转基因水稻作为动物饲粮的安全性评价

水稻是人类和动物的主要粮食作物之一。由于转入的外源基因和受体植物自身的生理作用,转基因水稻会产生一些不可预知的新的物质成分,因此对转基因水稻进行安全性评价是非常必要的。本文主要从转基因水稻的实质等同性、毒性、外源基因在动物体内的残留及其作为动物饲粮对动物各方面造成的影响等方面进行概述和分析。     

玉米转个基因更适合当饲料

<正>2009年,农业部向两种我国拥有自主知识产权的转基因粮食作物颁发了转基因生物生产应用安全证书。这两种转基因粮食作物就是转植酸酶基因玉米和转Bt基因水稻。其中,因为后者是供人食用的,所以人们对它的讨论比较多,而转植酸酶基因玉米主要是用作饲料,给牲畜吃的,所以人们的关注相对较少。     

日照对Bt水稻花粉中杀虫蛋白含量和活性的影响

基于探讨转Bt杀虫基因水稻花粉对家蚕的生态安全性问题,研究了不同日照时间处理的Bt水稻花粉中杀虫蛋白的含量和活性变化。结果表明,Bt水稻花粉中杀虫蛋白的相对含量起初明显下降,之后随着日照时间延长,呈现上升趋势;日照处理对花粉中可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。就不同日照时间处理的Bt花粉对家蚕蚁蚕的生物测定结果表明,随处理时间延长,LC50值虽有增高趋势,但变化不明显。以上结果显示:日照对Bt水稻花粉中的杀虫蛋白含量及活性均无显著影响。     

转Bt基因糙米对断奶仔猪潜在致敏性的安全评价

试验旨在研究转Bt(bacillus thuringiensis)基因糙米对断奶仔猪的致敏性。选用30头21日龄的"大×白"断奶仔猪,随机分为2组,对照组日粮中添加70%的亲本非转基因糙米,试验组日粮中添加70%的转Bt基因糙米,试验期30d。在试验第7d和28d采血,试验第25d利用Bt基因在水稻中表达的Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白的标准品进行仔猪的皮肤试敏试验。结果表明,对两组糙米的氨基酸水平进行了检测和对比分析,发现两组糙米的氨基酸水平差异不显著(P0.05);通过对仔猪血清免疫球蛋白E、组织胺含量;血浆中二胺氧化酶活性及D-乳酸含量;唾液皮质醇含量等的检测,结果显示两组间这五个指标均差异不显著(P0.05);利用Cry1Ac的蛋白标准品对仔猪进行的皮肤试敏试验,结果显示两组均无红斑产生。由试验结果可见,在本试验条件下,转Bt基因的糙米对仔猪无明显的致敏性。     

科学种好转基因抗虫棉

转基因抗虫棉是指通过生物技术手段，将外源遗传信息(基因)导入棉花体内，使棉花自身能合成对某些害虫有毒杀作用的物质，从而有效防治某些害虫的棉花。目前国内外研究最多、并已在生产上大面积推广应用的是转Bt基因抗虫棉。     

仿生法评定抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米的酶水解物能值的研究

本试验旨在分析抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米原料及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米原料及饲粮体外总能消化率以及酶水解物能值,为转基因玉米的营养实质等同性仿生评定方法的研究提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,使用单胃动物仿生消化系统模拟饲料原料和饲粮在鸡胃肠道的消化过程,分析同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应的3种玉米-豆粕饲粮在不同体外模拟消化阶段的干物质消化率、总能消化率和酶水解物能值的差异。结果表明:同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应饲粮在常规概率成分含量上是相似的。抗草甘膦玉米及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米及饲粮相比,在干物质和能量胃消化率、全消化道消化率及酶水解物能值上均没有显著差异(P0.05)。转Bt基因玉米全消化道总能消化率低于同源非转基因玉米(P=0.03,变异系数=0.50%),对应玉米饲粮的酶水解物能值则高于同源非转基因玉米饲粮(P=0.02,变异系数=1.12%),但均处于仿生消化系统测试的误差范围内(变异系数≤1.64%)。由此可见,抗草甘膦玉米的酶水解物能值与同源对照玉米没有差异,而转Bt基因玉米存在统计学意义上的差异,但所有的测值均处于仿生消化系统的测试误差之内。仿生法发现的差异是否具有生物学意义有待体内试验验证。仿生法可为转基因饲料营养等同性研究提供一种新方法。     

转基因糙米对肉仔鸡生长性能和肌肉中养分含量的影响

水稻是我国的主要粮食作物之一,但各种病虫害严重影响水稻的产量。转基因水稻可通过导入外源基因,使植株获得相应的抗性。但在转基因水稻大面积商业化种植之前,需要作一系列的安全性评价工作。在动物试验中,一般沿用实质等同性原则,即如果转基因作物与其有长期食用史的非转基因亲本之间没有关键性的差异,则认为此转基因作物是安全的。     

原核注射法转基因猪外源基因整合位点的分布及其遗传规律

应用非同位素标记染色体原位杂交技术，对9头不同世代的转OMT－PGH帮6头原代转hDAF基因猪外源基因整合位点的分布及其遗传规律进行了研究。结果表明，4头原代转OMT－PGH基因猪外源基因分别整合在第7，13，2和8号染色体上，6头原代转hDAF基因猪外源基因分别整合在第13，6，11，2，7和7号染色体上，证实了用原核注射法转基因猪外源基因的整合是“随机”的，来自同一亲本，不同世代的5头转OMT－PGH基因猪，其外源基因均存在于第13号染色体上，与共同祖先原代转基因猪的整合位点相一致，表明转基因猪外源基因可以传递给后代，且整合位点的遗传是相对稳定的。     

转植酸酶基因玉米对肉仔鸡器官发育及其病理变化的影响

试验旨在研究转植酸酶基因玉米饲粮对肉仔鸡器官发育及其病理变化的影响。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,将160只1日龄AA肉仔公鸡分成2个处理组,每个处理10个重复笼,每个重复笼8只鸡。对照组鸡饲喂非转植酸酶基因的亲本玉米饲粮,试验组鸡饲喂转植酸酶基因玉米饲粮。2个处理组饲粮中可利用磷等所有养分含量均相等或相近。试验期42 d。结果表明:试验组与对照组肉仔鸡内脏器官指数、小肠各段长度和重量指数及十二指肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度均无显著差异(P>0.05),试验组肉仔鸡的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和十二指肠也未发现病理变化。以上结果表明,在本试验期内,转植酸酶基因玉米饲粮对肉仔鸡的器官发育未产生不良影响,主要脏器未发现病理变化。     

饲用转基因豆粕对牛奶营养成分的影响及奶中外源基因转移检测

随机选择青岛市周边7个奶牛场,取精料和牛奶样品,检测精料的水分、粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和总磷含量及牛奶干物质、粗蛋白和钙含量,采取荧光定量PCR法检测精料及牛奶中的豆粕外源基因。结果表明：7个牛场奶牛精料的常规营养成分水分、粗灰分、钙、总磷含量差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）,精料粗蛋白质、粗纤维含量、牛奶中的干物质、粗蛋白质和钙含量7个牛场之间差异不显著（P＆gt;0.05）。4个牛场精料中含转基因豆粕GTS40-3-2和2704品系外源基因,3个牛场精料中含转基因豆粕GTS40-3-2品系外源基因。牛奶中均未检测到相应外源基因。可见,饲用不同种类转基因豆粕精料对牛奶主要营养成分含量无显著影响,豆粕外源基因未向牛奶中转移。     

Research Progress on Safety Assessment of Transgenic Bt Rice as Animal Diets

Rice is one of the major food crops for humans.It is also an important feed source of animals.In recent years,several transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice were bred by domestic and international research institutes.These varieties of transgenic Bt rice can kill insect pests such as rice stem borer,yellow rice borer and rice leaf roller.They can also reduce the use of pesticides and boost rice yields.People pay much attention to safety of transgenic Bt rice as it is one of the major food crops.As yet there is no definite evidence that the transgenic Bt rice has safety issues.But we still need to monitor the results of long-term consumption of the rice continuously.This article mainly reviews the development,potential risk and safety assessment method,nutritional value and toxicity of transgenic Bt rice,the impact of growth and immune of animals,the foreign gene and the foreign protein in vivo residual.     

转基因动物及其食品安全评价技术研究进展

在确保转基因动物及其食品安全的条件下,搞好转基因动物食品产业的发展,对于有效解决资源短缺,食物不足,促进国民经济可持续发展等方面具有重要意义.要切实保证转基因动物食品安全,就必须借鉴发达国家的先进技术,集成创新我国转基因动物及其食品的安全评价技术体系,为我国转基因动物及其食品的安全检测提供可靠的技术支撑.为此,论文参阅...     

转Bt基因糙米作为日粮原料对生长猪免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究转苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）基因糙米作为日粮原料对生长猪免疫功能的影响。选用80日龄大白仔猪30头,随机分为2组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂含70%亲本非转基因糙米的日粮,试验组饲喂含70%转Bt基因糙米的日粮,试验期90 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,饲喂转Bt基因糙米的生长猪血清中IgA、IgG、IgM含量及补体C3和C4水平差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;试验组生长猪的肝脏、脾脏组织切片观察发现,其亚显微结构均无病理变化,与对照组相比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,且两组间的免疫器官指数也均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。综上所述,在本试验条件下,转Bt基因糙米作为生长猪的日粮,未见对生长猪的免疫器官及其功能造成影响。     

Safety assessment of food products from r-DNA animals

Recombinant-DNA (transgenic) animals intended for food production are approaching the market. Among them, recombinant-DNA fishes constitute the most advanced case. As a result, intergovernmental organizations are working on guidelines which would eventually become international standards for national food safety assessments of these products. This article reviews the emerging elements for the food safety assessment of products derived from recombinant-DNA animals. These elements will become highly relevant both for researchers and regulators interested in developing or analyzing recombinant-DNA animals intended to be used in the commercial elaboration of food products. It also provides references to science-based tools that can be used to support food safety assessments. Finally, it proposes recommendations for the further development of biosafety assessment methodologies in this area.     

GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations

In 2012, genetically engineered （GE） crops were grown by 17.3 million farmers on over 170 million hectares. Over 70% of harvested GE biomass is fed to food producing animals, making them the major consumers of GE crops for the past 15 plus years. Prior to commercialization, GE crops go through an extensive regulatory evaluation. Over one hundred regulatory submissions have shown compositional equivalence, and comparable levels of safety, between GE crops and their conventional counterparts. One component of regulatory compliance is whole GE food/feed animal feeding studies. Both regulatory studies and independent peer-reviewed studies have shown that GE crops can be safely used in animal feed, and rDNA fragments have never been detected in products （e.g. milk, meat, eggs） derived from animals that consumed GE feed. Despite the fact that the scientific weight of evidence from these hundreds of studies have not revealed unique risks associated with GE feed, some groups are calling for more animal feeding studies, including long-term rodent studies and studies in target livestock species for the approval of GE crops. It is an opportune time to review the results of such studies as have been done to date to evaluate the value of the additional information obtained. Requiring long-term and target animal feeding studies would sharply increase regulatory compliance costs and prolong the regulatory process associated with the commercialization of GE crops. Such costs may impede the development of feed crops with enhanced nutritional characteristics and durability, particularly in the local varieties in small and poor developing countries. More generally it is time for regulatory evaluations to more explicitly consider both the reasonable and unique risks and benefits associated with the use of both GE plants and animals in agricultural systems, and weigh them against those associated with existing systems, and those of regulatory inaction. This would represent a shift away from a GE evaluation process that currently focuses only on risk assessment and identifying ever diminishing marginal hazards, to a regulatory approach that more objectively evaluates and communicates the likely impact of approving a new GE plant or animal on agricultural production systems.     

GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations

In 2012, genetically engineered (GE) crops were grown by 17.3 million farmers on over 170 million hectares. Over 70% of harvested GE biomass is fed to food producing animals, making them the major consumers of GE crops for the past 15 plus years. Prior to commercialization, GE crops go through an extensive regulatory evaluation. Over one hundred regulatory submissions have shown compositional equivalence, and comparable levels of safety, between GE crops and their conventional counterparts. One component of regulatory compliance is whole GE food/feed animal feeding studies. Both regulatory studies and independent peer-reviewed studies have shown that GE crops can be safely used in animal feed, and rDNA fragments have never been detected in products (e.g. milk, meat, eggs) derived from animals that consumed GE feed. Despite the fact that the scientific weight of evidence from these hundreds of studies have not revealed unique risks associated with GE feed, some groups are calling for more animal feeding studies, including long-term rodent studies and studies in target livestock species for the approval of GE crops. It is an opportune time to review the results of such studies as have been done to date to evaluate the value of the additional information obtained. Requiring long-term and target animal feeding studies would sharply increase regulatory compliance costs and prolong the regulatory process associated with the commercialization of GE crops. Such costs may impede the development of feed crops with enhanced nutritional characteristics and durability, particularly in the local varieties in small and poor developing countries. More generally it is time for regulatory evaluations to more explicitly consider both the reasonable and unique risks and benefits associated with the use of both GE plants and animals in agricultural systems, and weigh them against those associated with existing systems, and those of regulatory inaction. This would represent a shift away from a GE evaluation process that currently focuses only on risk assessment and identifying ever diminishing marginal hazards, to a regulatory approach that more objectively evaluates and communicates the likely impact of approving a new GE plant or animal on agricultural production systems.     

Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: chemical composition and nutritional evaluation.

The objective of the present study was to determine the composition and the nutritional value of parental and transgenic maize seeds fed to pigs. The parental maize line was genetically modified to incorporate a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressing a toxin against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Both (parental and transgenic) maize lines were analyzed for crude nutrients, starch, sugar, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), amino acids, fatty acids, as well as for selected minerals. Furthermore, four complete diets were mixed and were analyzed for the same nutrients and some selected ingredients. The diets contained 70% maize to attain a high effect level. To evaluate the feeding value of one variety of genetically modified maize (transgenic) compared to the feeding value of the unmodified maize (parental) line, a balance study with twelve pigs was designed. Three collecting periods were used for each maize line each with six animals. The collected faeces were analyzed for crude nutrients. All measured parameters were virtually the same (e.g. crude protein 11.59% vs. 11.06% in DM), especially the digestibility of crude protein (85.8 +/- 2.3% vs. 86.1 +/- 1.8%), the amount of nitrogen-free-extract (92.8 +/- 0.6% vs. 93.2 +/- 0.6%) and the metabolizable energy (15.7 +/- 0.2% vs. 15.8 +/- 0.2% MJ/kg DM) for both maize lines. Compared to the parental line, the chemical composition and digestibility of crude nutrients and energy content were not significantly affected by the genetic modification of maize. Therefore, from the view of a nutritional assessment, the genetically modified maize can be regarded as substantially equivalent to the parental maize line.     

慢病毒载体法制备转基因动物研究进展

慢病毒能够感染分裂细胞和非分裂细胞,因而被发展成为重要的转基因载体,已成为制备转基因动物的一种工具,转基因效率明显提高。该文介绍了制备转基因动物的技术方法,比较了慢病毒载体制备转基因动物的特点和优势,介绍了慢病毒载体安全设计的发展,并将近年来国内外利用慢病毒载体法制备转基因动物的研究进行了概述。     

转基因技术的发展与应用对养蜂业的影响

经过几十年的发展,转基因作物已逐步从实验室研究阶段走向大面积的生产应用,转基因作物及其产品的安全性则一直是人们争论的焦点。转基因技术的发展与应用与养蜂业密切相关。虽然转基因蜜蜂的生产应用为时尚早,但转基因作物的大量种植,给蜜蜂的安全带来了隐患,也使得蜂产品中可能掺入转基因成分。及时评估转基因植物对蜜蜂的影响不仅有助于保护养蜂业,也有助于减轻甚至避免由转基因植物带来的生态风险。欧盟和日本对转基因作物及其产品的谨慎态度,使得转基因食品的安全性成为一个新的贸易壁垒。我国养蜂业应尽早应对,研究完善涉及转基因植物的蜂产品生产制度及建立相应的检测标准。     

电化学生物传感器在真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。