神木县某奶牛场奶牛球虫种类的调查

为了摸清神木县奶牛球虫感染情况,制定更好的奶牛球虫病防治对策,采用粪便漂浮法、斯陶尔法和卵囊培养法对榆林市神木县某奶牛场49头奶牛的球虫感染情况进行了初步调查,并对各虫种进行鉴定。结果发现8种艾美尔球虫(Eimeria),即牛艾美尔球虫(E.bovis)、加拿大艾美尔球虫(E.canadensis)、邱氏艾美尔球虫(E.zuernii)、亚球艾美尔球虫(E.subspherica)、奥博艾美尔球虫(E.auburnensis)、柱状艾美尔球虫(E.cylindrica)、椭圆艾美尔球虫(E.ellips)、阿拉巴艾美尔球虫(E.alabamensis),其中加拿大艾美尔球虫和椭圆艾美尔球虫为该奶牛场的优势种,总感染率为51.02%,犊牛感染率为57.14%,青年牛感染率为64.29%,成年牛感染率为38.10%。平均感染强度为275个/g粪便,其中犊牛感染强度为433.33个/g粪便,青年牛感染强度为300个/g粪便,成年牛感染强度为183.33个/g粪便。     

新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫感染调查及虫种鉴定

为了解新疆北疆地区奶牛养殖场犊牛球虫的感染情况,对昌吉、石河子、奎屯地区6个大型奶牛养殖场1岁龄以内荷斯坦犊牛的球虫感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,犊牛球虫总感染率达到35.55%,其中0~6月龄犊牛平均感染率达42.25%,7~12月龄犊牛平均感染率达21.74%。经虫种鉴定,共鉴定出5种艾美耳属球虫,分别是邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zurnii)、牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovi)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidall)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica),其中邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美尔球虫和牛艾美耳球虫为优势种。本次调查为新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫病的科学防控提供了流行病学资料。     

江苏部分地区奶牛球虫病流行情况调查

为了解江苏省奶牛感染球虫的情况,笔者对6个规模化奶牛场和3个奶牛小区9个牧场的奶牛球虫感染状况进行了随机抽样调查,分别于2008年11月和2009年4月按不同年龄阶段共采集粪样2100份。调查结果显示:9个牧场都有球虫感染,1个奶牛小区牧场的感染率最高达50%,其中11月份调查的感染率为30.10%,4月份调查的感染率为36.95%,两者没有明显的差异;从不同年龄阶段奶牛的感染情况来看,发现感染率最高的2个阶段为1～6月龄和6～12月龄,感染率高达53.81%和49.52%,感染率最低的年龄阶段为1月龄以内的奶牛,感染率为12.86%;从感染强度来看,大部分牧场平均OPG低于1000,占55.56%,只有一个牧场的平均OPG比较高,为2410;从本次调查结果发现9个牧场感染有8种艾美耳球虫(E.imeria),分别是牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovis)、邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zumii)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidallis)、阿拉巴艾美尔球虫(E.alabamensis)、亚球形艾美尔球虫(E.subspherica)、怀俄明艾美尔球虫(E.wyomigensis)、柱状艾美尔球虫(E.cylindrica)、奥博艾美尔球虫(E.auburnensis)。优势虫种为牛艾美耳球虫、邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美耳球虫,其他5种球虫所占比例较少。     

江苏部分地区奶牛球虫病流行情况调查

为了解江苏省奶牛感染球虫的情况,我们对6个规模化奶牛场和3个奶牛小区9个牧场的奶牛球虫感染状况进行了随机抽样调查, 分别于2008年11月和2009年4月按不同年龄阶段共采集粪样2100份.调查结果显示:9个牧场都有球虫感染,1个奶牛小区牧场的感染率最高达50%,其中11月份调查的感染率为30.10% ,4月份调查的感染率为36.95%,两者没有明显的差异; 从不同年龄阶段奶牛的感染情况来看, 发现感染率最高的2个阶段为1～6月龄和6～12月龄,感染率高达为53.81%和49.52%,感染率最低的年龄阶段为1月龄以内的奶牛,感染率为12.86%;从感染强度来看, 大部分牧场平均OPG低于1000, 占55.56%,只有一个牧场的平均OPG比较高, 为2410;从本次调查结果发现有8种艾美耳球虫(E imeria),分别是牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovis)、邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zumii)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidallis)、阿拉巴艾美尔球虫(E.alabamensis)、亚球形艾美尔球虫(E.subspherica)、怀俄明艾美尔球虫(E.wyomigensis)、柱状艾美尔球虫(E.cylindrica)、奥博艾美尔球虫(E.auburnensis).优势虫种为牛艾美耳球虫、邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美耳球虫, 其他5种球虫所占比例较少.     

新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫感染调查及虫种鉴定

为了解新疆北疆地区奶牛养殖场犊牛球虫的感染情况,对昌吉、石河子、奎屯地区6个大型奶牛养殖场一岁以内荷斯坦奶牛犊牛球虫感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,犊牛球虫总感染率达到35．55％,其中0～6月龄犊牛平均感染率达42．25％,7～12月龄犊牛平均感染率达21．74％。经虫种鉴定,共鉴定出5种艾美耳属球虫,分别是邱氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeria zurnii）、牛艾美耳球虫〔Eimeria bovi〕、椭圆艾美耳球虫（ Eimeria ellipsoidall）、柱状艾美耳球虫（ Eimeria cylindrica ）、亚球形艾美耳球虫（ Eimeria subspherica）,其中邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美尔球虫和牛艾美耳球虫为优势种。调查为新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫的科学防控提供了流行病学资料。     

奶牛球虫病诊治

<正>奶牛球虫病是孢子虫纲艾美尔科艾美尔属的多种球虫引起的多以犊牛严重急性肠炎、血痢等为特征的寄生虫病,病原为艾美耳属的几种球虫,其中临床常见的多发生在集约化养殖有牛艾美尔球虫、邱氏艾美尔球虫,球虫病多见于哺乳犊牛和断奶犊牛,一旦发生很容易造成大规模感染,造成巨大经济损失。1病原奶牛球虫有邱氏艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫、拨克朗艾美耳球虫、奥氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美尔球虫、柱状艾美耳球虫、加拿大艾美耳球虫、奥博艾美耳球     

奶牛球虫感染情况的调查

对广州某大型奶牛场球虫病进行了调查。发现该场奶牛球虫平均感染率为35.41%,其中以青年牛感染率最高(55.88%),其次是犊牛(36.09%),成母牛最低(13.24%);所有呈阳性的成母牛感染强度均为“ ”,约5%的阳性青年牛和犊牛感染强度为“ ”或“ ”;感染虫种主要有三种艾美耳属球虫,分别为牛艾美耳球虫(21.18%)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(11.76%)和邱氏艾美耳球虫(2.35%);夏季感染率略高于其他季节,在年份上无明显差异。     

库车县规模化场牛球虫感染情况及种类鉴定

为了解新疆库车县牛球虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对采自库车县2个规模化牛场共98份新鲜粪便样品进行球虫检查和种类鉴定。结果显示:球虫总感染率40.82%(61/98);奶牛和肉牛球虫感染率均随年龄增长而呈递减趋势,不同年龄段牛的球虫感染率差异极显著(P<0.01)。共鉴定出8种艾美耳球虫,分别是椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidalli)、牛艾美耳球虫(Eimeria bovis)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zuernii)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica)、阿拉巴艾美耳球虫(E.alabamensis)、奥博艾美耳球虫(E.auburnensis)和加拿大艾美耳球虫(E.canadensis),以椭圆艾美耳球虫、牛艾美耳球虫、柱状艾美尔球虫和邱氏艾美耳球虫为主要感染种类。     

牛寄生虫病的防治

正1球虫病1.1病原及流行病学病原为艾美耳科、艾美耳属球虫。邱氏艾美耳球虫及牛艾美尔球虫为我国常见的牛球虫种类。牛球虫病自然条件下多为混合感染,高发期是21~183日龄的牛,14~17日龄为潜伏期。牛出生17天内一般不会发生球虫病,换句话说15天内犊牛发生伴有血性的腹泻是不考虑球虫病的,因为没有到球虫病发病的周期。一个月左右的犊牛腹泻则首先考虑是球虫病,特别是牛断奶时出现腹泻和伴有血性的腹泻。7天内的     

呼和浩特市周边地区奶牛球虫病流行病学调查

作者采用常规粪便漂浮法,对呼和浩特市周边地区奶牛养殖牧场、养殖小区和养殖农户的约3000头奶牛进行了球虫病流行病学调查。经过统计分析结果如下:奶牛球虫病总平均感染率为9.54%,其中犊牛的平均感染率最高,为17.59%,育成牛的平均感染率为10.62%,青年牛的平均感染率为7.68%,泌乳期牛的平均感染率为2.28%;养殖农户奶牛球虫病平均感染率最高为14.58%,最低为7.39%;养殖牧场奶牛球虫病平均感染率最高为6.67%,最低为2.73%;养殖农户奶牛球虫病平均感染率,均高于养殖牧场和养殖小区奶牛球虫病的平均感染率。经过初步形态学鉴定,该地区优势虫种为邱氏艾美耳球虫(E zurnii)、牛艾美耳球虫(Ebovis)和阿沙卡等孢球虫(isospora akscaica)3种。     

Epidemiologic Survey and Species Determination of Coccidia Infection in Dairy Cattle in Yuzhong,Gansu Province

This investigation aimed to examine coccidia infection in diary cattle in Yuzhong,Gansu province.An investigation was carried out on the Holstein calves less than one year old in six large-scale dairy farms.A total of 234 fecal samples were examined,and oocysts were identified to the species level on the basis of morphological features after positive samples were mixed thoroughly with 2.5% potassium dichromate solution.The results showed that the prevalence rate of coccidia in Holstein calves reached 46.15%.The average prevalence rate of the calves under 3 months old was 52.43%,the 4 to 6 months old calves was 37.50% and the 7 to 12 months old calves was 43.37%.Seven species of Eimeria coccidians and one species Isospora sp.including Eimeria bovis,Eimeria auburnensis,Eimeria zuernii,Eimeria alabamensis,Eimeria subspherica,Eimeria ellipsoidalli,Eimeria canadensisi,were identified in the investigation,and Eimeria bovis,Eimeria auburnensis,Eimeria zuernii were the dominant species.In conclusion,the prevalence rate of coccidiosis in dairy cattles in Yuzhong,Gansu province was high.Therefore,appropriate strategies and measures should be taken to control coccidiosis prevalence in dairy cows in this region.     

Eimeriosis in dairy cattle farms in Morogoro municipality of Tanzania

Coccidial oocysts were detected in 35% of 445 cattle in four medium-scale and 20 small-scale dairy farms in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The highest prevalence (56%) was observed in animals aged between 5 and 18 months, whereas lower prevalences were observed in calves (29%) aged between 12 days and 4 months and adults (30%). No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 12 days old. The oocyst output was high in calves, followed by weaners; adults had the lowest oocyst output. The number of oocysts per gram of faeces was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diarrhoeic animals than in non-diarrhoeic animals, and more so in young calves. Eimeria species infecting the animals included Eimeria bovis (68%) and Eimeria zuemii (57%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (25%), Eimeria cylindrica (23%), Eimeria auburnensis (22%), Eimeria alabamensis (12%) and Eimeria subspherica (5%). Mixed infections involving two or three species were common. Our findings indicate that eimeriosis is common in cattle in Morogoro municipality.     

武威某奶牛场犊牛及职工球虫病感染情况调查

为摸清该奶牛场的球虫感染情况,在甘肃省武威市某集约化牛场随机抽10头犊牛粪便及与犊牛直接接触的一线职工10人的粪便为样本,采用麦克马斯特计数方法,检测球虫病的感染情况。结果显示：该牛场球虫总感染率为80%,但OPG均小于5000,属于亚临床型球虫感染,该奶牛场职工没有球虫病感染情况。通过对球虫病感染的检查,诣在为该场犊牛球虫病的防控治疗提供依据。     

Clinical and serological evidence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in St. Lucia

One hundred fifty-nine Holstein calves were imported into St. Lucia from the U.S.A. An outbreak of babesiosis occurred 17 days post-arrival, and an outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred 5 months after importation. Sera obtained 3, 6 and 12 months post-importation revealed a high prevalence of IFA titres to Babesia bovis and B. bigemina 3 months after arrival and an increase in titres to Anaplasma marginale 6 months after arrival. Sera obtained arrives from native cattle from several places on the island indicated infection rates of 80, 65 and 64% with A. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis, respectively. The rapid card test only indicated a 25% prevalence of infection of native cattle by A. marginale. This low prevalence was probably due to deterioration of serological activity during shipment.     

Long-term study of incidence and financial loss due to cattle babesiosis in an Argentinian dairy farm

The incidence and direct financial loss caused by babesiosis were evaluated in 121 Holstein Friesian female cattle that formed eight cohorts (1981–1988) of a dairy farm located approximately 24° 55′S 65° 29′W in Salta, Argentina. Female calves born in 1986 and 1987 (n=32) were vaccinated with a live Babesia vaccine at six months of age.

No cases of babesiosis occurred in the vaccinated cattle. The incidence of babesiosis in the six non-vaccinated cohorts was 23.6% (21/89). Eighteen of the cases were the result of Babesia bovis, one to Babesia bigemina and two to a mixed infection. Two cattle died of B. bovis infection in spite of drug treatment (diaminazene, 3.5 mg kg⁻¹). No disease occurred in cattle younger than seven months or older than 24 months. The number of cases according to age of cattle was: 7–9 months, 5; 10–12 months, 6; 13–24 months, 10.

Financial loss for the six cohorts that suffered clinical cases amounted to US $ 1624.6 (prices in October 1990)—62% were the result of physical losses and 38% to costs of control. A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination was carried out assuming that 95% of the mortality and morbidity losses of the six non-vaccinated cohorts was prevented after a single inculation of a live vaccine (cost of a dose plus administration was US $ 4.2. The benefit-cost ratio was 4:1 for each US dollar expended.     

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada

Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are intestinal protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of host species, including humans. Molecular characterization of these parasites has demonstrated that a number of genotypes and species are common to both humans and animals, and that zoonotic transmission may occur. Numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle, particularly calves, and these animals are frequently associated with zoonotic transmission. In the present study, a total of 143 faecal samples from adults, heifers and calves were collected from two dairy cattle farms in eastern Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and molecular characteristics of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in these animals were determined in order to investigate the potential for transmission between cattle and humans in this region. Following DNA extractions from faecal samples, nested-PCR protocols were used to amplify fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and the heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) gene for determining the prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections, respectively. Genotypes of G. duodenalis, and species of Cryptosporidium, were determined by means of DNA sequencing of amplicons, and subsequent sequence alignment. Cattle on both farms showed a high prevalence of G. duodenalis (42.0%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (27.3%). G. duodenalis infections were more prevalent in calves and heifers than in adults, and Cryptosporidium spp. infections were only observed in calves and heifers. The zoonotic genotype, G. duodenalis Assemblage B was isolated from 24.5% of the cattle tested, while G. duodenalis Assemblage E was found in 17.5% of the cattle tested. The overall prevalence of the zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum in the animals tested was found to be 21.7%, while only 1.4% were infected with C. bovis. These findings suggest that there is a potential risk of zoonotic and/or zooanthroponotic transmission of G. duodenalis and C. parvum infections between cattle and humans in eastern Ontario, likely by means of contaminated water or food, or through direct faecal-oral transmission in the case of farmers and veterinary staff.     

Prevalence and distribution of bovine coccidia in Japan

A field survey was carried out on prevalence of bovine coccidia in 9 prefectures of Japan in the autumn of 1985. A total of 1,015 fecal samples was obtained from dairy and beef cattle more than 2 weeks old. Coccidial oocysts were found in 59.0% of all the samples examined. There were no significant differences in the prevalence between dairy and beef cattle of the same age group. The prevalence was the highest in the animals between 6 and 11 months old and decreased to 25% in those more than 24 months old. In the majority of the samples positive for oocysts, OPG (the number of oocysts per gram of feces) was less than 200. No clinical coccidiosis was found except in a few cases. Eleven Eimeria and one Isospora species were identified. Of these species, E. bovis and E. ellipsoidalis were the most prevalent, followed by E. aubrunensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. cylindrica in all the prefectures. The other species identified were E. canadensis, E. alabamensis, E. zuernii, E. wyomingensis, E. bukidnonesis, E. subspherica, and Isospora sp. in the order of frequency. Isospora sp. will be a pseudoparasite caused by the contamination with feces of passerine birds.     

新疆奎屯部分地区奶牛球虫感染现状调查

为调查奎屯地区奶牛球虫感染与流行现状,试验选取奎屯不同地区的5个规模化奶牛养殖场,对2~3月龄、6月龄、1~2岁、5~6岁的牛直肠采集粪便共290份进行球虫检测。结果发现被检5个规模化奶牛场均存在球虫感染,感染率最高为58.14%;共检出8种艾美耳属球虫,分别是牛艾美耳球虫（Eimeriabovis）（8.62%）、邱氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeriazuernii）（9.31%）、椭圆艾美耳球虫（Eimeria ellipsoidalli）（11.03%）、柱状艾美耳球虫（Eimeria cylindrce）（5.86%）、阿拉巴艾美耳球虫（Eimeria alabamensis）（4.13%）、亚球艾美耳球虫（Eimeria subspherica）（9.31%）、奥博艾美耳球虫（Eimeria auburnensis）（5.17%）、加拿大艾美耳球虫（Eimeria canadensis）（3.44%）,且优势虫种为椭圆艾美耳球虫（Eimeria ellipsoidalli）、邱氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeria zuernii）、亚球艾美耳球虫（Eimeriasubspherica）、牛艾美耳球虫（Eimeriabovis）。     

牦牛球虫病的流行病学调查

通过采集甘孜州气候、生态环境迥异的半农半牧区康定县和纯牧区色达县不同乡镇的共计500头份牦牛粪样,对牦牛球虫感染情况进行调查：球虫平均感染率为30.00%（150/500）,其中康定县的平均感染率为31.95%（54/169）,色达县的平均感染率为29.00%（96/331）;公牛粪样球虫阳性率为26.38%(43/163),母牛粪样球虫阳性率为31.75%(107/337);成年牛（3岁以上）粪样球虫阳性率为16.22%(42/259),犊牛及青年牛（3岁以下）粪样球虫阳性率为44.81%(108/241);从牦牛感染球虫的种类来看,单一感染(62/150)小于混合感染(88/150);共检出9种球虫,分别为牛艾美耳球虫（24.00%）、柱状艾美耳球虫（12.00%）、邱氏艾美耳球虫(16.00%)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(18.03%)、巴西艾美耳球虫(8.27%)、加拿大艾美耳球虫(6.67%)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(9.33%)、怀俄明艾美耳球虫(3.30%)和奥博艾美耳球虫(2.40%)。     

Quantifying risk factors of coccidiosis in broilers using on-farm data based on a veterinary practice

A study was done to find and quantify risk factors for coccidiosis. The study population consisted of 4774 broiler flocks kept on 177 farms. Flocks were considered a case when at least one bird in the flock showed microscopic presence of oocysts in intestinal scrapings in a grow-out cycle. Other flocks were defined as controls. This was done for three types of Eimeria: Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima. Logistic regression was used to assess variables that influence the occurrence of Eimeria species. There were 49 variables, based on animal, flock or farm level. There was an enhanced risk of coccidiosis due to environmental and management factors that increase the risk of introducing contamination or that are related to hygienic measures. These include lack of use of overalls by visitors, a farmyard which is difficult to clean, bad hygienic status, personnel who might also be working on other farms, presence of other animals on the farm, and feeding and drinking systems which are more difficult to clean. Also, the presence of other diseases on the farm and Eimeria species found in the previous flock increased the risk: of coccidiosis.