新疆褐牛公牛与阉牛产肉性能和肉品质比较研究

[目的]为新疆褐牛生产高档牛肉提供数据依据。[方法]选择同等营养条件下、体重相近、生长发育正常的10~12月龄新疆褐牛21头(公牛6头、阉牛15头)作为试验对象,进行新疆褐牛公牛与阉牛产肉性能和肉品质比较研究。[结果]表明:新疆褐牛公牛组与阉牛组增重效果显著差异(P0.05)、屠宰率差异不显著(P0.05);公牛组胴体后腿长、胴体后腿宽极显著高于阉牛组(P0.01),公牛组眼肌面积显著高于阉牛组(P0.05),其余指标差异不显著(P0.05);阉牛组的肉色比公牛组的肉色鲜亮,差异显著(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉脂肪颜色白色与公牛组脂肪颜色稍黄,差异不显著(P0.05),大理石花纹阉牛组显著优于公牛组(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH值显著小于公牛组(P0.05),阉牛组牛肉的水分高于公牛组(P0.05)。[结论]新疆褐牛阉牛体脂肪沉积好,肉色泽鲜亮、蒸煮损失少、剪切力小、水分含量高且大理石花纹丰富,适合高档牛肉生产。     

安格斯牛×大别山牛杂交牛肉质特性和营养特性的研究

为了研究大别山牛及安格斯牛×大别山牛杂交牛(安大杂交牛)的产肉性能,随机选取断奶大别山牛和安大杂交牛犊牛阉割,在同一饲养管理条件下持续育肥至28~30月龄,各屠宰4头,胴体排酸后分别取右半胴体背最长肌测定嫩度、肉色、蒸煮损失、滴水损失、常规营养成分和氨基酸组成。结果表明:在肉质特性方面,大别山牛与安大杂交牛在嫩度方面存在极显著差异(P0.01),在蒸煮损失和滴水损失方面也存在显著差异(P0.05),说明大别山牛的肉质优于安大杂交牛;在营养特性方面,大别山牛的脂肪和蛋白质含量分别为11.2%和20.92%,安大杂交牛的含量仅分别为8.79%和21.30%,两种牛肉的脂肪含量存在显著差异(P0.05);两种牛肉的蛋白质和水分含量没有显著差异。在氨基酸方面,两种牛肉中氨基酸总含量和必需氨基酸含量均无明显差异(P0.05)。     

早期去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。选取健康荷斯坦公犊和出生即去势的荷斯坦阉牛犊各17头,日龄和初生重均差异不显著（P>0.05）,分为公牛组和阉牛组,这2组牛的饲粮和饲养管理一致,试验期为15.5个月,其中哺乳期为2个月,断奶期为2.5个月,饲育肥为11个月。结果表明：1)2组试验牛在4.5、9.5、15.5月龄平均体重差异显著（P<0.05）,公牛组在14.0～15.5月龄平均日增重显著高于阉牛组（P<0.05）。2)15.5月龄出栏后,公牛组的排酸失重和头占体重比例显著高于阉牛组（P<0.05）。3)15.5月龄出栏的阉牛组大理石花纹等级2.5级,平均背膘厚10.75 mm,与公牛组差异显著（P<0.05）。4)15.5月龄出栏的公牛组肌肉剪切力、冷冻损失、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和肉色红度值显著高于阉牛组（P<0.05）,肌肉脂肪含量和肉色亮度值显著低于阉牛组（P<0.05）。综上所述,在直线育肥模式下,荷斯坦公牛生长性能优于阉牛;但是阉牛可生产出2.5级大理石纹牛肉,牛肉品质明显优于公牛。     

阉割对延边黄牛肉质及胴体性状的影响

为了研究阉割对延边黄牛肉质及胴体性状的影响,试验选用6月龄左右的延边黄牛公牛20头,其中10头采用手术法阉割,所有试验牛在相同饲养条件下育肥至36月龄屠宰。结果表明:公牛肉的粗蛋白质含量显著高于阉牛(P0.05),公牛肉的剪切力值极显著高于阉牛(P0.01);阉牛肉的水分和粗脂肪含量显著高于公牛(P0.05),阉牛的大理石花纹等级显著高于公牛(P0.05),阉牛的背膘厚极显著高于公牛(P0.01)。公牛与阉牛肉的蒸煮损失、氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。说明阉割能够提高延边黄牛牛肉和胴体品质。     

排酸成熟时间对不同品种牛肉质影响的研究

为了研究不同排酸成熟时间对不同品种牛肉质变化的影响,试验选取新疆褐牛、加系褐牛×新疆褐牛F1代(JXHF1)、哈萨克牛共14头,均为健康状况良好、12月龄左右的阉牛,在相同的饲养环境条件下育肥18个月后屠宰,并进行剪切力、蒸煮损失指标的测定。结果显示:排酸成熟过程中剪切力第1、7和14天之间差异不显著(P0.05),它们与第21天差异极显著(P0.01),蒸煮损失第7、14天之间差异不显著(P0.05),它们与第21天差异极显著(P0.01)和第1天差异显著(P0.05);新疆褐牛、JXHF1和哈萨克牛3个不同品种牛肉品排酸成熟过程中JXHF1牛剪切力第7、14天达到最大值,JXHF1第7、14天剪切力均明显高于哈萨克牛和新疆褐牛,且新疆褐牛剪切力较小,第1、7、14天品种之间蒸煮损失差异不显著(P0.05),第21天哈萨克牛与JXHF1、新疆褐牛差异显著(P0.05)。试验结果说明,品种对牛肉嫩度具有显著的影响,新疆褐牛嫩度较其他品种好,JXHF1嫩度较其他品种较差,新疆褐牛肉质保水性能好于哈萨克牛和JXHF1,哈萨克牛保水性能较差。     

阉割奶公牛与和杂牛屠宰性能和肉品质的比较

通过对中国荷斯坦阉割奶公牛与和杂牛屠宰性能和肉品质的比较分析,探索阉割奶公牛生产大理石纹牛肉的潜力。选取11月龄开始在相同饲养条件下强度育肥至26月龄的4头阉割奶公牛和5头和杂牛进行屠宰并对其屠宰性能、肉品质进行对比分析。结果表明:两组牛的屠宰率和肾周脂肪率差异不显著(P0.05);分割部位肉中上脑、眼肉、后臀腿、肩肉占胴体比例组间差异不显著(P0.05),但外脊、胸肉和腹肉的比例在组间差异极显著(P0.01),组间里脊比例差异显著(P0.05);辣椒肉和外脊2个部位的剪切力值、p H值、持水率、蒸煮损失、肉色指标组间差异均不显著(P0.05),小黄瓜条的剪切力值、蒸煮损失和p H值及肉色L*值组间差异显著(P0.05);在营养指标中,外脊的蛋白质、脂肪和水分含量组间差异不显著(P0.05),而辣椒肉和小黄瓜条的这些指标组间差异显著(P0.05)。结论,从11月龄强度育肥至26月龄,阉割奶公牛的屠宰率和肾周脂肪率与和杂牛的相近,而且背部肌肉的大理石纹相似,但前躯和后躯肌内脂肪沉积存在较大差异。     

“平凉红牛”肉品质分析

试验研究了“平凉红牛”商品群体和秦川牛进行背最长肌、米龙肉样的常规肉品质性状（系水力、蒸煮损失、剪切力和pH值肉质指标）和营养成分（干物质、蛋白质、脂肪肉质指标）指标分析。结果表明，秦川牛胴体不同部位肉样品质均有较大差异且变化趋势相似，背最长肌的系水力、蒸煮损失、剪切力、干物质含量、脂肪含量均优于米龙，符合背最长肌作为高档肉切块的特点。     

晋南牛公牛与阉牛育肥性能和肉品质的比较研究

旨在研究比较晋南牛公牛和阉牛的育肥性能、屠宰性能和肉品质。选择健康状况良好、体重相近的晋南公牛和阉牛各10头,通过300 d的强度育肥试验后屠宰测定各项指标。结果显示,公牛组的平均日增重、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率和眼肌面积均显著高于阉牛组(P0.05),而优质切块率组间差异不显著(P0.05)。屠宰排酸72 h后,阉牛组大理石花纹评分显著高于公牛组、剪切力显著低于公牛组(P0.05)。而pH值、失水率和肉色组间差异不显著(P0.05),阉牛组大理石纹等级平均达到三级以上,接近于生产高档牛肉的标准。因此,晋南牛可通过阉割育肥生产高档牛肉。     

不同月龄新疆褐牛阉牛生长发育规律的研究

[目的]不同月龄新疆褐牛阉牛生产高档牛肉过程中生长发育的变化规律[方法]选择发育正常、健康无病、不同月龄的新疆褐牛阉牛40头,68月龄25头为低月龄组,1012月龄15头为高月龄组,在相同营养、饲养条件下进行为期22个月的高档牛肉生产育肥试验,测定分析体高、体斜长、胸围等体尺、体重指标,并进行分析[结果]表明:高月龄组不同育肥阶段体尺、体重均大于低月龄组,低月龄组总增长量明显高于高月龄组,且胸围最快为52.88±7.44cm、64.79±11.65cm,管围最慢为4.29±1.08cm、5.13±0.77cm。低月龄组体高、十字部高、体斜长、尻长、胸围、管围、胸深、胸宽、腰角宽、髋宽、坐骨宽、体重总增长量较高月龄组提高了12.29cm、13.33cm、10.59cm、5.98cm,11.91cm、0.84cm、6.44cm、2.04cm、7.05cm、6.48cm、5.85cm、67.12kg,除体斜长、体重差异显著(P0.05)、胸宽差异不显著外(P0.05),其余指标差异均达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。累计生长曲线在育肥第12个月之前呈现快速增长随后生长速度趋于平缓,相对生长发育曲线表现出明显的起伏波动性,总体呈现下降的生长趋势,体尺指数分析变化表明了高月龄组胸部、低月龄组后躯尻部和髋部生长较快[结论]不同月龄的新疆褐牛阉牛表现出了以高月龄组胸部、低月龄组后躯尻部和髋部为主的生长发育优势特点。     

西杂牛不同部位肉品质及营养成分分析

试验研究了“平凉红牛”群体中西杂牛（西门塔尔×秦川牛）背最长肌、米龙肉样的品质指标（系水力、蒸煮损失、嫩度、pH值）及常规营养成分（干物质、蛋白质、脂肪），结果表明：西杂牛胴体不同部位肉样品质均有较大差异且各指标变化趋势相似，背最长肌的系水力、蒸煮损失、嫩度（剪切力）和营养成分指标均优于米龙，符合背最长肌作为高档肉切块的特点。     

Comparative Study on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Different Month Old of Xinjiang Brown Cattle Steers

In this research,12 heads of 28 to 30 months (low months age group) and 8 heads of 32 to 34 months (high months age group) Xinjiang Brown cattle steers which fed in the same mode of nutrition were chose for the slaughter test,in which the carcass traits,nutrient composition and some edible quality index were measured and comparative analyzed,a research which through comparative analysis the carcass traits and meat quality of nutritional components of different months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers was carried out.The results indicated that the marbling,carcass grade,fat,meat color of high months age group were better than that of low months age group,the traits of the low months age group on fat color,moisture,protein,cooking loss and shear force value were better than that of high months age group,and there were significant difference on the traits of fat and meat color L^* between the two groups (P<0.05),while the differences of other traits between them were not significant (P>0.05);As high-grade beef,in addition to the traits of meat color and pH value of the chunk roll,tenderloin and striploin,each site of the meat traits on the fat,protein,moisture,cooking loss,shear force value indicators were all better than other parts,and showed the best of nutritional value and edible quality.28 to 34 months of Xinjiang Brown cattle steers could produce high-grade beef,the meat could be used as the raw materials of steak and boiled beef.     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。     

Comparison of carcass and meat characteristics of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study was conducted to determine and compare the live traits, carcass yield and the physical, chemical, processing and sensory properties of meat from 20 Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo (Philippine carabao × Murrah, Bulgarian or Indian) with an average age and weight of 29 months and 434 kg, respectively. The animals were fed a similar diet for 180 days before slaughter. A survey was performed to establish consumer meat preference between the two species. Live weights before slaughter of the two species were found to be different (P < 0.05) with the crossbred water buffalo showing higher bodyweight. However, the crossbred water buffalo had a lower (P < 0.05) dressing yield based on hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight. The lower dressing yield of crossbred water buffalo can be attributed to its higher (P < 0.05) weights of edible and non‐edible slaughter by‐products. The chilled carcass yield of the forequarters and hindquarters from crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo were comparable when expressed as percent of live weight and chilled carcass weight. The estimated lean yield was higher in crossbred cattle than crossbred water buffalo. Crude protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and insoluble protein contents of the beef and carabao meat were all similar. Water holding capacity, pH, muscle fiber diameter, tenderness, firmness and marbling score in carabeef were all comparable to the beef. Redness was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in carabeef than the beef as measured with a color meter. The consumer meat preference survey showed that 55.9% selected the beef while 44.1% preferred carabeef. The color and amount of fat on the outside of the beef sample were primary in buyer selection.     

新疆褐牛产肉性能分析

试验选择新疆褐牛30头,育肥4个月后进行屠宰,分析新疆褐牛综合生产性能,为新疆褐牛生产相关标准的制定提供依据.结果表明,短期育肥后的新疆褐牛具有较高的产肉性能,屠宰率55.42％,肉骨比4.47∶1,高档肉占净肉重的17.24％,优质肉占净肉重的27.76％,并对胴体产肉性状指标进行了相关性研究,建立了以体尺测定指标、屠宰测定指标预测新疆褐牛生产性能相关指标线的性回归方程.发现眼肌面积与高档肉产量、高档肉比例具有相关性,可作为新疆褐牛胴体产肉量评定的参考指标,但仅适合在比较重量不同的胴体间使用,对相同重量的胴体,眼肌面积不能作为胴体产肉量评定参考指标.     

肉用西门塔尔牛与和牛杂交群体的肉品质分析

本研究旨在对肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体进行肉质性状比较,以期为肉品质性状遗传机制剖析及优质肉牛培育提供理论指导。收集肉用西门塔尔牛与杂交和牛两试验群体肉质性状表型数据,包括眼肌面积、剪切力、系水力、pH、肉色、脂肪颜色和大理石花纹等指标,进行相关性及差异性分析,从而综合评价两群体的肉品质。结果显示,两群体的脂肪颜色、系水力及剪切力呈现两两正相关;肉色与脂肪颜色、pH呈正相关,且肉色与pH呈显著相关（P < 0.05）,而系水力与pH、肉色和大理石花纹呈负相关。在两试验群体间,和牛杂交群体的大理石花纹、眼肌面积、pH性状表现为极显著优于肉用西门塔尔牛（P < 0.01）。从性别比较来看,肉用西门塔尔牛母牛在大理石花纹、pH、剪切力等性状上极显著或显著优于公牛（P < 0.01;P < 0.05）;而和牛杂交群体母牛的肉色和剪切力性状表现为显著或极显著高于公牛（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）。总体而言,和牛杂交群体的肉质性能优于肉用西门塔尔牛;群体内比较表明,肉用西门塔尔牛群体母牛肉质性能优于公牛,而和牛杂交群体母牛肉质性能低于公牛。     

阉割处理对12月龄早胜黄牛公牛肉品质的影响

[目的]为了研究阉割对早胜黄牛公牛肉质的影响,[方法]试验选择健康无病、发育正常、养殖环境一致的12月龄早胜黄牛公牛和阉牛（6月龄早期阉割处理）各3头,短期育肥3个月,屠宰后取背最长肌,对蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、pH值、肉色（L^*、a^*和b^*）、系水力、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分及氨基酸组成和含量进行了研究。[结果]试验结果表明：阉割公牛背最长肌的pH、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、系水力、粗脂肪、Glu、Leu含量显著高于公牛（P<0.05）;而背最长肌蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力、亮度（L^*）、粗蛋白、水分显著低于公牛（P<0.05）,在公牛和阉牛的氨基酸组成及含量中,多数氨基酸含量不存在显著差异,但阉牛氨基酸含量略高于公牛氨基酸含量。[结论]阉割处理可以显著提高12月龄早胜黄牛的嫩度和系水力,改善牛肉的色泽,增加牛肉干物质和氨基酸含量,说明阉割有助于提高早胜黄牛育肥公牛的肉品质。     

Study on Genetic Polymorphism and Ultrasound Measurements for Major Meat Quality Traits in Beef Cattle

In this study,we used PCR-SCCP connect with ultrasonic vivo assay techniques, analysis of correlation between Leptin gene exon Ⅱ E2JW polymorphism and part meat quality traits of backfat thickness, eye muscle area, fat content, plot eye height in Xinjiang Brown cattle at ante-mortem, post-mortem. The results showed that Leptin gene exon Ⅱ E2JW site PIC was moderate polymorphisms (0.25 < PIC < 0.5), there were three genotypes of AA, AB and BB, AB genotype were the predominant genotype, B was the predominant allele. In addition, the forecast value of AB and AA gennotypes individual muscle fat content were inconsistent with actual value.Leptin gene exon Ⅱ E2JW was identified the theroy of a candidate gene loci of beef quality traits in Xinjiang Brown cattle.Genetic polymorphism and ultrasound measurements could not only fastly and accurately measure portion meat traits, but also as a means of marker-assisted selection.     

基因多态性与超声波活体测定相结合对肉牛主要肉质性状的研究

本试验采用PCR-SSCP与超声波活体测定相结合的方法,对Leptin基因外显子Ⅱ E2JW的SNP位点与宰前/宰后新疆褐牛背膘厚度、眼肌面积、脂肪含量、眼肌高度的部分肉质性状进行关联性分析。结果表明,外显子Ⅱ E2JW位点的PIC处于中度多态（0.25 < PIC < 0.5）,E2JW多态位点存在3个基因型：AA、AB和BB,其中AB为优势基因型,B为优势等位基因。相关性结果表明,除预测值中AB、AA基因型个体的肌肉脂肪含量与实测值的分析结果不一致外,其他均表现出新疆褐牛Leptin基因外显子Ⅱ E2JW多态性与预测肉质性状和实测肉质性状关系的一致性。因此,Leptin基因外显子Ⅱ E2JW是影响新疆褐牛肉质性状的候选基因位点,基因多态性结合超声波活体测定技术不仅可以快速、准确地测量部分肉质性状,而且可作为分子标记辅助选择的一种手段。     

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of field progeny and their relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population for Japanese Black cattle

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of 1774 field progeny (1281 steers and 493 heifers), and their genetic relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population (740 bulls) were estimated with REML. Feed efficiency traits included feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). RFI was calculated by the residual of phenotypic (RFI_phe) and genetic (RFI_gen) regression from the multivariate analysis of feed intake on metabolic weight and daily gain. Progeny traits were carcass weight (CWT), rib eye area (REA), rib thickness (RBT), subcutaneous fat, yield estimate (YEM), marbling score (MSR), meat quality grade, meat color, fat color, meat firmness and meat texture. The estimated heritability for CWT (0.70) was high and heritabilities for all the other traits were moderate (ranged from 0.32 to 0.47), except for meat and fat color and meat texture which were low (ranged from 0.02 to 0.25). The high genetic correlation (0.62) between YEM and MSR suggests that simultaneous improvement of high carcass yield and beef marbling is possible. Estimated genetic correlations of RFI (RFI_phe and RFI_gen) of sires with CWT (− 0.60 and − 0.53) and MSR (− 0.62 and − 0.50) of their progeny were favorably negative indicating that the selection against RFI of sires may have contributed to produce heavier carcass and increase in beef marbling. The correlated responses in CWT, REA and RBT of progeny were higher to selection against RFI than those to selection against FCR of sires. This study provides evidence that selection against RFI is preferred over selection against FCR in sire population for getting better correlated responses in carcass traits of their progeny.     

饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕取代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响

本试验在满足肉牛营养需要的基础上,采用棉籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕,形成不同蛋白质水平和成本的饲粮,旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响,同时为降低肉牛育肥成本和提高育肥效果提供依据.试验选用年龄(平均年龄为28月龄)、体重[初始均重为(678±122)kg]相近的健康杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)40头,随机分成4个试验组,每组10头牛.预试期为15 d,正试期240 d.结果表明:蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮组试验牛的日增重比蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮组提高18.57％(P ＞0.05).与饲喂蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮相比,饲喂蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮可以显著或极显著提高肉牛的屠宰率、净肉率、肋部脂肪厚、背膘厚(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而对肉牛的胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、高档肉块占活重比例、肉骨比影响不显著(P＞0.05).同等蛋白质水平下,用棉籽粕全部或部分替代豆粕对肉牛日增重及各项屠宰性能指标的影响均不显著(P＞0.05),但棉籽粕组饲粮单价、肉牛每千克增重成本都低于豆粕组.由此得出,在肉牛育肥后期可以用棉籽粕替代豆粕,以降低成本.目前我国《肉牛饲养标准》(2004)推荐的肉牛育肥所需的蛋白质水平低于本试验用杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)的需要.