一株H9亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物特性研究

2013年中国吉林某养鸡场发生疑似H9亚型禽流感疫情,采集该发病鸡场病料接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,分离得到一株病毒。经血凝(HA)试验、血凝抑制(HI)试验、测序分析,鉴定该毒株为H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)。对本试验分离株HA基因进行测序及序列分析,结果显示分离株HA基因的裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的基因特征;HA肽链具有9个潜在糖基化位点,与近些年H9亚型AIV分离株的潜在糖基化位点相同;具有8个受体结合位点,其中234位受体结合位点由谷氨酰胺(Q)变异成苏氨酸(T);HA基因系统进化树结果显示本试验分离株属于欧亚进化分支,与中国最早分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)亲缘关系较远,与2007年后中国H9亚型AIV主要流行分支的代表株A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)亲缘关系较近。将该毒株制成油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后第21天免疫鸡血清抗体高达10log2,表明本试验分离株具有很好的免疫原性。     

1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒贵州分离株HA和NA基因克隆与序列分析

为了解 H6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)在贵州地区的流行情况,本研究对2014年从贵州省三穗鸭体内分离鉴定出的1株H6N6亚型AIV (A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014) HA和NA基因进行了克隆和序列分析。结果显示,A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014的HA基因与华东地区2009年鸭源H6N6亚型AIV同源性最高,达97.5%,HA蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列为P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;而NA基因则与福建2007年鸭源H6N6亚型AIV同源性最高,达98.2%;由遗传进化树分析结果可知,HA和NA基因在遗传进化关系上,与湖南毒株位于同一分支,而与2007年贵州分离的3株H6N6亚型AIV不处于同一分支,说明A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014与本地区的H6N6亚型AIV亲缘关系较远。本研究结果表明当前贵州地区H6N6亚型AIV存在明显的遗传多样性。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素特异性单因子血清制备

为制备特异性的H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)单因子血清,本研究分别将6株不同亚群的H9亚型AIV的血凝素(HA)基因以鸡偏嗜的密码子进行优化,经全基因合成插入高效真核表达载体pCAGGS中,构建的真核重组质粒转染293T细胞进行瞬时表达,间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,重组质粒中的HA目的基因获得表达.将重组质粒以200μg/只的剂量免疫1月龄SPF鸡,6周后采血分离血清.交叉微量血凝抑制试验结果表明,血凝抑制效价可达8 long2～12 log2,灵敏度高,与其他AIV亚型抗原无交叉反应,型特异性强.     

基于马赛克HA序列的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效力分析

H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。     

表达分泌型与膜结合型HH7N9 AIV血凝素蛋白重组NDV载体疫苗的免疫原性比较

研究以新城疫病毒(NDV)弱毒株LX为载体,构建了一株表达H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(H7N9 AIV)血凝素(HA)胞外区的重组病毒(LXs HA),并与一株前期构建的表达膜结合型HA的重组病毒(LXHAF)进行比较。生物学特性评价显示,两株病毒均为弱毒且在鸡胚中的繁殖性能较强。此外,LXs HA主要以分泌形式表达HA蛋白,而LXHAF则以膜结合形式表达HA。鸡的免疫试验显示,两株重组病毒在一次免疫后均能诱导针对NDV载体的血凝抑制抗体,但LXHAF能够诱导较高水平的H7N9 AIV特异性Ig Y抗体,而LXs HA不能诱导H7N9 AIV抗体应答。结果表明,表达膜结合型HA的重组病毒具有针对H7N9 AIV较好的免疫原性,而表达分泌型HA的重组病毒免疫原性较差。这为研发H7N9亚型禽流感载体疫苗提供新的信息与参考。     

表达高致病性H7N9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的重组杆状病毒疫苗候选株的构建与免疫效果评估

为了有效防控H7N9亚型禽流感疫情,研制能够预防高致病性H7N9亚型禽流感的疫苗非常必要。研究基于昆虫杆状病毒表达载体系统(BEVS),构建并拯救了一株表达高致病性H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素蛋白(HA)的重组杆状病毒rBac-GD15HA。间接免疫荧光试验及免疫印迹试验鉴定结果表明rBac-GD15HA的HA蛋白在Sf9细胞中成功表达;重组病毒细胞传代试验结果表明rBac-GD15HA在传代过程中能保持较高的病毒滴度,且遗传稳定;鸡的免疫试验结果显示,重组疫苗在一次免疫后即能诱导较高水平的针对H7N9 AIV的抗体应答,并能提供针对高致病性H7N9 AIV 100%的临床保护。因此,研究结果可作为H7N9亚型禽流感疫苗研发策略的参考,为其防控提供一种安全有效的方法,也为今后广谱流感疫苗的研发奠定一定的基础。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株的分离鉴定和免疫原性评价

2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID₅₀）为10^9.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。     

2012~2015年H9N2亚型AIV分离株HA基因的克隆及序列分析

为了解近年来中国部分地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒流行特点及遗传进化情况,利用RT-PCR方法扩增2012~2015年分离的17株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA基因片段,并进行序列测定和遗传进化分析,同时对HA蛋白的裂解位点、受体结合位点和潜在的糖基化位点进行分析。结果显示,17株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因核苷酸和推导的氨基酸同源性分别为87%~100%和75%~100%,均属于Y280-like亚系毒株。HA基因裂解位点均为非连续碱性氨基酸,属于低致病力毒株。HA基因受体结合位点149、198、234和235位氨基酸存在变异,其中,16株分离毒株的234位氨基酸由Q突变为L,表现出人流感病毒受体结合特征。潜在糖基化位点分析结果显示,11株病毒在218位氨基酸处缺失1个糖基化位点,4株病毒在492位氨基酸处缺失1个糖基化位点,17株病毒在313位氨基酸处增加1个糖基化位点。研究结果表明,应加强对H9N2亚型AIV的流行病学监测,关注疫苗毒株与流行毒株的差异。     

泛素化激酶Cbl蛋白对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒早期复制的抑制作用

为研究Cbl蛋白(Casitas b-lineage lymphoma)对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)复制的影响,采用PCR技术扩增Cbl基因片段并连接到FLAG-N载体中,Western blot技术验证FLAG-Cbl重组载体表达及病毒NP蛋白的表达情况,并采用荧光定量PCR技术检测病毒的血凝素(HA)、核蛋白(NP)和非结构蛋白(NS)基因水平;采用RNAi技术检测Cbl对病毒HA基因表达水平的影响。结果显示:EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切鉴定及测序分析发现,成功构建真核表达重组载体FLAG-Cbl; Western blot结果证实H9N2亚型AIV感染FLAG-Cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞6 h时,病毒NP蛋白表达降低;荧光定量PCR结果证实病毒NP、NS及HA基因在AIV感染FLAG-cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞的6和12 h时表达水平均明显降低;RNAi敲低A549细胞内源性Cbl蛋白后,H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因表达水平在病毒感染12、24和36 h明显升高。结果表明:Cbl蛋白能在早期抑制H9N2亚型AIV在A549细胞上的复制,为深入研究Cbl蛋白抗病毒复制的机制提供了重要的试验依据,同时为开展抗AIV的药物研发提供了参考。     

我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白145和153位抗原位点变异分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素蛋白(HA)易发生抗原漂移,但识别我国H9N2亚型AIV流行株抗原差异性的关键抗原位点还不清楚.选取两株血凝抑制(HI)效价高的H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体2E4与2D6对A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998(H9N2)毒株施加抗体压力制备单抗逃逸突变株,鉴定抗原位点...     

Expression of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus HA Gene and Preparation of its Mono-specific Serum

To prepare the mono-specific serum to diagnose H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV),this test extracted H9N2 subtype AIV RNA and then amplified the upper HA1 gene,the middle HA2 gene and the lower HA3 gene by RT-PCR,respectively.Then they were inserted into expression vector pET-32a(+) and transformed into BL21(Rosetta) expression strain.The expressed proteins were used to immune Kunming White mice to prepare antiserum.Recombinant fusion proteins of HA1 HA2 and HA3 were obtained successfully and they showed good immunogenicity.Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) showed that the two serums obtained by the upper HA1 and the middle HA2 could react with the H9N2 subtype AIV,while that of the lower HA3 could not.Recombinant Marek's disease virus (MDV) MZC12 HA/NA also proved that the serums prepared by HA1 and HA2 could recognize the expression of HA gene.The mono-specific serum of H9N2 subtype AIV was prepared successfully,which could lay the foundation for the diagnosis and research of H9N2 subtype AIV.     

Isolation,Identification and Immunogenicity Evaluation of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus HF Strain

In 2015,an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) strain was isolated from a chicken farm in Hefei,Anhui,and named HF strain.The results of the chicken embryo proliferation characteristics study showed that the half infection rate of chicken embryo (EID₅₀) was 10^9.17/0.1 mL,and the mean time to death for minimum lethal dose(MDT) was 87 h.The analysis result of HA gene showed that its amino acid cleavage site was located in RSSR↓GLF,which accorded with the characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza.The genetic evolution analysis of HA gene revealed that the isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage,which accorded with the current virus strain epidemic characteristics.The HF strain was prepared with 10 H9N2 subtype AIV isolates which isolated from all over the country from 2006 to 2018 to prepare inactivated vaccines,immunize SPF chickens,prepare positive sera,and analyze the virus antigenicity by cross hemagglutination inhibition test.The results showed that the correlation between the HF strain and the virus antigens before 2014 and was between 0.50-0.56,and the virus antigen correlation after 2014 was 0.89-1.00.This showed that the isolate had good antigenic correlation with epidemic strains in recent years.Inactivate HF strain virus solution with 0.2% formaldehydel,and its HA titer did not change before and after inactivation.After the inactivated virus solution was prepared into an oil emulsion inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens,21 days after immunization,the average value of the HI antibody titer reached 9.0log2.It could make immune chicken completely resistant to H9 subtype AIV infection and provide 100% protection from challenge.The above research results showed that the HF strain had good immunogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate strain for the prevention of H9N2 subtype AIV.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of HA and NA Genes of One Strain of H6N6 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Guizhou Province

To investigate the epidemic situation of H6N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in Guizhou province,A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was isolated from Sansui duck in live poultry market of Guizhou in 2014,the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of DK/GZ/14 were subjected to clone and sequence analysis.The results showed that HA gene had the highest nucleotide homologies (97.5%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Eastern China in 2009,and the strains of HA gene proteolytic cleavage sites was P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,which accordeol with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV).However,NA gene of A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 had the highest nucleotide homologies (98.2%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Fujian in 2007.The phylogenetic tree showed that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 and Hunan strains located in the same branch,while three duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Guizhou in 2007 and A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 located in the different branch for HA and NA genes in genetic evolution,which suggested that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was far with the local H6N6 subtype.The results also clearly indicated that duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV had genetic diversity in duck population in Guizhou.     

3株H3N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因组特征与演化分析

旨在了解浙江地区家禽H3N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）的流行变异情况,采用RT-PCR技术对2021年浙江923份样品进行检测,对AIV分离株进行分子特征及遗传演化分析。结果表明,AIV样品阳性率为7.69%（71/923）;共分离到2株鸡源和1株鸭源H3N2亚型AIVs,其HA和NA基因相似性分别为93.4%～100%和94.0%～99.9%,分离株内部基因片段来源复杂,与H1N2、H1N4、H10N7等亚型亲缘关系密切;遗传进化分析显示,H3N2亚型AIV主要流行于华东地区,鸭是其主要宿主,3株H3N2亚型分离株 HA和NA基因均属于禽源进化分支;分离株HA蛋白裂解位点均为PEKQTR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒特征,HA蛋白与受体结合相关位点为226Q和228G,PB2蛋白与哺乳动物适应性相关的氨基酸位点为627E,均不同于人流感病毒对应蛋白的相关位点（226L、228S和627K）,推测其跨种传播至人的潜力较低;分离株PB1蛋白的66位氨基酸突变为S,提示其对哺乳动物的致病性可能增强。综上所述,本研究分离的H3N2亚型AIV符合低致病性禽流感病毒特征,基因片段来源复杂,跨种传播至人的潜力较低,但是否影响对宿主的致病性仍需进一步探究。     

Establishment of a Duplex Real-time RT-PCR for Detection of H6N1 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus

According to the sequences of HA and NA genes of H6 and N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV),two pairs of specific primers and two TaqMan probes with different fluorescence were designed.The duplex Real-time RT-PCR assay was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect H6 and N1 subtypes AIV in one reaction.The result showed that the specificity of this assay was high and only amplified H6 and N1 subtypes AIV,and was not cross-reactive with other H and N subtypes AIV,newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.The detection limit of this assay was 100 copies/μL of H6N1 subtype AIV.This newly developed duplex Real-time RT-PCR assay was a rapid,specific and sensitive method for the detection of H6N1 subtype AIV,and it could provid a technical support to prevent and control H6N1 subtype AIV.     

2株云南H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因序列分析

在2019年1月-2019年6月对云南出现呼吸道疫病的57个鸡场进行H9亚型禽流感检测的基础上,选取石林和楚雄2个H9亚型禽流感阳性样品进行病毒分离。从分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,采用特异性引物经反转录PCR分别扩增HA和NA基因,PCR产物纯化后进行测序。序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,云南2株H9N2毒株HA基因核苷酸序列同源性为94.2%,NA基因核苷酸序列同源性为93.6%,系统进化分析表明云南H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因均属于欧亚谱系中的类ADKHKY28097分支（Y280-like）,ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 HA基因之间的同源性为94.3%,与参考毒株ACKJX2448的同源性最高,为95.6%~98.5%,与中国流行的H9N2代表株和疫苗株同源性较低。HA蛋白333-340位裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GLF,具有低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征,受体结合位点均发生E198T和Q234L的突变,具有人样受体结合特征,在29、141、298、305、313、492位氨基酸有6个糖基化位点。ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 NA基因同源性为93.6%,与Y280-like代表毒株的同源性分别为97.1%~97.5%和93.7%~94.6%,NA蛋白缺失63、64、65位氨基酸,在44、69、86、146、200、234位氨基酸处存在6个潜在的糖基化位点,NA蛋白红细胞结合（HB）位点分析发现,368-369、399-403、432位氨基酸处存在变异。研究结果显示,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒一直处于不断的变异之中,故应加强其监测与防控。