温度、光照强度对舌状蜈蚣藻早期发育的影响

舌状蜈蚣藻（Grateloupia livida）是一种具有较高应用价值的红藻。文章研究了不同的温度（15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃）和光照强度（500 lx、2500 lx、5 000 lx和10 000 lx）对舌状蜈蚣藻早期发育的影响。试验结果表明,舌状蜈蚣藻适合果孢子发育为盘状体的条件为温度25℃、光照5 000 lx。果孢子在25~30℃条件下首先形成盘状体,15℃下形成最慢;盘状体在25℃首先长出直立枝,其次是20℃、15℃和30℃。果孢子在5 000~10 000 lx的光照强度下首先形成盘状体,2 500 lx次之;在盘状体发育过程中较高光强可以促进盘状体的生长发育,低光强培养条件显著抑制了盘状体的生长发育。     

水流和光照条件对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida(Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发生长的影响

在不同水流和不同光照条件下,分别对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida(Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发情况展开研究,以期为其苗种生产奠定基础。舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子在附着1 d、15 d后,置于不同水流速度(0、1、1.5、4、7、10、14 cm/s;1.5 cm/s流速由充气控制,其他流速由流水装置控制)培养20 d;舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子附着1 d后,在不同光照周期(6L∶18D、8L∶16D、10L∶14D、12L∶12D、14L∶10D、16L∶8D)和不同光照强度(35、85、135μmol photons/m~2·s)交叉条件下培养70 d。结果显示,附着1 d的果孢子萌发体在静止条件下的萌发生长明显优于其他水流速度下的(P0.05);附着15 d的果孢子萌发体在1.5 cm/s流速下的萌发生长最好(P0.05),在静止条件下的萌发生长明显慢于其他流速下的各组(P0.05)。光照周期和光照强度对果孢子萌发生长的影响显著(P0.05),这二者对盘状体和孢苗生长的影响具有交互作用(P0.05),对盘状体萌发出直立体的影响没有交互作用(P0.05)。光照时间为8–10 h,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显高于其他光照时间下的各组。光照强度为35μmol photons/m~2·s时,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显比其他光照强度下的高。研究表明,在舌状蜈蚣藻育苗生产中,可采取孢子刚附着时静水培养,附苗后15 d充气培养,并控制光照时间为8–10 h和光照强度为35μmol photons/m~2·s。     

温度、光照强度对舌状蜈蚣藻早期发育的影响

为评价舌状蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia livida)的营养价值,提高其综合利用率,对其基本营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物元素进行了测定。结果显示,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和粗纤维的质量分数分别为12.28%、0.18%、13.32%和1.80%;舌状蜈蚣藻含有17种氨基酸,包括8种必需氨基酸,限制性氨基酸为色氨酸;共含有15种脂肪酸,包括具有重要生理功能的亚油酸、二十碳四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸;舌状蜈蚣藻富含镁(Mg)、钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)和铜(Cu)。结果表明舌状蜈蚣藻具有较好的营养保健价值。     

光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响

模拟萱藻育苗条件,以萱藻丝状体为材料,沙滤天然海水作为培养液,研究了光照强度[7.2~126.0μmol/(m2·s)]对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响。结果显示:(1)本实验条件下,萱藻孢子萌发的适宜光强范围为27.0~72.0μmol/(m2·s)。其中,在45.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下,萱藻孢子萌发率较高,并在放散后的第16天萌发率达到(44.44%±11.00%);(2)在本实验条件下,萱藻幼苗早期生长的适宜光强范围为36.0~54.0μmol/(m2·s),其中45.0μmol/(m2·s)最适宜萱藻幼苗的生长,且附生藻类密度最低,孢子放散后第34天附生藻类密度为(38.4±0.6)×104个/cm2;(3)本研究共鉴定出附生藻类2门13属29种,主要优势种为碎片菱形藻、小伪菱形藻、艳绿颤藻、膨胀色球藻、耳形藻和新月菱形藻。其中碎片菱形藻在7.2~18.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长,而耳形藻与新月菱形藻在27.0~126.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长。研究表明,萱藻孢子萌发和幼苗早期发育的最佳光强为45.0μmol/(m2·s),且在萱藻育苗过程中应重点防治的附生藻类为耳形藻与新月菱形藻。     

海带(Laminaria japonica Aresch)胚孢子萌发和配子体生长与光照波长间关系的研究

研究了紫外光和可见光谱内不同波长光及白光（全色光）与我国养殖海带（ＬａｍｉｎａｒｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＡｒｅｓｃｈ）胚孢子萌发和配子体生长之间的关系,结果发现：不同波长光照（３００～７００ｎｍ）对海带胚孢子的萌发率、萌发管的生长及雌、雄配子体的生长均有显著影响,其影响特点是因个体生长发育时期的不同而有所不同。试验还表明,在海带配子体世代,细胞内光合色素的功能随着个体的生长发育渐趋完全。     

温度和光照对塔胞藻生长的影响

采用梯度法比较了温度、光照度、光照周期对一次性培养的塔胞藻生长的影响。结果表明:塔胞藻对温度的适应范围较广,10~30℃时塔胞藻均可生长,24~28℃为塔胞藻生长的最适温度;光照度4000~10 000 lx时,塔胞藻生物量随光照度的增加而增大,并在10 000 lx时达到最大;塔胞藻在光照周期为16L∶8D时生长最快。     

温度和光照条件对裙带菜配子体生长的影响

通过设置不同的培养条件,检验温度、光照强度和光照周期对裙带菜雌配子体生长的影响。第一步设置3个温度条件(12℃、16℃、20℃)和5个光照强度条件(1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500、3 000lx)进行全析因方差设计,得出最适温度条件和光照强度;第二步,在最适温度条件下,设置2个光照周期(24h持续光照和光暗周期D∶L=12∶12)和不同光照强度,检验不同光照强度条件和光照周期对配子体生长的影响。在以上实验的基础上,根据最适温度条件和光照周期,设置不同光照强度检验其对配子体鲜重量生长的影响。实验结果显示:裙带菜雌配子体最适宜的在温度为16℃,光照强度为2 500lx,周期为24h持续光照。     

海带(Laminaria japonica Aresch)胚孢子萌发和配子体生长与光照波长间关系的研究

研究了紫外光和可见光谱内不同波长光及白光与我国养殖海带胚孢子萌发和配子体生长之间的关系。结果发现：不同波长光照对海带胚孢子的萌发率,萌发管的生长及雌,雄配子体的生长均有显著影响,其影响特点是因个体生长发育时期的不同而有所不同。试验还表明,在海带配子体世代,细胞内光合色素的功能随着个体的生长发育渐趋完全。     

光照对苦草种子发芽和生长的影响

目前养殖上多用播种草籽的方法种植苦草。苦草种籽的萌发和生长受多项环境因子的调控,其中水下光强是最重要的因子之一。本文旨在揭示不同光照强度下,特别是黑暗条件下,苦草种子的萌发及萌发后的生长情况,为苦草种人工播种时选择水深或水下光照条件提供科学的理论根据。     

光照、水流和养殖密度对史氏鲟稚鱼摄食、行为和生长的影响

研究了光照强度和周期,水流速度,养殖密度对史氏鲟摄食、生长和行为的影响.光照周期在一定的照度和时间范围内对史氏鲟稚鱼的摄食和生长没有显著影响.水流和养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长有着显著的影响.高水流速度和低养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长有着积极的影响,生长效率、特定生长率和日增重都随流速的增大和养殖密度的降低而增大,条件系数随密度的增大而减小,而净增重随密度的增大而增大,各密度组的史氏鲟稚鱼的生长离散没有加剧.在流速为0.06 m·s-1和0.18 m·s-1范围内,稚鱼的生长效率(GE)与流速(V)之间存在着显著的正相关关系,其关系式为 GE=46.106+142.04V (r=0.5216).特定生长率(SGR)与养殖密度(SD)之间存在着显著的负相关,其关系式为SGR=4.9728-0.4914SD (r=-0.6553).3种环境因子对稚鱼的食欲未有明显影响,但饵料转化率会随养殖密度的增大和流速的降低而显著性增大.史氏鲟稚鱼在照度100～1100 lx之间的趋光率为49.55%,无显著的趋光性;当亮区照度在13 000 lx以上,稚鱼100%避光.处于全黑条件下的稚鱼的体色却普遍变浅,呈灰白色;而另两种光周期条件下的稚鱼体色深黑,全光照条件下的稚鱼体色与自然光周期下的一样.在试验流速范围内,水流刺激还将影响稚鱼的某些行为,在流水环境中稚鱼喜聚集和逆水游动.     

光强对极北海带幼苗生长和生化特性的影响

通过探讨极北海带(Laminaria hyperborea)幼苗在不同光强下的相对生长速率(RGR)及生化指标的变化规律,以期获得适宜极北海带幼苗生长的光照范围,并揭示其对光照胁迫的生化响应机制。结果显示,在40~80 μmol photons/(m2·s)光强下,极北海带幼苗的RGR较高,表明此光强范围对其生长较有利,而RGR与丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著负相关关系,表明细胞膜脂的过氧化作用可能是导致极北海带幼苗RGR降低的原因之一。极北海带幼苗中超氧阴离子(SA)含量与MDA含量呈极显著正相关关系,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的比活力与SA含量及MDA含量均呈负相关关系(其中,CAT比活力与SA含量的相关性达到显著水平),且过氧化物酶(POD)与SOD的比活力呈极显著正相关关系,表明SOD、CAT及POD对于极北海带幼苗中活性氧的清除均发挥着重要的作用,且SOD与POD有明显的协同作用。高光和弱光逆境均不利于极北海带幼苗中可溶性蛋白的积累,且均造成藻体中MDA的积累,表明在光照胁迫下幼苗的总代谢水平降低,而活性氧水平升高。在高光下,幼苗可通过增加类胡萝卜素含量及显著提高SOD及POD的比活力来降低藻体内活性氧水平,从而减轻光氧化伤害。在弱光下,幼苗可通过增加体内叶绿素a的含量以高效地捕获有限光能,但藻体的抗氧化酶比活力显著下降,从而造成其活性氧代谢发生了严重失衡,进而导致其细胞膜脂过氧化程度的加重。上述结果可为极北海带的人工育苗及海上养殖提供参考。     

中国麒麟菜族的分类研究

文章探讨了不同光照强度 (1 000、3 000、5 000、7 000和9 000 lx) 下琼枝藻 (Betaphycus gelatinae) 的生长、光合色素及颜色变化,基于CSE-1成像色度检测分析系统,研究了琼枝藻颜色参数L^*a^*b^* (CIE 1976) 与光照强度、生长、光合色素的相关性。结果显示,琼枝藻的相对生长速率和增重率均随光照强度的增加显著增大,适宜生长的光照强度为7 000~9 000 lx,光照强度为1 000 lx时琼枝藻无明显生长。叶绿素a (Chl-a)、类胡萝卜素 (Car)、藻红蛋白 (PE) 和藻蓝蛋白 (PC) 含量总体上随光照强度的增加呈下降趋势。随着光照强度的增加,琼枝藻的颜色由红褐色逐渐变为绿色,三刺激值XYZ在CIE 1931色度图上呈现明显的分布差异。光照强度与明度 (L^*) 呈显著正相关 (P<0.05),与红绿色度 (a^*) 呈极显著负相关 (P<0.01);生长速率与L^*、黄蓝色度 (b^*) 均呈显著正相关 (P<0.05);Chl-a与L^*呈显著负相关 (P<0.05),与a^*呈显著正相关 (P<0.05);PE和PC均与a^*呈显著正相关 (P<0.05)。     

水温 饵料 投饵率对河蟹生长和饵料转化率的影响

在实验室条件下研究了水温、饵料和投饵率对河蟹生长的影响。结果表明,在10～26℃水温范围内,河蟹对不同饵料的摄饵率和特定生长率均与水温呈正相关关系;相比之下,用配饵投喂,河蟹对温度的变化较为敏感,但配饵的饲养效果明显次于螺蛳。随着水温的升高,当螺蛳的投饵率由半饱增至全饱时,河蟹的湿重生长率增长不明显,而体蛋白量则增加了13%～28%。在适温范围内,适当降低投饵率可提高饵料转化率和蛋白质利用率,可是蟹体蛋白量的增加则明显下降。     

Effect of different light regimes on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO)

The culture of Isochrysis aff. galbana Green (T-ISO) in hatcheries is promoted for its high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content which favours the successful rearing of aquatic larvae. In this paper we identified the need for well-defined culture conditions of microalgae if sufficient DHA content is the final goal. Using photoperiods of 24:0 h, 12:12 h, and 16:8 h L/D combined with photon flux densities (PFDs) of 110, 220, and 460E m-2 s-1, batch cultures of T-ISO were sampled for DHA content in the exponential as well as the post-exponential (light limited) growth phase. The various light regimes resulted in differences of DHA content of T-ISO revealing influences and strong interactions among the three variables studied. For fast and economic production of T-ISO cells rich in DHA it is recommended to harvest batch cultures at the end of the exponential phase using high photon flux densities (PFDs) under 12:12 h L/D cycles. The same regime or lower PFD under 24:0 h L/D seem to be sufficient for a continuous culture optimization scheme. In any case a strict following of culture protocols is very important since there is evidence for coexistence of different clones within the parental cultures leading to different results depending on which one prevails.     

Effects of continuous light and short-day photoperiod on smolting, seawater survival and growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Duplicate groups of 1-year-old Atlantic salmon were exposed to 5–7 weeks of short days (LD 8.15:15.45) with artificial light, followed by a period of continuous light (LL) for 3 months (A), 2 months (B) or 1 month (C) before transfer to sea cages. Duplicate groups were also exposed to a 2-week period of LD 8.15:15.45, followed by a period of continuous light for 2 months (D). Comparisons were made with fish that were reared under natural light conditions from October onwards (F) and continuous light (E) only. Fish from all groups were transferred to sea cages on 9 June and their survival and growth were monitored until 31 October. There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between light regime and time for all smolt characters measured. Development of smolt colouration, decrease in condition factor, increases in gill Na-K-ATPase activity and the ability to regulate plasma Na⁺ after 24 h in full-strength sea water, indicated that the fish in groups A, B and C completed smoltification 6–8 weeks after the end of the short-day periods. No decrease in the condition factor was recorded for fish in groups D and E. The mortality was 40% for group A and 34% for group B, and 15% or less for the other groups. Groups A and B had probably lost some of the smolt characters by the time of seawater transfer. The specific growth rate in sea water was 1.5% for group F and for the survivors of groups A and B, 1.4% for group C and 1.2% for groups D and E. In conclusion, a short-day regime of 5–7 weeks, followed by continuous artificial light, caused smolt-related changes similar to those found in outdoor-reared fish, whereas this was not so for fish exposed to either a short-day period of only 2 weeks or to continuous artificial light.     

光照、温度、碳源及接种密度对微绿球藻生长的影响

运用正交设计法开展了碳源和接种密度,光照、温度和接种密度对微绿球藻生长影响的试验。结果表明,在碳源和接种密度的试验中,NaHCO_3浓度、接种密度及其交互作用存在显著性差异,最优水平为NaHCO_32.5g/L、接种密度300×10~4个/mL。在光照、温度和接种密度试验中,各因子以及其一级交互作用均存在着显著性差异,最优水平是培养温度30±1℃、光强7000LX、接种密度100×10~～150×10~4个/mL。     

不同水温对青鱂鱼胚胎发育的影响

研究了孵化水温对青鱂(Oryzias latipes)胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,在19.69~36.03℃范围内,青鱂胚胎都能孵化出仔鱼,孵化时间随水温上升而缩短。26.03~33.90℃是其胚胎发育的最适温度;其中,在27.58℃孵化率最高,达到83%,仔鱼成活率达到90.9%。当水温低于17.64℃,青鱂胚胎发育极其缓慢,至47d只有1尾仔鱼孵出;当水温高于38.67℃,其胚胎不能孵出仔鱼。青鱂胚胎发育的理论有效积温为112.62℃.d,发育阈温度为17.55℃。     

Inhibition of sexual maturation in tank reared haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) through the use of constant light photoperiods

The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is believed to be a potential candidate for aquaculture in the Atlantic coastal countries including the UK, Norway and Canada. However, under culture conditions, haddock will sexually mature prior to the attainment of a suitable harvest weight. Therefore, a long term tank based experiment was performed where three populations of haddock (hatched spring 2002, approximately 150 fish per population) were exposed to either a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) or SNP until January or July 2003 and thereafter continuous illumination (Jan LL or July LL respectively) with individual growth rate and maturation status being recorded until July 2004 (27 months post-hatch). While the SNP treated population matured in the spring of 2004 (two years post-hatch) with 88% of the population being observed to release gametes, no mature individuals were observed in either of the LL treated populations and furthermore there was no evidence of gonadal development or elevation in sex steroids (testosterone, estradiol-17β or calcium). The application of LL appeared to directly stimulate the growth rate of haddock (e.g. 14 to 27% increase in weight thermal growth coefficient) and improve food conversion rates. At the end of the trial there was an approximate 50% increase in wet weight (SNP: 647 ± 53 g, Jan LL: 982 ± 34 g and July LL 985 ± 33 g), however no significant difference in weight in relation to the length of LL exposure was observed. Plasma melatonin analysis revealed that the natural diel rhythm had been inhibited in both LL treated populations. Along with highlighting the similarity in reproductive entrainment between haddock and other gadoids, these results demonstrate how photoperiod manipulation could be used as a management strategy to improve growth performance in farmed haddock stocks.     

Photoperiod influences the growth, food intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of photoperiod manipulation on growth rate, food intake and feed conversion efficiency (Trial 1), and the digestibility of nutrients and energy (Trial 2) in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 19–120 g). Fish were exposed to four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) with light intensity 1500 lx on the water surface. The fish were fed with a commercial diet to apparent satiation. In Trial 2, 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) was used as an inert marker. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Food intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were also significantly higher in fish exposed to 24L:0D followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Fish exposed to 24L:0D and 16L:8D photoperiods showed significantly higher lipid and energy digestibility than those exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of growth performances under 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods were attributed to improved appetite, greater food intake and higher feed conversion efficiency as well as higher digestibility.