水稻纹枯病菌MAPK级联信号途径分析及信号通路模型预测

MAPK级联信号途径在植物病原真菌的生长、发育、繁殖及致病性等方面起着重要作用。根据已公布的5个水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)全基因组数据利用生物信息学方法对该病原菌的MAPK(mitogenactivated protein kinase)级联信号途径基因进行了鉴定,并预测水稻纹枯病菌MAPK级联途径图。蛋白结构域和motif分析结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌的MAPK信号途径基因均含有丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶结构域,并且基因序列具有较高保守性。多重序列比对结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌基因组中存在11个MAPKKK基因,分属于Ste11、Bck1和Ssk2类;10个MAPKK基因,分别为Ste7、Pbs2及Mkk1类;12个MAPK基因,被分类为Kss1/Fus3、Hog1、Slt2和Ime2。在5个水稻纹枯病菌基因组中,水稻纹枯病菌(taxid:456999)和AG-3 Rhs 1 AP(taxid:1086054)基因组中存在Kss1/Fus3-MAPK、Hog1-MAPK、Slt2-MAPK和Ime2-MAPK信号通路,AG-1 IB(taxid:1108050)基因组中存在Kss1/Fus3-MAPK、Hog1-MAPK和Slt2-MAPK通路,AG-8 WAC10335(taxid:1287689)基因组中仅存在Hog1-MAPK通路,而AG-1 IA(taxid:983506)基因组中只有2个MAPKKK基因未找到完整的信号通路。依据上述研究结果预测了水稻纹枯病菌的Kss1/Fus3、Hog1、Slt2和Ime2级联途径模型,此结果为深入研究水稻纹枯病菌的MAPK家族功能奠定了重要的理论基础。     

橡胶树白粉菌MAPK级联信号途径全基因组鉴定及途径模型建立

从全基因组水平鉴定橡胶树白粉菌(Oidium heveae)的MAPK级联信号途径基因,并对其进行Blast比对、蛋白质结构域及聚类分析,构建橡胶树白粉菌中的MAPK级联途径简图,为深入研究其MAPK级联途径的功能奠定基础。利用橡胶树白粉菌基因组数据库和小麦白粉菌(Blumeria graminis)的同源序列进行比对,获得25个MAPK信号途径相关基因。在橡胶树白粉菌基因组中发现了2个MAPK基因、2个MAPKK基因和5个MAPKKK基因。多重序列比对与保守位点分析表明,橡胶树白粉菌MAPK信号途径的激酶结构域均高度保守。在橡胶树白粉菌中构建Fus3/Kss1MAPK、Hog1 MAPK、Slt2(Mpk1)MAPK 3条MAPK级联途径,为深入探究植物病原真菌MAPK超家族的功能奠定了基础。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病菌ELISA检测方法的建立

利用玉米弯孢菌叶斑病病原菌菌丝蛋白作为抗原,制备了该病原菌菌丝蛋白的多克隆抗体,建立了检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病菌的间接ELISA方法。结果表明,玉米弯孢菌抗血清的效价为1∶32 000;最佳抗原、抗体工作浓度分别为5μg/m l和1∶2 000;在最佳抗原抗体工作浓度下,理想包被液为碳酸盐缓冲液(pH值9.6),包被时间为4℃包被过夜;抗原抗体最适竞争反应时间为37℃下1 h;灵敏度为0.02μg/m l,此抗体可以与弯孢菌发生特异性反应,而与其他10种供试病原真菌的菌丝蛋白均呈阴性反应。     

玉米大斑病菌MAPK超家族的全基因组鉴定及途径模型建立

【目的】从全基因组水平鉴定玉米大斑病菌（Setosphaeria turcica）的MAPK超家族基因,并对其进行系统进化、基因结构、多重序列比对及保守位点分析,构建玉米大斑病菌中的MAPK级联途径模型,为深入研究该植物病原菌中MAPK级联途径的功能奠定基础。【方法】利用玉米大斑病菌基因组数据库,通过基于隐马尔科夫模型的HMMER 3.0软件搜索基因组,鉴定并获得MAPK超家族成员序列、基因组定位信息;采用MEGA 5.0软件进行系统进化分析;通过GSDS工具进行基因结构分析;利用ClustalX、MEME工具分析MAPK蛋白激酶区的保守性及保守位点。【结果】在玉米大斑病菌基因组中发现了4个MAPK基因、3个MAPKK基因和3个MAPKKK基因。系统进化分析将MAPK分为Kss1/Fus3、Slt2、Hog1及Ime2 4类;MAPKK分为Pbs2、Ste7及Mkk1 3类;MAPKKK分为Ste11、Bck1及Ssk2 3类。基因组定位及基因结构分析表明,MAPK超家族散布在基因组中,且MAPK基因的结构最为复杂多样,MAPKK次之,MAPKKK结构最简单。多重序列比对与保守位点分析表明,玉米大斑病菌MAPK超家族的激酶结构域均高度保守,其中MAPK具有保守的“-TxY-”磷酸化位点,MAPKK含有保守的“-SD[V/I]WS-”磷酸化位点,MAPKKK含有“-G[S/T][V/P][F/M][W/Y]M[A/S]PEV-”特异性保守位点。【结论】全基因组分析表明,玉米大斑病菌中包括4个MAPK基因、3个MAPKK基因和3个MAPKKK基因。通过系统进化、基因结构及多重序列比对和保守位点分析,在玉米大斑病菌中构建了Fus3/Kss1-homolog、Slt2-homolog、Hog1-homolog和Ime2-homolog 4条MAPK级联途径,其中Ime2 homolog为一条新发现的MAPK级联途径。该信息为深入解析植物病原真菌MAPK超家族的功能奠定了基础。     

病原真菌中MAPK信号通路的研究进展

信号通路对于细胞生理指标变化具有调控功能,不同的信号通路对于细胞行为的影响是不同的。综述了MAPK信号通路在形态建成、细胞生长、胞壁合成以及应答压力等方面的重要作用,并从HOG途径、Mkc1途径、Cek1和Cek2途径,以及Fus3/Kss1-MAPK信号通路和Slt2-MAPK级联通路等方面阐述了MAPK信号通路的研究进展。     

向日葵列当粗提物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用

以向日葵列当粗提物作为供试药剂,对小麦赤霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌、玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌及小麦根腐病菌等8种植物病原真菌进行了抑菌试验。结果表明,列当粗提物对供试植物病原真菌均有一定程度的抑制作用,其中对小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制效果最高(抑菌率达到87.80%)、对玉米小斑病菌菌丝生长量的抑制率最高(为94.87%)、对玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌孢子萌发的抑制率最强(达98.94%)。     

玉米弯孢霉菌叶斑病的发生与防治

玉米弯孢霉菌叶斑病是永胜县近年来玉米主要病害,病原称弯孢霉菌,属半知菌亚门真菌。一般造成玉米减产20%~30%,严重地块减产50%以上,甚至绝收。高温、高湿、降雨较多有利于发病,应提高防治意识,进行科学防治。     

康氏木霉PLA_2基因的生物学功能及诱导玉米抗弯孢霉叶斑病作用

本研究从康氏木霉T30的cDNA中克隆了PLA2基因,然后用PLA2敲除突变株为材料在玉米接弯孢霉叶斑病菌的条件下研究此基因的生物学功能。敲除突变株P82（ΔPLA2）所分泌的胞外几丁质酶和β-1,3-半乳糖苷酶的酶活要比野生型低。玉米接种弯孢霉叶斑病菌条件下,突变株的生防实验表明其具有较好的诱抗作用。此基因大肠杆菌表达产物在离体玉米叶片上同对照相比产生更大的叶斑。PLA2基因在木霉对抗弯孢霉叶斑病菌同玉米互作可能是一种负调控方式,要对此基因与玉米的非亲和互作还需对此基因互补进行功能验证。     

木霉菌发酵液蛋白对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的诱导抗性作用

[目的]研究木霉菌发酵液蛋白对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的诱导抗性作用。[方法]对玉米叶片离体病斑大小进行比较和经活体诱导后检测抗病性相关基因在mRNA水平上的表达差异。[结果]与对照相比,经发酵液蛋白处理后的离体叶片接种后病斑较小,且防御反应基因的转录水平都有不同程度的提高。[结论]木霉菌发酵液蛋白对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病有较好的诱导抗性作用。     

夏玉米弯孢菌叶斑病与南方锈病的发生及综合防治

近年来,随着气候、耕作制度及推广品种的变化,弯孢菌叶斑病、南方锈病在黄淮海夏玉米产区发生严重,已成为直接影响黄淮海夏玉米产量的主要因素之一。鉴此,介绍了黄淮海夏玉米弯孢菌叶斑病与南方锈病的危害、症状、病原、发生规律、发病诱因及相应的综合防治措施。     

AFLP技术在植物病原真菌研究上的应用

简述了AFLP技术的原理和优点,着重论述了该技术在病原真菌致病性分化、植物抗病基因定位、互作基因的表达与调控、菌株间亲缘关系及病原真菌遗传多样性方面的研究应用。     

MAPKs and acetyl-CoA are associated with Curvularia lunata pathogenicity and toxin production in maize

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in extracellular signal transduction and are involved in the pathogenicity of fungal pathogens to host plants. In Curvularia lunata, the roles of two MAPK genes, Clk1 and Clm1, have already been studied. Clk1 is involved in conidia formation and pathogenicity, and Clm1 is closely related to pathogen cell wall formation and pathogenicity to maize leaves. In this study, a third C. lunata MAPK gene, Clh1, which is homologous to hog1, was successfully cloned. We found that a Clh1 deletion mutant had lower intracellular glycerol accumulation than the wild-type stain and was unable to grow normally under osmotic stress conditions. Furthermore, the deletion mutants of three C. lunata MAPK genes (Clk1, Clm1 and Clh1) had lower levels of acetyl-CoA, which is an important intermediate product in the synthesis of melanin and furan toxin, and down-regulated expression of pathogenicity-associated genes. Furthermore, pathogenicity and the ability to produce toxin were restored after adding acetyl-CoA to the culture medium, suggesting that acetyl-CoA is closely involved in the pathogen MAPK signaling pathway.     

MAP kinase gene STK1 is required for hyphal,conidial,and appressorial development,toxin biosynthesis,pathogenicity,and hypertonic stress response in the plant pathogenic fungus Setosphaeria turcica

The mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol(HOG) MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STK1. Gene knockout mutants(KOs) were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain(WT). Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum(HT)-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.     

A putative Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for bacterial and fungal symbioses

Legumes can enter into symbiotic relationships with both nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and mycorrhizal fungi. Nodulation by rhizobia results from a signal transduction pathway induced in legume roots by rhizobial Nod factors. DMI3, a Medicago truncatula gene that acts immediately downstream of calcium spiking in this signaling pathway and is required for both nodulation and mycorrhizal infection, has high sequence similarity to genes encoding calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs). This indicates that calcium spiking is likely an essential component of the signaling cascade leading to nodule development and mycorrhizal infection, and sheds light on the biological role of plant CCaMKs.     

玉米大斑病菌小柱孢酮脱水酶StSCD家族鉴定及其功能分析

【目的】小柱孢酮脱水酶（scytalone dehydratase,SCD）是黑色素合成过程中的关键酶。本文旨在鉴定玉米大斑病菌（Setosphaeria turcica）小柱孢酮脱水酶基因（StSCD）家族,并分析玉米大斑病菌附着胞发育过程中StSCD基因家族表达量差异及SCD抑制剂对黑色素合成的影响,为进一步研究StSCD基因家族在黑色素合成和附着胞发育中的作用打下基础。【方法】利用玉米大斑病菌野生型菌株01-23的全基因组数据,获得StSCD基因家族的全序列,并与玉米小斑病菌（Cochlibolus heterostrophus）、稻瘟病菌（Pyricularia oryzae）、瓜类炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum lagenaria）等真菌的SCD进行序列比对;收集玉米大斑病菌附着胞不同发育时期的材料进行实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分析,获得不同时期、不同StSCD的表达量,从而确定与病菌侵染和附着胞黑色素化密切相关的脱水酶基因;使用SCD抑制剂环丙酰菌胺处理玉米大斑病菌,测定菌落生长速度、黑色素合成量、附着胞膨压等,确定StSCD在附着胞发育过程中的作用。【结果】玉米大斑病菌全基因组中共鉴定到4个StSCD,其编码蛋白具有SCD保守结构域及保守的催化及底物结合氨基酸残基。StSCD3与灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）中功能冗余的SCD2蛋白具有较高同源性,StSCD4与多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）中参与黑色素合成的SCD蛋白具有较高同源性。通过分析玉米大斑病菌生长发育过程中不同时期StSCD的表达量发现,在附着胞时期4个StSCD表达量均上调,其中StSCD3、StSCD4表达量上调尤为显著,附着胞再生菌丝时期StSCD3、StSCD4的表达量均显著下降,并且在附着胞诱导整个时期StSCD4的表达量较高。环丙酰菌胺处理玉米大斑病菌后,黑色素合成受阻,附着胞膨压显著降低。【结论】玉米大斑病菌含有4个StSCD,推测StSCD4参与DHN（1,8-间苯二酚）黑色素的合成,并进而影响附着胞膨压积累。     

Effects of MEK-Specific Inhibitor U0126 on the Conidial Germination, Appressorium Production, and Pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica

Systemic studies on the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal transduction pathway on the growth and development of Setosphaeria turcica is helpful not only in understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenhost interaction but also in the effective control of the diseases caused by S. turcica. U0126, the specific MEK inhibitor, is used to treat S. turcica before the observation of the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of the pathogen. There is no significant effect of U0126 on the colony morphology and mycelium growth of the pathogen. After treatment with U0126, the growth of mycelium and conidia are normal, but the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are significantly inhibited. Under the definite concentration scope, an increase in U0126 concentration increases the inhibition degree of conidial germination and appressorium production, but the inhibition degree decreases with elongation of treatment time. The conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are regulated by the MAPK pathway inhibited by U0126.     

特异性MEK抑制剂U0126对玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发、附着胞产生和致病性的影响

 【目的】研究MAPK信号转导途径对玉米大斑病菌生长、发育和致病性的调控作用，为明确玉米大斑病菌和玉米之间互作的分子机制奠定基础，对玉米大斑病的有效防治也有重要的理论意义。【方法】利用MEK特异性抑制剂U0126处理玉米大斑病菌，观测该抑制剂对玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发、附着胞发育和致病性的影响。【结果】U0126对玉米大斑的菌落形态和生长速度没有显著影响，可以形成正常的菌丝、分生孢子，但分生孢子萌发时间晚，芽管短，分生孢子萌发百分率和附着胞产生数目下降，玉米叶片的发病时间延迟2～3 d，发病率下降30%左右。在一定浓度范围内，U0126对分生孢子萌发和附着胞产生的抑制程度随着浓度增加而上升，但随着处理时间的延长而下降。【结论】玉米大斑病菌的分生孢子萌发、附着胞产生和对感病玉米叶片的致病能力受U0126抑制的MAPK信号转导途径调节。     

稻瘟菌附着胞分化相关基因研究进展

由稻瘟菌[Magnaporthegrisea(Herbert)Barr,无性世代为Pyriculariagrisea(Cooke)Saccardo=PyriculariaoryzaeCavara]引起的稻瘟病是水稻最严重的真菌病害之一,每年给水稻生产带来重大的经济损失。稻瘟菌与水稻的互作符合基因对基因关系,现已被作为模式系统用于研究病原微生物-植物寄主的互作机理。稻瘟菌致病分子机制的研究不仅为病害的防治奠定理论基础,也为其它植物病原真菌的研究提供借鉴。本文对稻瘟菌侵染结构附着胞分化的相关基因研究进展进行综述。