。     

关于两种赤眼蜂寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的首次报道

本文首次报道了在室内从18个赤眼蜂蜂种中筛选出食胚赤眼蜂Thichogramma embryophagum Hartig、安荔赤眼蜂Thichogramma oleae Voegele et Pointel对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生能力。结果表明,食胚赤眼蜂与安荔赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为21．67%和29．00%,寄生蜂的羽化率分别为81．76%和80．49%,显示出这两种蜂在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景。     

芸香科及樟科8种植物提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用

测试了芸香科及樟科8种植物的乙醇提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用,发现四季橘和沙田柚提取物对该虫产卵具有较高的驱避作用,选择性驱避率分别为84.26%、53.90%,非选择驱避率分别为90.14%、60.83%;而九里香提取物则对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵具有一定的引诱作用。对四季橘提取物用不同的溶剂初步分离后发现,氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物对该虫的驱避作用最高,分别为84.67%、86.63%,即其活性成分主要分布在氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物中。     

低温胁迫对荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫存活和发育的影响

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis是为害荔枝龙眼的重要害虫,以幼虫越冬。了解其幼虫经历低温胁迫后的存活率和发育历期有助于预测其种群数量动态。本研究于室内测定荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫在不同低温条件下（5、10℃和15℃）处理1、3、5、7、10 d和15 d的存活率和发育历期及其对蛹和成虫发育的影响。结果表明,幼虫在5℃下处理1 d、3 d其存活率分别为48.54%和35.79%,分别为对照的1/2、1/3;10℃下处理7 d存活率为41.75%,降为对照的1/2。幼虫在5℃下处理3 d后蛹的存活率为45.95%,降至对照的1/2;10℃和15℃处理15 d降为31.11%和30.61%,约为对照的30%左右。幼虫历期在5℃处理3 d（8.14 d）、10℃处理5 d (8.43 d)和15℃处理7 d (9.32 d)时均可达对照的2倍。3种低温条件均造成荔枝蒂蛀虫蛹历期和成虫寿命缩短。由此可见,冬春季5~15℃的低温会引起荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫和蛹存活率显著降低以及不同虫态历期的异常变化,可导致荔枝蒂蛀虫的虫源减少。     

寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的斑螟分索赤眼蜂过寄生驯化培育

针对寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的斑螟分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea hypsipylae Nagaraja不能正常羽化出蜂问题,室内以米蛾Corcyra cephalonia（stainton）卵为寄主,分别以1：3、1：5、1：10（对照）的蜂卵比接蜂培养,经过35代过寄生连代繁殖驯化,其36代（F36）成蜂个体大小显著小于对照组。与对照组相比,成蜂体长、体宽分别减小28．89％、16．08％（1：3处理）和27．43％、20．56％（1：5处理）。经蜂卵1：3、1：5接蜂连代繁殖驯化后的F36斑螟分索赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为44％和55％,与对照差异不显著,但能顺利从荔枝蒂蛀虫卵内羽化出蜂,羽化率分别为31．8％、25．5％,对照则无羽化出蜂。表明通过过寄生驯化培育可以改变斑螟分索赤眼蜂的个体大小,并有望使其在荔枝园内建立稳定种群,达到持续控制荔枝蒂蛀虫的目的。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫的摇树惊蛾系统监测研究

荔枝蒂蛀虫(Conopom orpha sinensis Bradley)是鳞翅目细蛾科害虫,为害荔枝和龙眼。可在花穗、果实、新梢和嫩叶上产卵为害。大发生年常造成大量落果和虫果,严重影响产量和品质。近年,北流市荔枝蒂蛀虫为害呈持续偏重、局部大发生态势,年造成落果产量损失约30%,虫果率20%,给北流市荔枝生产带来了严重威胁。为弄清楚荔枝蒂蛀虫在北流市的周年发生情况,为实施药剂防治提供理论依据,2004年我们用摇树惊蛾调查方法,对荔枝蒂蛀虫进行了周年系统监测。1方法与步骤1)设监测圃定监测株。以当地北流镇九代村果园为监测圃。监测圃面积约5郾33hm2,与监…     

荔枝蒂蛀的发生及防治

荔枝蒂蛀虫,以前称为爻纹细蛾,是荔枝主要害虫之一。其幼虫为害果实、花穗、嫩梢和嫩叶,蛀食果蒂和种仁,留下粪便于果内,造成落果和降低果实的品质。近20年来,荔枝被害严重,一般被害率达20%—40%,高达90%以上,广东、广西的许多荔枝产区,由于被害严重,不仅减产,还影响出口。所以,防治荔枝蒂蛀虫是当前荔枝生产上亟需解决的问题。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫化蛹、羽化动态数学模拟及应用

通过3年对荔枝蒂蛀虫系统调查表明,荔枝蒂蛀虫化蛹、羽化进度与观察时间之间呈S型曲线,拟合关系 式分别为Y₁=100.440 3/(1+e^{5.531 1-1.420 3x})、Y₂=100.059 5/(1+e^{12.625 0-1.296 7x}),非线性决定系数均在0.99 以上。应用表明,该预测曲线与实际情况吻合。     

钦州市荔枝蒂蛀虫的发生期预测

2009～2011年荔枝蒂蛀虫发生期预测结果表明,各年度间主害代发生时间基本一致,荔枝蒂蛀虫主要发生期与荔枝物候期的存在对应关系,通过剖检幼虫可准确掌握防治适期,指导点面防治。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫低温杀虫处理试验

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensisBradley,是荔枝果实害虫之一,此虫偶尔见对龙眼果实有为害.鉴于此虫是以幼虫阶段为害果实,为解决对外贸易的荔枝和龙眼果实不带活虫,经过试验研究,证实在1.39℃±0.39℃温度下处理8天、10天和13天,可完全杀死感染在果实中的荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.