不同玉米品种光合特性及青贮产量品质的差异性研究

明确内蒙古中熟区不同玉米品种光合效率、青贮产量及品质的差异性,为筛选适宜内蒙古中西部地区种植的中熟青贮玉米品种提供理论依据。系统分析了先玉335、利禾1号、东裕120、金创998、京科青贮301和种星青饲1号6个玉米品种关键生育时期的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合特征指标的动态变化规律以及青贮收获期的产量和品质指标。结果表明,随生育期的推进各品种的各项光合指标变化规律均表现为抽雄吐丝期>大喇叭口期>灌浆初期>灌浆中期。各品种玉米的叶绿素含量均无显著差异。种星青饲1号、先玉335和利禾1号叶面积指数显著高于其他玉米品种,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的变化趋势较平缓,其生物产量均达到了20 100kg/hm ²以上,品质优良,综合各玉米品种的光合特性、产量以及品质分析得出,种星青饲1号、先玉335以及利禾1号3个品种作为内蒙古中熟区青贮玉米种植。     

青贮玉米优质高产栽培技术

1选择品种青贮玉米品种分为专用型（玉米秆带棒青贮）和粮饲兼用型两种。在目前青贮玉米育种、生产、推广过渡时期,宜选用粮饲兼用型品种,如果种植青贮玉米面积偏大用不完,还可收作粮食。推广应用中农户较喜欢的粮饲兼用型品种有：雅玉8号、奥试5102、油饲67、中单9409、农大108等。     

不同品种青贮玉米群体光合性能指标的变化

通过对不同青贮玉米品种群体光合性能指标的研究结果表明，不同青贮玉米品种叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率在整个生育期均呈单峰曲线变化，峰值出现在散粉至乳熟期间，因不同品种而异。净同化率则呈“马鞍”型曲线变化。多分蘖品种科试1号、植株高大品种东陵白与农大647在生育期间叶面积指数和光合势均较高，东陵白生育前、中期群体生长率显著高于其它品种，且高值持续时间较长，这是其生物产量高的生理基础。生产中，采取合理栽培措施，克服此类品种植株高大、个体繁茂、群体郁蔽导致植株病害和倒伏严重的不足，可实现青贮玉米群体生物产量的进一步提高。     

种植密度对不同类型玉米青贮产量和营养价值的影响

为明确不同类型青贮玉米在临沂地区最佳种植密度,设置了4个密度梯度（60 000、75 000、90 000、105 000株/hm ²）,研究种植密度对专用型青贮玉米雅玉8号和粮饲兼用型玉米登海605饲用产量和营养价值的影响。结果表明：密度对不同类型青贮玉米鲜草、干草产量影响显著,密度增加,青贮玉米鲜草产量和干草产量均先增加后减少,在密度75 000株/hm ²时均获得最高鲜草、干草产量。密度对不同类型青贮玉米粗脂肪、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维含量和子粒产量、粗蛋白产量、粗脂肪产量、可消化干物质、相对饲喂价值、无氮浸出物含量和总能量影响显著,密度增加,雅玉8号粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和可消化干物质、干物质采食量、相对饲喂价值和无氮浸出物含量下降,粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈上升趋势,子粒产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪产量和总能量先增加后减少,在密度75 000株/hm ²均获得最高子粒、粗蛋白、粗脂肪产量。从饲料总能量来说,专用型青贮玉米雅玉8号和粮饲兼用型玉米登海605在山东临沂地区饲用的最佳种植密度均为75 000株/hm ²。     

不同类型玉米生理特征与产量的关系

通过对不同类型玉米的产量及光合生理指标的测定表明，在合理密度下，玉米的产量主要由叶片光合能力所决定，特别是生殖生长期中上部叶片的净光合速率。同时表明登海6号在吐丝期下部叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素含量、光合有效辐射、气孔导度均高于其他品种（组合）且差异显著，在乳熟期登海6号中上部叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、气孔导度均高于其他品种（组合）且差异显著，并总结了高山生态条件下，玉米高产的生理特征：吐丝期前下部叶片净光合速率高，于粒灌浆期中上部叶片净光合速率高且持续时间长，茎叶物质输出率高。     

青贮玉米的种植、制作、利用及经济效益

1青贮玉米的种植 1.1品种选择 种植青贮玉米,应根据各地的气候特点,选择早、中、晚熟的不同类型,尽可能选择株高、穗多的品种。青贮玉米品种很多,在新疆石河子地区,产量较高的青贮专用型玉米有天山红饲、新青02、新青1号、新万多1号、中北401、中北402;粮饲兼用型玉米有HY03-5、YV30291、康地1551、     

豫西地区青贮玉米光合和产量方面品种适应性研究

为了在豫西地区筛选到适宜的青贮玉米品种，以‘郑青3号’、‘京科932’、‘川单99’、‘郑单958’和‘雅玉8号’（对照处理）为材料，通过分析不同品种抽雄吐丝期的光合特性指标和荧光特性指标，结合最终鲜干草产量以及籽粒产量结果进行适应性分析。结果表明：‘郑单958’和‘川单99’表现较好的光合性能，‘川单99’表现出较好的叶绿素荧光性能且具有较高的鲜草产量，‘郑单958’具有较高的籽粒产量。因此，‘川单99’是豫西地区种植较为适宜的青贮玉米品种，‘郑单958’则是豫西地区收获籽粒和青贮饲料均适宜的兼用型玉米品种。     

优质粮饲兼用型玉米品种伟科702

伟科702是农业部确定的主导推介玉米品种,于2012年通过国家审定。伟科702不仅是高产的粮食作物品种,同时也是优质的饲料作物品种,营养品质达到国家一级标准。作为优质粮饲兼用型玉米代表性品种,其品质优,产量高,满足了养殖企业、种植户对青贮玉米的需求。本文介绍了优质青贮玉米应具备的条件,并对优质粮饲兼用型玉米伟科702的产量、品质及栽培技术做了详细介绍。     

推广青贮玉米品种提高饲喂饲料单位

为了尽快建设宝鸡畜牧大市,宝鸡市九丰农业科技有限公司在 2004年推广了青贮玉米品种雅玉 8号和粮饲兼用品种农大 108、济单 7号等高蛋白、高脂肪、高赖氨酸、高糖分的品种 6700hm2.据调查测产,一般每 667m2生物产量 4 5～ 6 0t、子粒总产量 400～ 600kg.特别是雅玉 8号品种,受到了畜农的好评,为推广开拓了道路.为了进一步推广青贮玉米品种,促进畜牧业发展,现将存在问题、概念、特点作以下介绍,以便对青贮玉米有进一步的了解.     

高产旱作玉米品种的光合性能及物质生产力研究

通过对 6个玉米品种在旱作条件下的试验研究 ,结果表明 ,高产旱作玉米品种叶面积指数 (LAI)大 ,衰退慢 ,成熟时LAI仍在 2 0以上。吐丝后光合势明显提高 ,较低产品种平均增加4 6 8%。总光合与产量呈极显著正相关 (r =0 8867 )。叶片光合速率增强 ,干物质积累增多 ,向外转移减少。群体穗数与产量无明显相关 ,但单株穗粒数与群体产量呈显著正相关 (r =0 874 7)。     

Growth Analysis of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Relation to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization

Studies were carried out at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore during winter seasons of 1982—83 and 1983—84 to analyse the growth rhythm of onion in relation to irrigation and N fertilization. It was observed that irrigation at 0.45 to 0.65 bar soil water potential recorded higher dry matter accumulation and distribution, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), leaf area ratio (LAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) during most of the stages, while net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not markedly affected. Highest harvest index was noticed with irrigation at 0.65 bar.
Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased dry matter accumulation and distribution into different parts, LAI, LAD, LAR, CGR and harvest index. Although NAR and RGR showed an increasing trend with N fertilization, the effect was not significant during most of the stages. There was no significant interaction between soil water potential and N fertilization on any of the growth parameters.     

作物高产群体LAI动态模拟模型的建立与检验

针对目前已有群体叶面积指数（LAI）模拟模型形式多样、参数较多以及应用性不强等问题,对春玉米、水稻和冬小麦的LAI及出苗至成熟天数进行归一化处理,分别将最大LAI和出苗至成熟天数定为1,以相对LAI (0~1)和相对时间(0~1)为参数进行LAI动态模拟,筛选、建立了一个适用于这3种作物的相对化LAI动态模拟模型y= (a+bx) / (1+cx+dx²)。其中,春玉米y= (0.0134+0.3234x) / (1－2.774x+2.4178x²),r=0.9859**;水稻y= (0.0777+0.0205x) / (1－2.73744x+2.0484x²),r=0.9865**;冬小麦y= (0.0131+0.0035x) / (1－2.4515x+1.5273x²),r=0.9719**。利用该模型,自拔节期起就能够较准确地进行LAI的动态预测,其在春玉米、水稻和冬小麦上的准确度（以k表示）分别为1.050、1.0357和1.1168,精确度（以R²表示）分别为0.8728、0.9270和0.9254。3种作物整个生育期内模型的模拟值与测量值的精确度均在0.98以上,准确度达0.86以上,表明相对化LAI动态模型能够准确地反映作物群体动态变化。不仅可以计算出作物生育期间的平均LAI、总光合势,还能计算任一时刻的LAI以及任一时段的光合势。结合田间调查还可得到作物生长期间的平均净同化率和平均作物生长率等产量相关的重要生理参数。根据作物群体中各光合生理参数与产量的关系,提出了3种作物进一步增产的可能途径。     

Physiological Analysis of Growth and Yield of Watermelon (Citrullus ianatus Thunb Musf) in Relation to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization

Analysis of growth and yield of watermelon in relation to irrigation and N fertilization carried out at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, during 1983–84 and 1984–85 indicated that frequent irrigations when the soil matric potential at 15 cm depth reached -25 kPa resulted in maximum dry matter accumulation and distribution, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) leading to higher fruit yield as compared to irrigations at -50 and -75 kPa. Imposing a stress of -75 kPa either during pre-flowering or flowering or fruit development phase adversely affected various growth parameters resulting in reduced yield as compared to that irrigated uniformly at -25 kPa. Increasing levels of N fertilization increased the dry matter accumulation and distribution through higher LAI, LAD and CGR and contributed larger proportion of the dry matter to fruits resulting in higher fruit yield.     

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Whole-Crop Pea and Pea–Cereal Mixture Silages Grown in South-western Quebec

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities of silages made from whole‐crop pea [Pisum sativum L. (PS)], pea–wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (PW)], pea–barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (PB)] and pea–oat [Avena sativa L. (PO)] mixtures harvested 8 weeks (H8) and 10 weeks (H10) after seeding. Forty‐five days after ensiling, all forages were well ensiled as indicated by low pH and low water‐soluble carbohydrate content and high lactic acid concentration. Regardless of forage type, crude protein (CP) and IVNDFD were higher while starch and acid detergent lignin were lower in H8 than H10. However, harvest date had no effect on neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre of the silages. Within each harvest date, CP was higher while NDF was lower for PS than pea–cereal silages. Differences in CP and fibre fractions between the pea–cereal mixture silages were not consistent for the two harvest dates. The IVDMD of PS was higher than that of the three pea–cereal mixture silages in H8 but was only higher than that of PB in H10. For the pea–cereal mixtures, IVDMD was higher for PO than PB and PW in H8 and was higher for PB than PW in H10. It was concluded that silage from pea monoculture had similar forage yields and a generally higher nutritive value than silages from pea–cereal mixtures.     

基于产量和经济效益分析的青贮玉米-京科青贮516的利用模式研究

青贮玉米有整株青贮和粮饲兼用两种主要利用方式,一些通过审定的青贮玉米品种具有生物产量和子粒产量均较高的特点,而实现经济效益最优最终决定青贮玉米的推广和应用价值。以京科青贮516和农大108两个玉米品种在不同密度条件下的乳熟期整株产量、完熟期子粒产量以及经济效益差异为研究对象,进行了有关的分析与研究,综合比较,整株青贮经济效益要高于收获子粒,京科青贮516在60000株/hm2密度乳熟期生物产量、成熟期子粒产量均最高,不同收获期的所有组合中经济效益居第1位和第2位,乳熟期效益为7113.9元/hm2,完熟期效益为6947.7元/hm2,对乳熟期和完熟期的经济效益值进行成对数据t测验,t=1.775,t0.05=2.571,t     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.     

Growth analysis in a reduced leaf mutant of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary A comparison between the Royal Red bean variety and a reduced leaf mutant on the basis of growth indices is reported. The mutants has lower leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) (–43.7%), higher specific leaf weight (SLW) (on the mean +33.3%) and accumulates less dry matter (–7.7%) than the normal genotype. When the net assimilation rate (NAR) is considered, the mutant is superior to the normal (+62.3%). It is concluded that the unit area of the mutant leaves accumulates dry matter more efficiently than that of the corresponding normal variety.     

青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关性研究

为了在培育高产优质青贮玉米新品种过程中,提高选择效率,筛选源库比例适宜,营养品质较好的品系,从整株角度对青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关关系研究,在田间条件下以31份青贮玉米优良品种/系为试验材料,研究青贮玉米各器官与产量和品质关系。结果表明：选取的不同品种/系青贮玉米的干物质质量、含水量、产量和品质均有较大差异,通过相关分析表明,茎秆、叶片(r2产量=0.528**)和苞叶占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.396*)、苞叶和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与整株中性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片和籽粒(r2=0.381*)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株酸性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片、籽粒和穗轴与其呈负相关。茎秆、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与粗蛋白含量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴(r2=0.660**)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.407*)、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株淀粉含量呈负相关,籽粒(r2=0.359*)和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与其呈正相关。