复方中草药对白点鲑和亚东鲑抗氧化、非特异性免疫及消化酶指标的影响

在水温10～12℃下,将体质量(224.14±26.73)g的白点鲑Salvelinus pluvius和体质量(152.12±7.46)g的亚东鲑Salmo trutta fario饲养在直径1m、水深0.7m的玻璃钢材质圆桶中,在基础饲料中添加0.5%的复方中草药(大黄、黄芪、连翅、黄苓和丹皮)进行投喂,在投喂0d、7d、14d、21d和28d时从鱼尾柄腹侧用肝素处理的容器抽血采样,测定血液中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)和蛋白酶活性,及丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,研究复方中草药对鱼血液抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫力及消化酶活力的影响。结果表明:摄食含复方中草药饲料14d时的亚东鲑血液T-AOC活力和SOD活力显著高于0d(P0.05),MDA含量和CAT活力各组间差异不显著(P0.05);7d和14d的亚东鲑血液AKP活力和ACP活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),14d时NO浓度和LZM活性与0d差异显著(P0.05);肠道蛋白酶活力差异不显著(P0.05),淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力在14d时在显著高于其他组(P0.05)。摄食含复方中草药饲料14d的白点鲑血液T-AOC活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),MDA含量和SOD活力差异不显著(P0.05),21d时CAT活力显著高于其他组(P0.05);AKP活力差异不显著(P0.05),7d、14d时ACP活力和NO浓度显著高于其他组(P0.05),21d时LZM含量显著高于其他组(P0.05);14 d时淀粉酶活力显著高于其他组(P0.05),肠道蛋白酶活力和脂肪酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,摄食含复方中草药的饲料,对白点鲑、亚东鲑血液的抗氧化性、非特异性及消化酶指标有促进作用,投喂14 d时的效果最佳。     

脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业养殖大西洋鲑消化酶、非特异性免疫及水质的影响

为探讨脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关消化酶活力、免疫及对水质指标的影响,采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%,即F18、F21、F24;2蛋白质水平:38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种实验处理的膨化配合颗粒料,每处理3重复,在工业化封闭循环海水养殖(RAS)条件下,选用初重(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)F21可显著提高大西洋鲑胃、肠、肝脂肪酶活力,比低脂肪分别提高11.52%、14.63%、4.31%;P48使肠、肝胰蛋白酶活力分别提高8.23%、8.33%,且发现其活力水平远高于胃蛋白酶。(2)F18、P48可显著提高肠道AKP酶活力,F18比F21、F24分别提高18.61%、31.70%,P48比P38提高13.69%。(3)F21、F24可显著改善血清的抗氧化能力,F21比F18的SOD活力提高10.32%,同时MDA含量降低4.49%;P48有利于提高血清LZM活力及补体C3含量,P48比P38分别高9.49%、5.93%。(4)低蛋白质水平可显著降低水体中氨氮、硝酸盐的含量,P38比P48分别降低61.70%、28.36%;提高脂肪水平可降低水体氨氮含量,F21、F24比F18分别降低10.00%、8.20%。研究表明,饲料脂肪和蛋白质水平与消化吸收酶、非特异免疫、养殖水氨氮之间关系特征明显;适当提高脂肪水平有利于提高消化道脂肪酶活力,提高蛋白质水平有利于提高免疫力;低蛋白质和中高脂肪组合可有效降低大西洋鲑的氨氮排泄量。     

微生物制剂对中华鲟生长、消化酶及非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

在水温15．8～18．6℃下,研究了EM菌液对体质量（13．85±1．44）g中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶活性的影响。实验鱼随机分为对照组和试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾,饲养在室内直径1m、高0．7m的圆形玻纤缸中,分别投喂基础饲料和含EM菌（5．0×10^9 CFU·kg-1饲料）的试验饲料。90d的饲养表明,试验组中华鲟的生长指标均大于对照组,其中增重率及特定增重率显著大于对照组（P〈0．05）;试验组鱼淀粉酶、脂肪酶及胃蛋白酶活性均大于对照组,其中试验组肝、胃中淀粉酶活性比对照组高46％和79％、脂肪酶活性高52％和246％,肠、胃中蛋白酶活性比对照组高54％和48％,均呈显著差异（P〈0．05）。试验组鱼肝中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均显著大于对照组（P〈0．05）,分别提高了29％、33％和34％,脾中除POD外,其他酶活性与肝中相同,但试验组鱼肝、脾中MDA含量比对照组分别小了47％和44％,呈显著性差异（P〈0．05）,溶菌酶活性无明显变化（P〉0．05）。由此得出,在饲料中添加EM菌液可提高子中华鲟的消化酶及非特异性免疫酶的活性,促进生长。     

复合益生菌制剂对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫指标的影响

选取体质健康、均重为(180±28)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)420尾,随机分成4组(对照组和3个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。对照组投喂基础饲料,实验组分别投喂添加1%、3%和5%芽孢杆菌和酵母菌复合益生菌制剂(BSCP)的基础饲料42 d。结果发现,大西洋鲑投喂1%–5%的BSCP后生长性能得到明显改善,增重率显著升高(P0.05),饵料系数和死亡率显著降低(P0.05);饲料蛋白质的表观消化率呈升高的趋势,5%组蛋白质消化率具有显著性差异(P0.05),但其脂肪表观消化率显著降低(P0.05);实验组肠道和肝脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性有不同程度的升高,但其中5%组肝脏脂肪酶活性显著降低(P0.05);实验组肝脏免疫指标表现出不同程度的改善,但其血清免疫指标无明显变化,仅中高剂量组SOD活性显著降低(P0.05)。结果表明,BSCP可以显著提高大西洋鲑的生长性能,提高部分消化酶活性和蛋白质的消化率,并在一定程度上促进大西洋鲑的非特异性免疫能力,其饲料中适宜添加水平为3%。     

两种配合饲料对美洲鲥幼鱼生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

为探究普通膨化配合饲料和特种绿色膨化配合饲料对美洲鲥幼鱼生长特性、消化能力和非特异性免疫力的影响,以人工繁育的初始体质量为(2.81±0.61)g的美洲鲥幼鱼为研究对象,进行了为期56 d的饲养试验,并测定了幼鱼的生长和酶活指标。试验结果显示：普通膨化配合饲料组(CF组)美洲鲥幼鱼体质量的增长速度快于特种绿色膨化配合饲料组(SF组),CF组幼鱼的体质量特定增长率和肥满度均显著大于SF组(P<0.05),饲料系数则显著小于SF组(P<0.05),CF组和SF组幼鱼的摄食率分别为3.31%/d、3.38%/d,成活率分别为98.50%、98.83%,两组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);消化酶方面,CF组幼鱼的淀粉酶(AMS)和脂肪酶(LPS)活力均显著大于SF组(P<0.05),而胃蛋白酶(PPS)活力显著小于SF组(P<0.05),两组间胰蛋白酶(TPS)活力无显著性差异(P>0.05);非特异性免疫酶方面,SF组幼鱼的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力显著大于CF组(P<0.05),两组间的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SO...     

投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长和生理指标的影响

将270尾均质量约500 g的大西洋鲑随机分为5组,每组2个重复,分别以3次/d、2次/d、1次/d、1次/2 d、1次/3 d的投喂频率饱食投喂56 d,以研究投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长性能、消化率、激素水平和抗氧化指标的影响。试验结果表明,随着投喂频率的降低,大西洋鲑质量增加率和摄食量明显降低,1次/2 d试验组和1次/3 d试验组质量增加率较3次/d试验组分别显著降低50%和75%,摄食量显著降低53%和72%。饵料系数、死亡率、皮质醇和抗氧化指标呈先降后升的趋势;饵料系数和皮质醇2次/d试验组最低,1次/3 d试验组最高,较其他组分别高1.2～2.1倍和0.38～4.78倍。血浆生长激素和甲状腺激素与之呈相反趋势,2次/d试验组各项指标较好;各试验组消化率均呈升高—降低—升高的变化趋势,2次/d和1次/3 d试验组值较高。试验结果表明,500～900 g大西洋鲑的最佳投喂频率为2次/d,在此基础上提高或降低投喂频率均会对大西洋鲑造成应激,对生长和饲料利用率产生负面影响。     

光合细菌PS2对尖吻鲈的生长、消化酶及非特异性免疫酶的影响

研究了光合细菌对尖吻鲈（Latescal carifer）的生长、消化酶及血清免疫酶活性的影响。把浓度为8×10^8cfu·mL^-1的荚膜红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas capsulate）的液体制剂分别以0．0％（对照组）、0．5％、1．0％和1．5％的比例添加到饲料中,投喂初始体质量为（10．95±0．25）g的尖吻鲈50d。鱼的增重率、特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数在组间均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。肝蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶及胃淀粉酶在1．0％组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;肠蛋白酶在1．5％组显著低于1．0％组（P〈0．05）,但试验组与对照组间没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）;幽门垂的消化酶在1．5％组显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）。血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性在组间均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结果表明,该株光合细菌对尖吻鲈的生长及非特异性免疫力没有显著影响,但在1．5％组能显著促进其幽门垂消化酶的活性,在1．0％组显著促进肝蛋白酶及肠和胃淀粉酶的活性。     

饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

不同盐度对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、消化酶活性和非特异性免疫的影响

本研究以珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂)幼鱼[(29.99±2.60) g]为研究对象,旨在探究不同盐度对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、机体化学组成、消化能力、抗氧化能力及血清部分生化指标的影响。实验设计6个盐度梯度,分别为10、15、20、25、30和35,分别命名为S1、S2、S3、S4、S5和S6,每个实验组3个重复,实验期为28 d。结果显示,增重率(WGR)和饲料效率(FE)随盐度升高均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且最大值均在S4组,显著高于S1和S6组(P<0.05),存活率在不同实验组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量呈现同WGR相似的变化趋势。肠道脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性在S3和S4组处于较高水平,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。S1和S6组的肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05)。丙二醛(MDA)含量在S3和S4组较低,显著低于其他4个实验组(P<0.05)。随盐度升高,血清中谷草转...     

裂壶藻对津新鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)生长、血液非特异性免疫指标及抗病力的影响

选用初始体重为(26.77±1.56)g的津新鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian) 540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含0、0.40％、0.80％、1.20％、1.60％和2.00％裂壶藻的等氮等能饲料,饲养56 d,探讨饲料中不同水平的裂壶藻对津新鲤生长、血液非特异性免疫指标及抗病力的影响.结果显示,在0.80％裂壶藻水平组中,增重率和特定生长率均显著提高(P＜0.05),肥满度则在1.20％水平组中达到最大值(P＜0.05),各组间成活率差异不显著(P＞0.05).不同水平的裂壶藻均可以显著提高津新鲤的抗氧化能力,其中过氧化氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽的含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且分别在1.20％、0.80％和1.20％组中达到最高(P＜0.05);而丙二醛含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在0.80％组中达最低(P＜0.05).不同水平的裂壶藻均可以显著提高津新鲤的非特异性免疫力,溶菌酶呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中1.20％组活性最高(P＜0.05).一氧化氮含量随裂壶藻水平增加而增加,各添加组含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶在0.80％组中达到最小值(P＜0.05).随着裂壶藻水平的增加,津新鲤血细胞呼吸爆发活性和免疫保护率得到显著提高,感染嗜水气单胞菌后的累计死亡率则显著降低(P＜0.05),其中,以0.80％组最佳.综合生长、血液非特异性免疫指标和抗病力来分析,饲料中裂壶藻的适宜添加水平为0.80％-1.20％.     

Timing of spawning in cultured and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the River Vosso, Norway

Spawning time and size of wild and nonnative cultured female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were studied in the River Vosso, Norway. Cultured immigrants were smaller, and peak spawning occurred 21 and 26 days earlier relative to wild salmon in 1991 and 1992, respectively. It was calculated that hatching and initial feeding of offspring of cultured females peaked 12 and 9 days earlier in spring 1992 and 19 and 8 days earlier in spring 1993 relative to offspring of wild females. Spawning time of the cultured salmon is similar to most Norwegian salmon populations and to cultured fish in other streams. In the River Vosso it also overlaps with that of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), which may increase hybridization. The early time of breeding in nonnative fish indicates local adaptation in this trait in wild salmon. The consequences of early breeding of cultured fish are unpredictable in relation to spring temperatures but probably reduce their relative breeding success. The smaller size may also reduce the success of cultured females.     

Survival of migrating sea trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts negotiating weirs in small Danish rivers

Abstract – The survival of brown trout and Atlantic salmon smolts during passage over small weirs was estimated in two small Danish rivers during the spring of 1998. Parallel groups of smolts were released upstream and downstream of the weirs and recaptured in traps further downstream. The results showed a smolt loss varying from 18 to 71% for trout and 53% for salmon. Furthermore, the surviving smolts from the upstream groups were delayed for up to 9 days compared to downstream groups. The study demonstrated that an increased proportion of total river discharge allocated to fish passage increased the smolt survival. Losses may be because of fish penetrating grids erected at fish farm inlets, predation and delays, which may lead to desmoltification. The low survival may seriously threat both the long-term viability of wild populations of anadromous salmonids and the outcome of the intensive stocking programme in Denmark.     

The effects of ration size on migration by hatchery‐raised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Abstract – The possibility to increase the proportion of migrating hatchery‐reared smolts by reducing their food ration was studied. Lake‐migrating, hatchery‐reared salmon (Salmo salar) and trout (Salmo trutta) smolts were either fed normal rations, based on recommendations from the fish‐farming industry, or reduced (15–20%) rations. They were released into the River Klarälven, western Sweden, and followed as they swam downstream to Lake Vänern, a distance of around 25 km. For both Atlantic salmon and brown trout, smolts fed a reduced ration migrated faster than fish fed a normal ration. Furthermore, a higher proportion of salmon smolts fed reduced rations migrated to the lake than fish fed normal rations in 2007 but not in 2006. This difference between years corresponded to greater treatment differences in size and smolt status in 2007 than in 2006. For trout, the proportion of migrating individuals and smolt development did not differ with ration size. Trout migrants fed a normal ration had a higher standard metabolic rate (SMR) than nonmigrants, whereas there was no difference in SMR between migrating and nonmigrating salmon. These results show that it is possible to use a reduced food ration to increase the migration speed of both Atlantic salmon and brown trout and to increase the proportion of migrating Atlantic salmon.     

Allozyme heterozygosity and development in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

The development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr was monitored during the first year in a fresh-water hatchery environment to test whether multilocus heterozygosity (computed for six allozyme loci: _s AAT-4^*, IDDH-1^*, IDDH-2^*, IDPH-3^*, _s MDH-3,4^* and_m MEP-2^*) is associated with growth (body mass, fork length) and maturity status (mature male parr). The length frequency distribution of population was unimodal in September, but was clearly bimodal by December. UMG fish tended to be more heterozygous and had higher growth rates than LMG fish. The heterozygosity of UMG fish and mature male parr (MMP) did not differ significantly but MMP showed lower growth rates than UMG. There were positive correlations between the number of heterozygotic loci and the fork length, weight or growth rates of individuals.     

Yield and Gel Strength of Gelatin Extracted from Smoked Salmon (Salmo salar) Skins

The gelatin yield and gel strength of gelatin extracted from the skins of smoked salmon were determined. The skins had a crude protein content of 43.5 ± 1.2% and an estimated collagen content of 23.6 ± 1.0%. Following an alkali extraction process under varying extraction conditions, the protein content varied from 2.78% to 32.1%, and the gelatin yield ranged from 2.23% to 22.4% of the initial skin weight. The gelatin purity (gelatin/protein) ranged from 55.4% to 100%, with the highest Hyp/protein sample arbitrarily designated as being 100% pure, i.e., an assumption of pure gelatin. Statistical analysis showed that HCl concentration, pretreatment temperature, and extraction temperature significantly affected the protein yield and gelatin yield. The wide range of gel strengths indicates that the gelatin might have been hydrolyzed to different extents during the different extraction and cooling processes. Statistical analysis did not show that any of the factors studied affected the gel strength. However, the data indicated that low NaOH concentrations and HCl concentrations might not prevent hydrolysis during the extraction process. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) showed that the gelatins contained α- and β-chains and that the gelatins composed of higher concentrations of larger molecular weight polypeptide chains had higher gel strengths.     

Retention of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a phenolic antioxidant that is used as a food additive, particularly in fats and oils, and it is also authorized as a feed additive in the European Union for all animal species with a maximum concentration of 150 mg kg^?1 feed (alone or in combination with ethoxyquin and/or butylated hydroxytoluene). Information on the BHA levels in food of animal origin is scarce, as is literature on the transfer of BHA from feed to animal products. Consequently, the current feeding trial was conducted under realistic rearing conditions to determine the retention of BHA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets. Four different concentrations of BHA in feed were tested (0, 48.5, 92.5 and 225 mg BHA kg^?1 feed), and fish were sampled after 4, 8 and 12 weeks dietary exposure, and after a 2‐week starvation period, which is representative of commercial salmon farming in Norway. The levels of BHA in salmon fillets were fairly dose dependent during the feeding period. A steady state in fillet residues was reached after 4 weeks of administration of BHA. After the 2‐week withdrawal period, BHA was not detectable (<7 μg kg^?1) in either fish fillets or livers.     

Variation of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) body composition along sedimentary links*

Johnston P, Bergeron NE. Variation of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) body composition along sedimentary links.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 187–196. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – The objective of this study was to determine the proximate body composition of juvenile Atlantic salmon along the sequence of aquatic habitat types created by longitudinal changes in the riverbed substrate of two rivers (i.e., sedimentary links units). Interesting trends in the body composition were observed but our initial hypothesis, that fish of the upstream sections have higher energy content, was nevertheless not verified. No common longitudinal pattern was detected in the body composition (water, lipid, energy density) along the studied rivers. Trends in the body constituents were different between age‐classes and rivers, whereas they were highly variable within‐ and among‐samples. There was however a common trend in the pattern of variations, with the coefficient of variations increasing in the downstream direction for almost all constituents, age‐classes and rivers. Potential abiotic and biotic factors that might have contributed to these observations are discussed.     

Seasonally changing metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) I – Growth and feed conversion ratio

To determine seasonal variation in growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR), Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.) were exposed to either simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) for 12 months or continuous light (LL) from January to June followed by SNP until December. Feed was given to excess and uneaten feed pellets were collected after every meal for estimation of feed intake and calculation of FCR. Body weight increased from 1086 ± 9 g (mean ± SEM) in January to 4970 ± 7 g (SNP) and 5190 ± 23 g (LL) in December. Specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor and feed intake displayed strong seasonal variation in both groups. Measurements of the thermal growth coefficient correlated highly with SGR (r = 0.98, P < 0.05), indicating that the seasonal variation in SGR was independent of temperature and fish size. Continuous light treatment resulted in increased growth from spring, while the fish exposed to simulated natural light had increased growth rate in late summer. Furthermore, LL improved FCR. Periods of high SGR were concurrent with periods of low FCR in both groups.