三江黄牛全基因组数据分析

【目的】研究三江黄牛群体遗传多样性,从基因组层面讨论其群体遗传变异情况。【方法】提取50个体基因组总DNA,等浓度等体积混合,构建混合样本DNA池,利用CovarisS2进行随机打断基因组DNA,电泳回收长度500 bp的DNA片段,构建DNA文库。应用Illumina HiSeq 2000测序,最终得到测序数据。利用BWA软件将短序列比对到牛参考基因组(UMD 3.1),来检测三江黄牛基因组突变情况。SAMtools、Picard-tools、GATK、Reseqtools对重测序数据进行分析,Ensemb1、DAVID、dbSNP数据库对SNPs和indels进行注释。【结果】全基因组重测序分析共计得到77.8 Gb序列数据,测序深度为25.32×,覆盖率为99.31%。测序得到778 403 444个reads和77 840 344 400个碱基,比对到参考基因组(UMD 3.1)的reads为673 670 505,碱基为67 341 451 555,匹配率分别为86.55%和86.51%,成对比对上的reads数为635 242 898(81.61%),成对比对上的碱基数为63 512636 924(81.59%);共确定了20 477 130个SNPs位点和1 355 308个indels,其中2 147 988个SNPs(2.4%)和90 180个indels(6.7%)是新发现的。总SNPs中,鉴定出纯合SNPs989 686(4.83%),杂合SNPs19 487 444(95.17%),纯合/杂合SNP比为1:19.7。转换数为14 800 438个,颠换为6 680 058个,转换/颠换(TS/TV)为2.215。剪切位点突变SNP727个,开始密码子变非开始密码子SNP117个,提前终止密码子的SNP 530个,终止密码子变非终止密码子SNP88个。检测到非同义突变数为57 621,同义突变为83 797,非同义/同义比率为0.69。检测到非同义SNPs分布在9 017个基因上,其中发现567个基因与已报道的重要经济性状相符,肉质、抗病、产奶、生长性状、生殖等相关基因的数量分别为471、77、21、10、8个,其中包括功能相重叠的基因;indels数据中,缺失数量为693 180(51.15%),插入数量为662 148(48.85%),纯合indels数量为161 198(11.89%),杂合indels数量1 194 110(88.11%),大部分的变异都位于基因间隔区和内含子区;三江黄牛全基因组杂合度(H)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)及theta W分别为7.6×10~(-3)、0.0 039、0.0 040,说明其遗传多样性较为丰富。三江黄牛群体Tajima'D为-0.06 832,推测可能由于群体内存在不平衡选择所致。【结论】本研究为进一步分析与经济性状相关的遗传学机制和保护三江黄牛品种遗传多样性提供了基因组数据支持。     

A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila

We report on the quality of a whole-genome assembly of Drosophila melanogaster and the nature of the computer algorithms that accomplished it. Three independent external data sources essentially agree with and support the assembly's sequence and ordering of contigs across the euchromatic portion of the genome. In addition, there are isolated contigs that we believe represent nonrepetitive pockets within the heterochromatin of the centromeres. Comparison with a previously sequenced 2.9- megabase region indicates that sequencing accuracy within nonrepetitive segments is greater than 99. 99% without manual curation. As such, this initial reconstruction of the Drosophila sequence should be of substantial value to the scientific community.     

A comparison of whole-genome shotgun-derived mouse chromosome 16 and the human genome

The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.     

The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster

The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.     

A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)

We have produced a draft sequence of the rice genome for the most widely cultivated subspecies in China, Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica, by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The genome was 466 megabases in size, with an estimated 46,022 to 55,615 genes. Functional coverage in the assembled sequences was 92.0%. About 42.2% of the genome was in exact 20-nucleotide oligomer repeats, and most of the transposons were in the intergenic regions between genes. Although 80.6% of predicted Arabidopsis thaliana genes had a homolog in rice, only 49.4% of predicted rice genes had a homolog in A. thaliana. The large proportion of rice genes with no recognizable homologs is due to a gradient in the GC content of rice coding sequences.     

辣椒疫霉拮抗菌Y4-39全基因组测序与分析

【目的】解析辣椒疫霉拮抗菌Y4-39的全基因组序列信息,阐明其防病促生机制,为其开发和应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用三代牛津纳米孔测序（ONT）和二代测序平台（BGISEQ）相结合的方法,对从黑水虻肠道分离获得的对辣椒疫霉具有较强抑制活性的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis） Y4-39进行全基因组测序、组装、基因预测和功能注释,并进行比较基因组学分析,从全基因组水平挖掘菌株Y4-39的次生代谢产物合成基因簇。【结果】菌株Y4-39全基因组大小为3891759 bp,GC含量46.67%,编码3713个蛋白基因,27个rRNA和86个tRNA基因,不含质粒。基于全基因组序列构建的B.velezensis系统发育进化树可分为5个亚群,亚群间的平均核苷酸一致率（ANI）大于97%,亚群内各菌株之间ANI大于98%。预测得到12个潜在的次生代谢产物合成基因簇,包括表面活性素、大环内酰亚胺H、bacillaene、芬枯草菌素、地非西丁、杆菌素和杆菌溶素等抑菌活性物质,同时还存在5个产物未知的次生代谢产物合成基因簇。【结论】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌种内存在一定程度的分化。菌株Y4-39基因组含有多个次生代谢产物合成基因簇,具有合成多种抑菌活性物质的能力,具有较好的应用前景。     

Whole-genome shotgun assembly and analysis of the genome of Fugu rubripes

The compact genome of Fugu rubripes has been sequenced to over 95% coverage, and more than 80% of the assembly is in multigene-sized scaffolds. In this 365-megabase vertebrate genome, repetitive DNA accounts for less than one-sixth of the sequence, and gene loci occupy about one-third of the genome. As with the human genome, gene loci are not evenly distributed, but are clustered into sparse and dense regions. Some "giant" genes were observed that had average coding sequence sizes but were spread over genomic lengths significantly larger than those of their human orthologs. Although three-quarters of predicted human proteins have a strong match to Fugu, approximately a quarter of the human proteins had highly diverged from or had no pufferfish homologs, highlighting the extent of protein evolution in the 450 million years since teleosts and mammals diverged. Conserved linkages between Fugu and human genes indicate the preservation of chromosomal segments from the common vertebrate ancestor, but with considerable scrambling of gene order.     

Human genome. Storm erupts over terms for publishing Celera's sequence

A dispute has been raging behind the scenes for weeks over the conditions under which Celera Genomics is prepared to make its human genome sequence data publicly available. The argument went public on 6 December, when geneticist Michael Ashburner e-mailed an open letter to Science's board of reviewing editors and members of the press slamming an agreement on data release that Science had reached with Celera as a condition for accepting its paper for review. This spat is the latest round in an intense rivalry between Celera president J. Craig Venter and leaders of the Human Genome Project, a publicly funded consortium that has produced its own draft human genome sequence.     

一株分离自鸡肉样品的多重耐药大肠埃希菌的全基因组测序及耐药性研究

以分离自宁波市市售鸡肉中的一株大肠埃希菌ECCNB12-2为研究对象,使用微量肉汤稀释法进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定,结果显示,该菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、大观霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考、磺胺异恶唑、复方新诺明、头孢噻夫、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星等10种抗生素耐药。采用第三代高通量测序技术对该菌株进行全基因组测序,随后对基因组完成图进行获得性耐药基因、毒力因子、质粒水平转移元件预测。菌株ECCNB12-2染色体基因组大小为5 539 489 bp,GC含量为50.37%,同时携带有4个质粒,大小分别为147 451 bp(pTB-nb1)、139 752 bp(pTB-nb2)、82 252 bp(pTB-nb3)、253 793 bp(pTB-nb4)。获得性耐药基因预测结果显示,染色体基因组、质粒pTB-nb1及质粒pTB-nb4上共携带有40个获得性耐药基因,同时菌株基因组检测出12个毒力因子。质粒水平转移元件预测结果显示,pTB-nb4质粒包含完整的水平转移系统,理论上具有高度的自主接合转移潜力。以上研究表明,分离自市售鸡肉样品的ECCNB12-2菌株是一株高风险的多重耐药菌株,反映了市售鸡肉中细菌耐药状况的严重性,相关研究结果为食源性细菌耐药安全风险评估提供了参考。     

A BAC-based physical map of the major autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of chromosomes 2 and 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which constitute 81% of the genome. Sequence tagged site (STS) content, restriction fingerprinting, and polytene chromosome in situ hybridization approaches were integrated to produce a map spanning the euchromatin. Three of five remaining gaps are in repeat-rich regions near the centromeres. A tiling path of clones spanning this map and STS maps of chromosomes X and 4 was sequenced to low coverage; the maps and tiling path sequence were used to support and verify the whole-genome sequence assembly, and tiling path BACs were used as templates in sequence finishing.     

灰盖鬼伞基因组中微卫星序列的组成

本研究利用已公布的灰盖鬼伞基因组测序结果,对该真菌基因组中的微卫星(microsatellite)或简单重复序列(simplesequence repeats,SSRs)进行了系统分析。结果表明,在已公布的36.2 Mb的基因组序列中,共有7 859个SSR序列(长度大于15bp,匹配值大于80%)。SSR的碱基总数达143 kb,约占整个基因组碱基数的0.40%,平均4.61 kb中就有1个大于15 bp的SSR序列。其中数量最多的是3碱基SSR,数量达到3 033个,其次为6碱基重复序列(2 121个)、5碱基重复序列(1 820个),这3种SSR总数达6 974个,占SSR总数的84.9%,单碱基重复序列数量最少,仅有285个。与子囊菌中的稻瘟病菌和粗糙脉孢菌相比,灰盖鬼伞菌基因组中每百万碱基中的SSR数量和密度都较小。这些研究结果可为该担子菌基因组的特征描述、注释及分子标记的筛选提供基础信息。     

The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray)

We report the draft genome of the black cottonwood tree, Populus trichocarpa. Integration of shotgun sequence assembly with genetic mapping enabled chromosome-scale reconstruction of the genome. More than 45,000 putative protein-coding genes were identified. Analysis of the assembled genome revealed a whole-genome duplication event; about 8000 pairs of duplicated genes from that event survived in the Populus genome. A second, older duplication event is indistinguishably coincident with the divergence of the Populus and Arabidopsis lineages. Nucleotide substitution, tandem gene duplication, and gross chromosomal rearrangement appear to proceed substantially more slowly in Populus than in Arabidopsis. Populus has more protein-coding genes than Arabidopsis, ranging on average from 1.4 to 1.6 putative Populus homologs for each Arabidopsis gene. However, the relative frequency of protein domains in the two genomes is similar. Overrepresented exceptions in Populus include genes associated with lignocellulosic wall biosynthesis, meristem development, disease resistance, and metabolite transport.     

A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)

The genome of the japonica subspecies of rice, an important cereal and model monocot, was sequenced and assembled by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The assembled sequence covers 93% of the 420-megabase genome. Gene predictions on the assembled sequence suggest that the genome contains 32,000 to 50,000 genes. Homologs of 98% of the known maize, wheat, and barley proteins are found in rice. Synteny and gene homology between rice and the other cereal genomes are extensive, whereas synteny with Arabidopsis is limited. Assignment of candidate rice orthologs to Arabidopsis genes is possible in many cases. The rice genome sequence provides a foundation for the improvement of cereals, our most important crops.     

琯溪蜜柚BAC文库的构建和汁胞粒化相关基因的筛选

【目的】构建琯溪蜜柚BAC文库,利用该文库筛选与汁胞粒化相关的基因。【方法】用温和的物理方法获得高分子量DNA,部分酶切后进行回收、连接、转化,超低温保存阳性克隆。构建DNA样品混合样,PCR法筛选文库,生物信息学分析DNA序列。【结果】改进了适合琯溪蜜柚BAC文库构建的方法;构建的琯溪蜜柚BAC文库含有26112个单克隆,空载率小于1%,叶绿体DNA的污染率不超过1%,插入片段平均大小大约120kb,覆盖8倍的琯溪蜜柚基因组。利用与琯溪蜜柚汁胞粒化相关的EST序列设计PCR引物筛选文库,得到一段大小为1088 bp的DNA序列,该序列含有两段大小分别为122bp和172bp的内含子,经同源比对发现,该序列中部分序列与蓖麻(Ricinus communis)、杨树(Populus trichocarpa)多铜氧化酶(multicopper oxidase)cDNA序列分别有85%和71%的同源性;与毛叶番荔枝(Annona cherimola)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)果胶酯酶(pectinesterase)cDNA序列分别有76%和73%的同源性。【结论】本研究构建的BAC文库适用于琯溪蜜柚功能基因组的研究,从BAC文库筛选获得的DNA序列与汁胞粒化相关的基因有高度同源性。     

基于高通量测序组装‘赤霞珠’叶绿体基因组及其特征分析

【目的】以欧亚种葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)为试材,建立适于葡萄属(Vitis)植物完整叶绿体基因组组装及其特征分析的方法,为研究葡萄属植物的进化和系统发育提供方法指导。【方法】采用Illumina Hi Seq PE150双末端测序策略对其全基因组DNA建库测序,建库类型为350 bp DNA小片段文库,测序深度为10倍。以已发表的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和欧亚种葡萄‘黑比诺’(Pinot Noir)的叶绿体基因组序列为参考,通过BLASTN比对提取葡萄叶绿体基因组序列,并用SOAPdenovo软件进行组装,得到‘赤霞珠’完整的叶绿体基因组并对其进行特征分析。【结果】基于高通量Illumina测序,共获得5.2 G的全基因组原始数据,其中,葡萄叶绿体基因组序列为0.42 G,约占全基因组序列的8%。用抽提出来的葡萄叶绿体基因组序列成功组装出‘赤霞珠’完整叶绿体基因组。特征分析表明,叶绿体基因组序列全长160 676 bp,包括大单拷贝区(large single copy,LSC)、小单拷贝区(small single copy,SSC)和2个反向重复序列(inverted repeat,IRA和IRB),长度分别为89 134、19 072和26 235 bp,具有典型被子植物叶绿体基因组环状四分体结构;共注释得到154个基因,包括99个蛋白编码基因、47个t RNA基因和8个r RNA基因;其叶绿体基因组的GC含量为37.43%;共检测到37个串联重复序列(tandem repeat sequence)和53个散在重复序列(dispersed repeats),其中,绝大部分串联重复序列的长度为11—42 bp,占叶绿体基因组序列的0.83%,而散在重复序列占叶绿体基因组序列的5.33%;此外,还检测到50个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSR)位点,大部分的SSRs均由A或T组成,同时SSRs在‘赤霞珠’叶绿体基因组上的分布是不均匀的,LSC区段含有39个SSRs,而SSC区段和IR区段分别仅有7个和4个SSRs;与蛋白编码基因对应的密码子偏好使用A/T碱基,并且编码亮氨酸(L)的密码子使用频率最高,而编码半胱氨酸(C)的密码子使用频率最低;系统发育分析表明‘赤霞珠’与‘黑比诺’、夏葡萄(Vitis aestivalis)、圆叶葡萄(Vitis rotundifolia)亲缘关系最近。【结论】基于全基因组高通量测序的方法,成功组装出‘赤霞珠’完整的叶绿体基因组,与传统获得叶绿体基因组的方法相比,此方法不需要分离叶绿体和提取cpDNA,缩短了试验时间、降低了劳动强度,并且极大地提高了试验的可行性。‘赤霞珠’叶绿体基因组的基因结构、基因顺序、GC含量和密码子偏好性均与典型的被子植物叶绿体基因组类似。     

福尔马林固定匙吻鲟样本线粒体基因组的测定

在鱼类分子系统学的研究中,常常会碰到样本难以采集而博物馆中保存的大量标本又因经过福尔马林处理而无法利用的难题,比如:鲟形目鱼类。为了研究鲟鱼的系统分类,获取福尔马林固定标本的线粒体基因组,我们将匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)样本用福尔马林进行不同时间的固定(1 h、1 d、3 d、10 d、30 d和150d),采用提取古DNA的方法获得样本的DNA,以新鲜匙吻鲟线粒体基因组设计诱饵(Baits),通过靶基因富集"钓取"固定样本中的线粒体基因组序列,进行Illumina测序,获得线粒体基因组序列。结果表明处理1 h、1 d、10 d、30 d、150 d的匙吻鲟样本测得的线粒体基因组序列长度均为16 524 bp,覆盖率为100%,目标序列占总数据的比率均大于45%,错误率均为0。另外,采用Q-ratio方法检测固定时间对DNA片段化的影响:前端引物保持不变,设计4种右端引物分别进行PCR扩增,目标片段长度分别为41、129、305和650 bp。结果前3组引物在各样本DNA中均扩增成功,650 bp片段引物仅在固定1 h的样本DNA中扩增成功;固定时间越长,各组引物所得到的Q-ratio值(不同长度扩增片段和41 bp扩增片段的比值)越低,DNA片段化程度越大。此研究结果可为提取福尔马林固定标本DNA用于分子遗传学研究提供参考。     

Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations

Individual differences in DNA sequence are the genetic basis of human variability. We have characterized whole-genome patterns of common human DNA variation by genotyping 1,586,383 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 71 Americans of European, African, and Asian ancestry. Our results indicate that these SNPs capture most common genetic variation as a result of linkage disequilibrium, the correlation among common SNP alleles. We observe a strong correlation between extended regions of linkage disequilibrium and functional genomic elements. Our data provide a tool for exploring many questions that remain regarding the causal role of common human DNA variation in complex human traits and for investigating the nature of genetic variation within and between human populations.     

凭祥睑虎线粒体基因组序列测定与分析

采用PCR扩增方法测定了凭祥睑虎(Goniurosaurus luii)线粒体基因组全序列。经测序线粒体基因组全长16 519 bp,含有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个r RNA基因、22个t RNA基因和1个控制区。凭祥睑虎线粒体基因组碱基组成分别为A(34.11%)、T(27.43%)、C(26.01%)、G(12.45%)。除t RNA-Ser(AGY)外,其余21个t RNA基因的二级结构均为典型的三叶草结构。13个蛋白质编码基因中,7个基因(ND1、ND4、ND5、COⅡ、COⅢ、ATP8、ATP6)的起始密码子为ATG,2个基因(ND2、ND3)为ATA,2个基因(ND4L、Cytb)为ACA,剩余2个分别为ATC(COI)和GTG(ND6)。终止密码子一般都是TAA、AGA或者TAA,ND2、ND3、ND4、ND6、ATP6、COⅢ6个基因由不完全终止密码子终止(TA或T)。控制区全长1 147 bp,含有7个串联重复序列、6个终止相关序列TAS和2个保守序列(CBS-2,CBS-3)。     

核桃早实性相关SCAR标记(1-1500)基因末端序列的克隆

[目的]克隆SCAR标记的核桃早实性相关基因片段[1](AFLP早实分子标记转化成的SCAR标记)的末端序列,为验证其功能和早实核桃分子育种奠定基础.[方法]采用RACE技术对SCARE标记的核桃早实性相关基因片段设计特异性PCR引物,并扩增其末端序列.[结果]分别获得了长度为453 bp和463 bp的片段,通过与NCBI核酸数据库中已经发表的序列进行比对分析,发现该基因3'末端含有358个核苷酸非编码序列.其核酸序列与葡萄假定蛋白相应部位同源性为55.26;,与葡萄重叠群相应部位同源性为38.38;,与线虫枯粒Y38F2AR基因全序列相应部位相似性为40.86;,和野猪免疫球蛋白超家族成员相应部位的相似性为39.75;,具有poly(A)尾.5'末端含有248个核苷酸非编码序列,其核酸序列与葡萄重叠群基因组鸟枪全序列相应部位同源性为39.07;,与拟南芥基因组DNA 3号染色体相应部位的同源性为42.22;,与嗜热四膜虫假定蛋白基因序列相应部位相似性为44.53;,和斑马鱼DNA序列DKEY-120E17克隆2号连锁群全序列相应部位相似性为42.30;.[结论]试验采用的3'和5'末端快速扩增技术(3'RACE和5'RACE技术)能很好地扩增核桃早实性相关基因的末端序列.     

中华绒螯蟹血细胞cDNA文库的构建及质量初检

为了筛选中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis血细胞免疫的相关基因,促进蟹类免疫防治的进展,采用Gubler-Hoffman法构建了中华绒螯蟹血细胞的cDNA文库。结果表明：该文库初始滴度为4.50×106cfu/mL,库容为3.3×106cfu/mL,重组率为73%,插入片段大小多为800~2 500 bp。随机挑取了94个重组子进行测序初检,共得到93条平均长度为511 bp的表达序列标签（EST）序列,对所测EST序列进行拼接,得到75条一致性序列,包括15条重叠群（Contigs）和60条单一序列（Singleton）。对测序结果进行比对分析,获得了15条已报道有一定功能的一致性序列,其中4条与免疫相关;另外60条一致性序列还未见报道。研究表明,中华绒螯蟹血细胞cDNA文库已构建成功,且质量较高,从而为开展中华绒螯蟹功能基因克隆、分析和功能基因组学研究奠定了基础。