旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米适宜覆膜时间研究

播前全膜双垄沟播技术未能最大限度保蓄土壤水分,实现秋雨春用.以秋季、顶凌、播前3个时间覆膜为处理,进行了为期3a的小区试验,探讨了甘肃省旱作区全膜双垄沟播技术的适宜覆盖时间.结果表明,秋季全覆膜、顶凌全覆膜较播前全覆膜在播前→出苗→拔节期0-100 Cm土壤平均含水量分别增加2.7%和1.5%;1 m土壤贮水量分别相当于增加245～501 m3/hm2,138～317 m~3/hm~2;降水利用率分别增加了8.5%和5.6%;水分利用效益分别增加了5.54和2.88 kg/(mm·hm~2).秋季和顶凌全膜双垄春季沟播技术是海拔2 300 m以下,年降雨350～500 mm的干旱、半干旱旱作农业区玉米降水高效利用的技术模式.以秋末土壤封冻前(一般10月中下旬至11月初)及早春土壤昼消夜冻时(一般3月上中旬)覆膜为宜.     

东北典型黑土区土壤侵蚀过程顺坡起垄垄沟水力学特征分析

垄沟是垄作长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程的重要汇流路径。明确垄沟的水力学特征,对于模拟东北典型黑土区垄作坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程至关重要。研究采用室内模拟降雨的方法,系统分析不同垄作方式、坡度、雨强等条件下垄沟的主要水力学参数和变量。结果表明:不同垄作方式下,坡面侵蚀量整体为窄垄宽垄无垄,并与坡度和雨强乘积呈线性正相关。水力半径随雨强和坡度的变化曲线呈对数关系;宽垄水力半径比窄垄高8.4%～11.6%,平均为10.0%。在坡度和雨强相同的情况下,宽垄垄沟糙率整体高于窄垄垄沟糙率;且在坡度递增后,宽垄垄沟糙率相较于窄垄垄沟减小幅度更弱。已有土壤侵蚀模型的坡面糙率建议取值低于本区实际观测值,需结合实际情况对其重新率定,其结果可为研究区土壤侵蚀过程模拟提供依据。     

PP织物袋梯田效益研究

PP织物袋梯田是陕南秦巴山区一项新的水土保持工程措施。通过定点观测试验,分析和比较了PP织物袋梯田的蓄水保土能力和经济、社会效益,结果表明:PP织物袋梯田与坡耕地比较,能有效提高土壤含水量和养分含量,调水保土、增产增收效益显著;与土坎和石坎梯田相比土壤含水量和养分含量差异不大,但节约投资效益明显。因此,PP织物袋梯田为该区低成本高效益梯田建设和发展提供了一种新的技术途径。     

Matrix-Based Fertilizers Reduce Pesticide Leaching in Soil

The presence of pesticides in groundwater has been documented in several large-scale studies and numerous small-scale investigations. Pesticide leaching through soil has been identified as a major cause for the occurrence of these chemicals in surface and groundwater. We developed matrix-based fertilizers (MBFs) that have been shown to reduce N and P leaching. We tested the efficacy of the ionic bonds in the MBFs to reduce 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), metolachlor, thiophanate methyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and malathion leaching in soil columns. After 7 days 2,4-D, thiophanate methyl, carbaryl, and malathion did not leach in sufficient quantities to determine if the MBF fertilizers reduced leaching compared with the control and the slow-release fertilizer Polyon®. The MBF fertilizers leached from five to 30 times less metolachlor than the control and Polyon® treatment. Treatments with MBF fertilizers leached from two to 72 times less diazinon than the control treatment. The MBF fertilizer treatment leached from eight to 268 less diazinon than columns receiving Polyon®. The MBF formulations allow compounds with both anionic and cationic charges to bind with the Al(SO₄)₃ 3H₂O and/or Fe₂(SO₄)₃ 3H₂O-lignin-cellulose matrix. When pesticides are added to the soil amended with matrix-based fertilizers, the ion exchange matrix will likely bind the metolachlor and diazinon to the Al(SO₄)₃ 3H₂O and/or Fe₂(SO₄)₃ 3H₂O-starch-cellulose-lignin matrix thereby substantially reducing leaching. The MBFs could be used to limit both nutrients and pesticide leaching from agricultural fields.     

田间条件下氮的矿化及硝态氮淋溶研究

采用SRC（Soil-Resin-Core）装置，研究了重庆市主要土壤类型的氮矿化差异以及与硝态氮淋溶的关系。研究结果表明，微酸性紫色土（菜地）的氮索矿化量、硝态氮淋失量和有效氮的变幅均较大，而其它两种坡耕地变化的氮素矿化景和硝态氮的淋失量变幅均较小。相关分析表明：在微酸性紫色土中，影响硝态氮淋失的主要因素是矿化量，且二者呈显著正相关；而其它两种坡耕地土壤的矿化量与硝态氮淋失量不表现相关性。这就表明不同土壤矿化、硝态氮淋失的情况有差异。     

粪肥添加明矾对降低农田磷和重金属流失的作用

施用粪肥引起农田氮、磷流失的增加已引起人们广泛的关注。为了解粪肥中添加明矾可否降低农田污染物的流失,采用化学分析与田间试验相结合的方法研究了添加明矾对粪肥中水溶性养分和重金属浓度及施粪肥后农田养分、重金属流失的影响。结果表明,粪肥中添加明矾可大大降低其中的水溶性P和重金属浓度,其中水溶性P的下降幅度达79.3%。添加明矾后,粪肥施入农田形成的径流中P和重金属浓度明显低于不添加明矾的处理。但添加明矾对农田可溶性总N、NO3-N和NH4-N流失的影响不大。粪肥中添加明矾不会引起地表径流中铝浓度明显增加,对蔬菜产量影响不明显。     

不同水肥管理模式对太湖地区稻田土壤氮素渗漏淋溶的影响

针对当前我国水稻生产中日益严重的水资源短缺及稻田土壤氮素渗漏淋溶引发的面源污染问题,本研究通过设置2种灌溉方式及4个施氮水平的双因子交互试验,探讨了不同水肥处理对稻田土壤氮素渗漏淋溶的影响.结果表明,稻田20 cm处渗漏水中NH+4-N浓度与施氮量呈正相关关系,减少氮肥施用量,可降低2％～35％的NH+4-N浓度,而80 cm处NH+4-N浓度与施氮量无相关关系;稻田20 cm、80 cm处渗漏水中NO3-N浓度均与施氮量呈正相关关系;控制灌溉显著提高了稻田80 cm处渗漏水中NO-3-N浓度,增幅达31％,但由于其水分渗漏量少,NO3-N淋溶量较常规灌溉仍降低16％～ 49％; NO3-N是稻田中氮素渗漏淋溶的主要形式,占氮素渗漏淋溶总量的77％～92％;减氮施肥条件下,NO3-N渗漏淋溶量降低14％～56％.控灌减氮措施可很好地协调产量效益与水体环境效益,是适宜太湖地区的环境友好型水肥管理模式.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

采用实验室模拟方法研究了烟碱类新农药哌虫啶在土壤生态系统中的降解动态及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,哌虫啶的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,浓度为1、5和10 mg kg-1的哌虫啶在土壤中的降解半衰期为11.28 ~7.30 d.哌虫啶对土壤微生物的毒性作用与浓度正相关.施药后哌虫啶对土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量具有激活作用,3 d后,哌虫啶开始抑制土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,施药后5 d内,哌虫啶促进了真菌的生长繁殖,10 d后表现为抑制真菌数量,有先促进后抑制细菌、真菌和放线菌的趋势.哌虫啶施入土壤后对土壤酶活性具有一定的影响,土壤碱性磷酸酶较酸性磷酸酶更敏感,哌虫啶具有抑制酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的作用,这种抑制作用一直延续至试验的第20天;施药处理组对脲酶活性均有显著的抑制作用,并且浓度越大,抑制作用越强烈;哌虫啶对土壤脱氢酶具有显著的激活作用,哌虫啶对土壤过氧化氢酶影响作用较弱.总之哌虫啶在土壤中降解半衰期较短,属于易降解农药,10 mg kg-1浓度的哌虫啶对土壤微生物具有一定的毒性作用.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

应用振荡平衡法和柱淋洗法研究了哌虫啶在红壤、棕壤和黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并探讨了3种土壤改良剂对其淋溶的影响。结果表明:哌虫啶在黑土、红壤和棕壤中的吸附平衡时间分别为12、12和9 h,分配系数Kd分别为23.16、11.24和4.68,吸附常数Kf分别为22.03、11.69和5.05,KOC值分别为1 619、2 094和495,吸附自由能值分别为-16.96、-17.59和-14.02 k J mol-1,Freundlich和线性等温吸附模型均能较好地描述哌虫啶在土壤中的吸附过程,其吸附能力顺序分别为黑龙江黑土福建红壤山东棕壤。哌虫啶在3种供试土壤中淋溶性存在差异,在棕壤中迁移性最强,随着施药量的增加,其淋出率也略有提高,但3个不同水平施药量差异不显著。在黑土中迁移性最弱,红壤和黑土中的哌虫啶残留量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤中添加0.5%的活性炭、腐殖酸和草炭能显著地降低农药哌虫啶在土壤中的淋溶性,减少对地下水的污染风险。     

稻田氮素淋失测定方法的研究进展

氮素淋溶是稻田氮素向周围水体迁移的重要途径,氮以NO3–-N淋溶的形式进入水体,造成的地下水污染问题越来越引起人们的关注,有关稻田氮素淋溶的损失已开展了许多研究,所采用的研究方法不一。本文总结讨论了稻田土壤氮素淋溶的常用测定方法,主要包括土壤溶液提取法、原状土柱法、土钻取样法以及计算机模拟法和同位素示踪等方法,分别对其优缺点以及应用进行了阐述;同时对计算氮素渗漏总量的方法进行了总结,主要包括水分平衡法、达西定律法、小区渗漏池法和大型原状土柱等方法,以期为稻田氮素淋溶损失的相关研究提供技术支持和科学依据。     

秸秆集中掩埋还田对麦田土壤氮磷淋失的影响

为明确秸秆集中掩埋还田对麦田养分淋失的影响,以期为秸秆掩埋还田提供理论依据,开展了桶栽模拟试验,试验设置了H1:麦秸20 cm埋深(5 kg m-2埋量)、H2(L1):35 cm埋深(5 kg m-2埋量)、H3:50 cm埋深(5kg m-2埋量)、L2:10 kg m-2埋量(35 cm埋深)、L3:15 kg m-2埋量(35cm埋深)及CK:麦秸不还田等6个处理,研究了秸秆不同埋深和埋量下麦田氮磷养分的淋失情况。结果表明:相同埋量条件下,秸秆不同埋深处理对麦田渗漏总量基本没有影响;相同埋深条件下,秸秆埋量为10 kg m-2和15 kg m-2时会显著增加麦季渗漏量,但埋量为5 kg m-2时则无显著影响;整个小麦生育期内,秸秆相同埋量条件下,H1对麦田氮素的拦截效果明显优于H2、H3和CK,对磷素的拦截效果则以H1为最高;相同埋深条件下,L2处理下对麦田氮素的拦截效果明显优于L1、L3和CK,L3处理下对磷素拦截效果最差。     

Nutrient Uptake and Leaching from Soil Amended with Cattle Manure and Nitrapyrin

We investigated whether nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin can reduce nutrient leaching and increase nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) in cattle manure amended soil. Amendments included non-amended check (CK), urea (Urea), REG (manure from cattle fed barley grain), and DDGS (manure from cattle fed 60% dried distillers grains with solubles), co-applied with or without nitrapyrin and leached or unleached with water. Nitrapyrin reduced (P < 0.01) leaching of nitrate by 56, 32, and 24% from DDGS, REG, and Urea treatments, respectively, and also reduced (P < 0.05) leaching of phosphate (58%), potassium (39%), calcium (39%), and magnesium (39%) from DDGS treatment. While nitrapyrin reduces the rate of ammonium conversion to nitrate, higher magnesium and phosphate levels in DDGS-amended soil favor struvite formation and reduce their leaching. Corn biomass and nutrient uptake were higher (P < 0.01) in DDGS and Urea than CK and REG treatments, but remained unaffected by nitrapyrin. The benefits of nitrapyrin should be further investigated under field conditions.

Abbreviations: DCD, dicyandiamide; DDGS, dried distillers grains with solubles; NI, nitrification inhibitor; TP, total P; TN, total N.     

Nitrate Leaching from Compost-Amended Soils

Nitrate in ground water was measured for three years beneath a sandy terrace soil with high conductivity which had been amended yearly with spent mushroom compost (SMC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) at rates of 25 and 50 T/A. The compost provided all the fertilizer requirements for intensive vegetable production. Nitrate concentrations in ground water from beneath all compost-amended plots remained below 10 ppm during the course of the study while concentrations beneath the fertilized control climbed to 14.7 ppm in an unusually wet spring. After heavy rains, control plots were more susceptible to nitrate leaching than compost-amended plots in the first two years of the study. The overall mean of the control (4.2 ppm) was significantly higher than all the other compost-amended plots except SMC amended at 25 T/A (3.4 ppm). Nitrate concentrations in ground water from CMC plots amended at 50 T/A peaked at 9.2 ppm after three consecutive years of compost application indicating a cumulative effect in the soil that was substantiated by soil analysis. The results indicate that composts can be applied for three successive years at rates high enough to supply the fertilizer requirement of most vegetables without excessively contaminating the ground water with nitrate. Because of the cumulative effect, it appears that lower rates could be applied in subsequent years to lessen nitrate leaching, especially with nitrogen-rich composted chicken manure.     

Prevalence of Concentrated Flow Paths in Agricultural Fields in Southern Illinois

Literature on prevalence of concentrated flow paths (CPFs) in agricultural fields are limited at field scale with only few studies that address occurrence of CFPs at large geographic extent. This study used high-resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to identify CFPs in agricultural fields and calculate the percentage of the fields drained by CFPs at a county scale. In 389 agricultural fields across Jackson County, southern Illinois, this study also investigated the association between field characteristics and CFP formation using multiple regression and CART analysis. The mean number of CFPs in a field was 5 with a minimum of 0 and maximum of 17 CFPs. The majority of the CFPs fell under the large category for CFP length and drainage area that corresponds with high mean percent (81%) of field area drained by the CFPs. Further, 85% of the fields had more than 70% of their area drained by CFPs. The multiple regression and CART analysis showed slope as an important factor influencing CFP characteristics such as number of CFPs and CFP length. Both analyses also indicated physical soil properties such as bulk density, soil erodibility factor, saturated hydraulic conductivity, LS factor, organic matter, and percent sand were also predictors of the CFP characteristics. However, these factors explained only 2 to 12% of the variation observed. The significant presence of CFP’s has important implications for water quality since current conservation practices such as riparian buffers were not designed to address concentrated flow from agricultural fields.     

GLEAMS模型在我国东南地区模拟硝氮淋失的检验

利用我国东南亚热带地区农业小流域不同土地利用方式的硝氮渗漏淋失实测数据检验了GLEAMS(Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems)模型在该地区的适用性。通过现场试验和实地调查并结合模型手册,获取模型所需的水文和营养盐参数,参考模型参数的敏感性分析结果对模型进行调试。结果表明模型对水稻田除外的其它土地利用方式的硝氮渗漏淋失模拟效果较好。水稻田渗漏模拟效果差的主要原因在于模型的水分平衡方程不能反应水稻田长期淹水的实际情况。模型模拟结果的精度可以接受,从而验证了GLEAMS模型在该流域的适用性。     

QuEChERS提取法在农产品农药残留检测中的应用进展

食品中的农药残留检测长期以来一直是一项艰巨的挑战,其杂质干扰多,残留含量低,传统的提取方法常常因为无法将杂质分离而影响检测结果。由于食品中杂质种类众多,农药的种类繁多且理化性质各异,新型农药日益涌现,所以对样品的前处理提出了更高的要求。近年来,QuEChERS(Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged and Safe)作为一种新型的提取方法,由于具有快速、简单、廉价、有效、可靠、安全的特点,成为国内外广泛采用的样品前处理新技术,在多种农药、医药、兽药的气相或液相色谱分析中已经得到广泛应用。本文就国内外对QuEChERS法在各类食品以及其他动植物性农产品的农药残留检测中的应用和方法的改进进行了综述,并对QuEChERS法在今后农药残留检测的应用前景以及发展方向进行了展望。     

Surface and Subsurface Phosphorus Losses from Sugarcane Fields with Different Management Practices

Phosphorus losses in runoff from sugarcane fields can contribute to non-point source pollution of surface and subsurface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different management practices on P losses in surface runoff and subsurface leaching from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields. Field experiments with treatments including conventional burning (CB), compost application with burning (COMB), and remaining green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) treatments were carried out to assess these management practice effects on P losses from sugarcane fields. In the CB treatment, sugarcane residue was burned after harvest. The COMB treatment consisted of compost applied at ??off bar?? with sugarcane residue burned immediately after harvest. Compost was applied in the amount of 13.4 Mg ha^?1 annually, 8 weeks before planting. In the GCTB treatment, sugarcane residue was raked off from the row tops and remained in the wheel furrow after harvest. Surface runoff was collected with automatic refrigerated samplers, and subsurface leachate was collected with pan lysimeters over a period of 3 years. Measured concentrations of total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and particulate P (PP) in surface runoff from the COMB treatment were significantly higher than concentrations from the CB and GCTB treatments. The mean losses of P (TP and DRP) after burning (postharvest, years 2 and 3) were significantly greater than the no-burn treatment (preharvest, year 1) in the CB, COMB, and CB/COMB/GCTB combined options. Additionally, the mean losses of total suspended solid and total combustible solids in residue burning were, on average, 2.7 and 2.2 times higher than the no-burn practices, respectively (preharvest and GCTB treatment). Annual P losses from surface runoff in the third year of study were 12.90%, 6.86%, and 10.23% of applied P in CB, COMB, and GCTB treatments, respectively. However, the percent of annual DRP losses from applied P in COMB and GCTB treatments was similar magnitude, and their values were less than 50% compared to the value from CB treatment. In the leaching study, percent of monthly mean TP and DRP losses in the COMB and GCTB treatments were greatly reduced. Based on these results, the COMB and GCTB procedures were equally recommended as sugarcane management practices that improve water quality in both surface runoff and subsurface leachate.     

将乐县山边沟果园水土流失治理技术

山边沟是坡地新开果园防治水土流失的一种工程措施,但必须与覆草、其他农艺措施相结合才能取得良好的三大效益,并被广大果农所接受。采取合理规划,立体种养,即果园选在25°以下的缓坡地,推行山顶戴帽造防护林,山腰种果、开山边沟,山脚发展畜牧业,配以套种百喜草、宽叶雀稗、一年生匍匐性日本草作为覆盖作物(这三种绿肥牧草鲜草量大,需多次刈青)和扩穴改土、保花保果、薄肥勤施、叶面追肥等技术,不但能有效防治水土流失,而且还能改善果园的生态环境,提高果树产量和质量,做到以短养长,促进果农持续增收。     

植物篱与石坎梯田改良坡耕地效益研究

三峡库区秭归段生态环境脆弱,当地群众广泛采用以石坎梯田为主的工程措施和以植物篱为主的农林复合技术措施改良利用坡耕地。通过试验,对三峡库区秭归县相同坡度、坡向和土层厚度的坡耕地采取石坎坡改梯和定植等高植物篱的投入和产出进行对比,结果表明:石坎梯田与植物篱均是改良利用坡耕地的有效方法;石坎梯田建设期投入费用高,涵水保土能力强,田坎无经济效益;植物篱坡地建设期投入费用低,生产期运行费用略高于石坎梯田,成坎周期较长,涵水保土能力初期较低后期逐渐增强,生产期产出效益明显。     

基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型的农药输移研究

以山东省临沂流域为研究区,基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型ESSI-2对当地的农药输移过程进行研究。选取甲基异柳磷为模拟农药种类,基于合理的农药假设数据,对分布式有毒污染物模型ESSI-2进行参数率定,并基于模拟结果,对临沂流域的甲基异柳磷负荷及其输移的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,分布式非点源有毒污染物模型是研究农药输移过程的首选工具。临沂流域在农药施用初期,其空间分布主要与农药的施用相关,随着时间的推移,在水流的作用下,农药逐渐向河道汇聚,从而流向下游流域,在这一阶段中,地表径流是影响农药输移的主要因素。