Study on the Morphology and Fuction of the Duodenum in Lambs with Same Weaning Age but Different Body Weight

To understand the effect of intestinal digestion and absorption on the growth and development of lambs.60 5-month and healthy lambs were selected as the study subjects which were F1 generation hybridized by Altay sheep × Teksaier sheep and were fed in the same rearing conditions and had the same weaning date.And then, 8 lambs with significant weight differences were equally divided into HBW group and LBW group, the former with average weight (37.20±2.80)kg and the latter with average weight (28.24±3.75)kg.Measurements were to be performed for the differences in the morphological indicators of villus in duodenum, digestive enzyme activity in duodenum and sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the lambs'mucosa.The results showed that the villus height and crypt depth of duodenum in HBW group were significantly lower than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), there were no significant differences in the mucosal thickness and V/C between two groups (P> 0.05);The amylase activity in HBW group was significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), the activities of maltase, lactase and sucrase in HBW group were extremely significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.01), there were no significant differences in the activities of lipase and protease between two groups (P> 0.05);The expression amount of SGLT1 in HBW group was significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), the expression amount of GLUT2 in HBW group was extremely significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.01).In conclusion, there was close correlation between the weight increment of the lambs and digestive and absorptive functions of duodenum, and that further research and study need to be conducted to have a better understanding of the regulating mechanism of molecular biology for digestive enzyme and glucose transporter.     

低聚糖对断奶羔羊小肠黏膜形态结构的影响

研究2种低聚糖对肉用羔羊生产性能及小肠黏膜结构的影响。选用40只陶赛特F_2代健康的、体重、日龄相近的断奶雄性羔羊,随机分为4组。对照组不加低聚糖,另外3组分别添加4.5 g低聚果糖、4.5 g低聚异麦芽糖及4.5 g低聚果糖和低聚异麦芽糖(低聚异麦芽糖1.5 g,低聚果糖3 g),饲喂35 d后,采用组织学技术,对羔羊小肠黏膜的形态结构进行观察研究。结果显示,低聚糖可降低羔羊的采食量和料重比,增加小肠绒毛的高度以及增大空肠、回肠的V/C比值,从而促进小肠对营养物质的吸收与小肠的分泌功能,提高肉用羔羊生产性能。     

1~35日龄羔羊小肠消化酶活性的研究

选取初生体重(3.38±0.33)kg的小尾寒羊公羊56只,分为2组,从4日龄起分别饲喂牛奶粉代乳料或鱼粉代乳料,并在21日龄将原饲喂牛奶粉代乳料和鱼粉代乳料的羔羊各8只转喂开食料,在7、14、21、28和35日龄各屠宰4只,取小肠各段食糜,测定小肠食糜上清液的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的酶活性及体增重,以研究不同日龄和不同代乳条件下羔羊小肠消化酶的发育。结果表明,饲喂牛奶粉代乳料时羔羊小肠α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄变化,饲喂牛奶粉代乳料时羔羊日增重平均为157.2 g/(只·d),随日龄变化不显著;饲喂鱼粉代乳料时羔羊小肠的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性在不同日龄均低于饲喂牛奶粉代乳料羔羊,平均分别低43.7%、46.0%、35.2%和10.2%,饲喂鱼粉代乳料时羔羊日增重降低,特别是在21日龄后,提示可能受鱼粉蛋白免疫反应的影响。在21日龄给羔羊转喂开食料,羔羊小肠的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性降低,但之后逐渐恢复,在21日龄前饲喂牛奶粉代乳料的羔羊转喂开食料时α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶和胰蛋白酶活性降低的程度较饲喂鱼粉代乳料的大,但活性仍较高。由本研究得出结论,1~35日龄羔羊小肠α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄增加,乳糖酶活性随日龄降低;羔羊饲喂鱼粉代乳料时小肠消化酶活性显著降低;在21日龄转喂开食料后,羔羊出现消化障碍,但较短期内可恢复。     

羔羊小肠pH及主要消化酶发育规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)pH及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定，结果表明：羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH不同，回肠pH显著高于空肠，空肠和回肠pH显著高于十二指肠，羔羊1月龄后，小肠各段pH变化不大；小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性不同，空肠段淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性增加，3月龄后各消化酶活性变化差异不显著(P＜O．05)；羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同，空肠乳糖酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

两肉羊品种羔羊与其杂一代羔羊哺乳期生长速度的研究

本试验对纯种德国美利奴羊和罗姆尼希尔斯羊品种羔羊及其杂1代羔羊在哺乳期不同阶段的生长速度进行了研究观察。结果表明:在相同饲养管理条件下,两肉羊品种羔羊的日增重和体重均大于德巴杂1代羔羊和罗巴杂1代羔羊的日增重和体重,差异极显著(P<0.01);德国美利奴羔羊与罗姆尼希尔斯羔羊的平均日增重和体重差异不显著(P>0.05),德巴杂1代羔羊与罗巴杂1代羔羊的平均日增重和体重差异也不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同日龄断奶对多浪羔羊增重的影响

新生羔羊自10日龄开始母仔分群、强化补饲。一定时间后，根据羔羊出生登记表分别抽取出生后50～70日龄、70～90日龄、90～110日龄羔羊5、10和10只．强制断奶．改变饲养管理方式。结果显示．一月后三组日龄羔羊哺乳期增重无显著差异，而断奶改为育肥后，增重情况却有了显著变化。     

开食料补饲日龄对羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响

为研究开食料补饲日龄对羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响,选用72只体重接近的湖羊初生公羔(双羔,初生重3.51±0.52 kg),随机分为2组,7或42 d补饲开食料,每组36只羔羊。分别在14,28,42,56,70和84 d每组各屠宰6只羔羊,采集瘤胃和小肠组织样品。结果表明:42 d时7 d补饲组瘤胃背囊和腹囊乳头高显著高于42 d补饲组(P<0.05),42 d时7 d补饲组瘤胃腹囊乳头宽有大于42 d补饲组的趋势(P=0.053),42 d时7 d补饲组背囊肌层厚显著高于于42 d补饲组(P<0.05);28和42 d时7 d补饲组十二指肠和回肠绒毛长均显著高于42 d补饲组(P<0.05),42 d时7 d补饲组回肠隐窝深显著低于42 d补饲组(P<0.05),42 d时7 d补饲组十二指肠和回肠绒毛长和隐窝深比显著高于42 d补饲组(P<0.05)。结论 7 d补饲有利于瘤胃组织形态发育和42 d前小肠粘膜发育。     

羔羊不同断奶日龄对小肠黏膜形态的影响

为了探索不同断奶日龄对羔羊小肠黏膜形态的影响,试验分别选取15、30和45日龄波尔山羊(♂)×南江黄羊(♀)杂交一代断奶羔羊各10只,分为3个试验组;同时选15日龄羔羊14只,自然断奶作为对照组。各试验组断奶后10 d(对照组分别在25、40和55日龄),空腹屠宰取十二指肠、空肠、回肠中部各2 cm作组织切片,观察其绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛形态结构。结果表明:与对照组相比,各断奶组羔羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛形态均有不同程度的变化。断奶日龄越早,羔羊小肠黏膜变化越明显,其中绒毛高度下降幅度越大,隐窝深度加深越严重,断奶10 d后恢复情况越差,断奶日龄推迟到30日龄时损伤较小,恢复较好。羔羊30日龄断奶饲喂代乳料,对其小肠形态结构影响较小,实施断奶最好。     

饲粮不同能量来源对断奶仔猪肠道黏膜功能的影响

仔猪早期断奶常常导致仔猪能量摄入不足,使肠道黏膜细胞处于"饥饿状态",影响仔猪正常的肠道功能,从而加剧断奶应激,因此满足肠道黏膜细胞的能量供给至关重要。本文就谷氨酰胺(Gln)、葡萄糖(Glu)、脂肪这3种肠黏膜细胞主要的供能物质来分别论述它们对于断奶仔猪肠道黏膜功能的影响。     

Effect of Different Weaning Ages on Main Digestive Enzymes Activities in the Small Intestinal Contents of Lamb

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different weaning ages on pH and the main digestive enzymes activities in the small intestinal contents of lamb. Fifty-five male lambs of Gansu modern breeding sheep group with(3.43±1.15)kg initial body weight were divided into 3 treatments randomly that were control group (sucking,25 lambs), group Ⅰ (weaning at 28 days old, 15 lambs), and group Ⅱ(weaning at 42 days old,15 lambs).5 lambs from each group were slaughtered at 12 h,7 d and 14 d after weaning,respectively,and the the change of pH and activities of α-amylase,trypsin,chympotrypsin and lipase were measured in the small intestinal contents. The results showed that the effects of pH and the main digestive enzymes activities could be expressed sensitively in the contents of duodenum. From duodenum to ileum,the effects of weaning turned weakening gradually,and it did not show a high-impact on pH,trypsin and lipase activities. There was no significant influence in the recovery time to the normal levels of the main digestive enzymes activities in the small intestinal contents by different weaning ages,the recovery time of α-amylase in group Ⅰ was shorter than group Ⅱ. In this trail condition,it was feasible to wean at 28 days of age,and it had no significant difference in the recovery ability of main digestive enzymes in the small intestinal contents weaning at 28 and 42 days old.     

断奶日龄对舍饲羔羊小肠内容物中主要消化酶活性的影响

为研究早期断奶日龄对羔羊小肠各段pH及主要消化酶活性的影响,选用55只初生重为（3.43±1.15）kg的甘肃现代肉羊育种群哺乳公羔,按同质原则分成3组,即对照组（正常吮乳组,25只）、Ⅰ组（28日龄断奶组,15只）和Ⅱ组（42日龄断奶组,15只）。在断奶12 h、7 d和14 d后从每个处理中随机抽取5只羔羊屠宰,测定小肠各段pH、α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性变化。结果显示,十二指肠食糜能够更为敏感地表达断奶对小肠pH及主要消化酶活性的影响。从小肠近端至远端,断奶对各肠段内容物pH及主要消化酶活性的影响逐渐减弱;断奶对小肠内容物pH、胰蛋白酶活性和脂肪酶活性影响较小;断奶日龄对羔羊小肠主要消化酶活性恢复所需要的时间影响不大,28日龄断奶组小肠α-淀粉酶活性恢复时间较42日龄断奶组短。本试验条件下,对羔羊实施28日龄断奶可行,且羔羊小肠主要消化酶活性恢复能力不逊于42日龄断奶羔羊。     

补喂瘤胃液制备物对羔羊肠道黏膜及血浆中免疫球蛋白含量的影响

本试验旨在研究补喂瘤胃液制备物对羔羊肠道黏膜和血浆中免疫球蛋白含量的影响,探讨瘤胃液制备物对新生羔羊肠道黏膜免疫及体液免疫的影响。选取50只初生体重接近的新生羔羊为模型动物,随机分为5组,每组10只。试验组羔羊1日龄开始补喂健康成年绵羊瘤胃液制备物[瘤胃液(Ⅰ)、灭菌瘤胃液(Ⅱ)、超声波破碎瘤胃液(Ⅲ)和灭菌超声波破碎瘤胃液(Ⅳ)],对照组羔羊补喂等量生理盐水,每天1次,连续5 d。在24日龄时每组选取3只羔羊屠宰,采集肠道黏膜;在羔羊14和28日龄时颈静脉采血并分离血浆。测定肠道黏膜及血浆中免疫球蛋白含量。结果显示:1)小肠黏膜蛋白质中,各试验组免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)和免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)总量均高于对照组。其中,试验Ⅲ组Ig A总量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);试验组SIg A和Ig G总量与对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。总体来说,免疫球蛋白含量变化趋势为回肠十二指肠空肠,试验Ⅲ组免疫球蛋白总量较对照组增加较多。2)血浆中,羔羊28日龄时免疫球蛋白含量均高于14日龄。14日龄时试验各组血浆中Ig A含量差异不显著(P0.05),但28日龄时试验Ⅰ组显著高于对照组(P0.05),极显著高于其他试验组(P0.01);试验各组Ig G含量在14和28日龄时差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,给新生羔羊补喂不同处理的瘤胃液制备物均能提高羔羊肠黏膜免疫能力,补喂超声波破碎瘤胃液效果最佳。     

断奶仔猪小肠钠葡萄糖转运蛋白1和葡萄糖转运蛋白2mRNA表达变化及饲粮添加谷氨酰胺对其的影响

本试验旨在研究仔猪断奶后小肠黏膜钠葡萄糖转运蛋白1(SGLTl)和葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)mRNA表达的发育性变化规律及谷氨酰胺是否对SGLTl和GLUT2 mRNA的表达产生影响.选择21日龄断奶的杜×长×大仔猪69头,断奶当天屠宰3头猪,其余66头随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复11头仔猪.对照组饲喂基础...     

断奶时间对不同日龄湖羊羔羊瘤胃形态及表皮生长相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨断奶时间对不同日龄湖羊羔羊瘤胃形态及表皮生长相关基因表达的影响。采用两因子试验设计,设断奶时间和羔羊日龄2个因子。选择初生重[(3.51±0.57)kg]接近的54只湖羊羔羊,28日龄时随机屠宰6只后按照同质性原则将剩余48只湖羊分为28日龄断奶组[(8.21±0.97)kg]和56日龄断奶组[(8.06±0.53)kg],分别在42、56、70和84日龄从2组中各随机挑选6只羔羊进行屠宰。采集瘤胃腹囊组织样品测定瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和肌层厚度,提取瘤胃组织总RNA测定表皮生长相关基因表达量。结果表明:28日龄断奶组羔羊瘤胃乳头长度和宽度显著高于56日龄断奶组羔羊(P0.05),瘤胃肌层厚度显著低于56日龄断奶组羔羊(P0.05)。断奶时间和羔羊日龄之间的交互作用对瘤胃乳头长度和肌层厚度有显著影响(P0.05)。28日龄断奶组羔羊瘤胃上皮胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBP)3、IGFBP5和IG FBP6表达量显著高于56日龄断奶组(P0.05)。羔羊瘤胃乳头长度与转化生长因子β(TGFβ)1和IGFBP6表达量呈显著负相关(r=-0.318,P=0.001;r=-0.520,P0.001);瘤胃乳头宽度与TGFβ1表达量呈显著负相关(r=-0.275,P=0.004),与IGFBP3和IGFBP5表达量呈显著正相关(r=0.344,P0.001;r=0.256,P=0.001)。综上所述,28日龄断奶促进湖羊羔羊瘤胃乳头发育和瘤胃表皮生长相关基因表达,可能参与羔羊瘤胃早期发育的调控。     

3种中草药对断奶仔猪小肠形态学影响的比较研究

本研究旨在比较神曲、麦芽、山楂3种助消化中草药对断奶仔猪小肠不同部位组织形态学的影响。本试验以杜长大三元猪为研究对象,选取40头28日龄、体重为(8.13±1.32)kg断奶仔猪,添加1%的中草药饲喂,分空白组、神曲组、麦芽组、山楂组,每组两个重复,每重复5头,分别在试验第7和14天早晨空腹屠宰取样,经HE染色,200×显微镜下照相,用Image-Pro Plus软件测定小肠各段绒毛高度(VH)、隐窝深度(CD)、肠壁厚度(IWT)、绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(V/C)。结果显示,神曲组在回肠段的IWT显著或极显著高于空白组(P<0.05;P<0.01);第7天时山楂组的十二指肠和空肠的VH和IWT均极显著低于空白组(P<0.01),回肠段的IWT和第14天回肠段VH均极显著高于空白组(P<0.01);第7天的麦芽组十二指肠和空肠VH及空肠IWT均极显著低于空白组(P<0.01),第7天的回肠段CD及十二指肠和回肠段IWT均极显著高于空白组(P<0.01)。不同单味中草药对仔猪小肠不同部位组织形态学的影响不同,源于肠道消化物质的功能不同,对十二指肠、空肠、回肠影响最大的分别是麦芽、山楂、神曲。     

Comparison Study on Effects of Three Chinese Herbal Medicine on Intestinal Morphology in Weaning Piglets

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three Chinese herbal medicine (medicated leaven, hawthorn, fructus hordei germinates) on histomorphology of different parts of small intestine in weaning piglets.40 28-day old ternary pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with the body weight (8.13±1.32)kg were divided into four groups, control group, medicated leaven group, hawthorn group and fructus hordei germinates group, and feeding with 1% Chinese herbal medicine, there were two repeats in each group and each repeat had 5 piglets, slaughtering and sampling at 7th and 14th day morning, respectively, sections were used for HE staining.The staining tissues were taken pictures under a microscope camera (200×) and measured VH, CD, IWT and V/C in different parts of small intestine with Image-Pro Plus.The result showed that the IWH of ileum in medicated leaven group was significantly or extremely significantly higher than control group (P<0.05;P<0.01).The VH and IWT of duodenum and jejunum at 7th day in hawthorn group were extremely significantly lower than control group (P<0.01);The IWT of ileum and the VH of ileum at 14th day were extremely significantly higher than control group (P<0.01).In fructus hordei germinates group, the VH of duodenum and jejunum at 7th day and IWT of jejunum were extremely significantly lower than control group (P<0.01);The CD of ileum at 7th day, the IWT of duodenum and ileum at 7th day were extremely significantly higher than control group (P<0.01).The effects of different simple Chinese herbal medicine on histomorphology of different parts of small intestine in piglets were different, because of the different digestive functions of small intestine, the most effects of Chinese herbal medicine an duodenum, jejunum and ileum were fructus hordei germinates, medicated leaven and hawthorn, respectively.     

不同NDF水平饲粮对羔羊生长性能、营养物质消化、消化道重量及瘤胃乳头发育的影响

本试验旨在研究不同中性洗涤纤维（NDF）水平饲粮对羔羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、消化道重量及瘤胃乳头发育的影响。选用60只体况良好,体重为（3.23±0.20）kg的初生母羔羊,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复3只羊。试验羔羊于10日龄补饲开食料,开食料NDF水平分别为12%（12NDF组）、16%（16NDF组）、20%（20NDF组）和24%（24NDF组）的饲粮。试验期60 d,饲养试验所有羔羊均随母哺乳,消化试验所有羔羊不随母哺乳。结果显示：1）随着日龄的增加,羔羊的体重极显著增加（P<0.01）;各日龄阶段日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;随日龄的增加,羔羊干物质采食量（DMI）极显著增加（P<0.01）,饲喂不同NDF水平饲粮,各组羔羊DMI差异不显著（P>0.05）。2）24NDF组羔羊干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）采食量和总能（GE）摄入量显著高于16NDF、20NDF组（P<0.05）。24NDF组羔羊粗蛋白（CP）采食量显著高于20NDF组（P<0.05）;24NDF组羔羊中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）采食量极显著高于20NDF组（P<0.01）,20NDF组极显著高于16NDF、12NDF组（P<0.01）;24NDF组羔羊DM、OM表观消化率显著低于12NDF、16NDF组（P<0.05）,24NDF组GE表观消化率显著低于16NDF组（P<0.05）,但20NDF、24NDF组NDF、ADF表观消化率显著或极显著高于12NDF组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;24NDF组羔羊粪能显著高于12NDF、16NDF和24NDF组（P<0.05）。各试验组CP表观消化率和消化能差异不显著（P>0.05）。3）12NDF组羔羊全胃重显著高于16NDF、20NDF组（P<0.05）。12NDF组羔羊瘤胃重显著高于20NDF组（P<0.05）。12NDF组羔羊瘤胃占宰前活重的比例显著高于16NDF、20NDF和24NDF组（P<0.05）。12NDF组羔羊十二指肠重及十二指肠占宰前活重的比例显著高于16NDF组（P<0.05）。其余各指标均差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上所述,母羔羊在0~60日龄最适的NDF水平为16%~20%。