OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF DIFFRENTIAL MULTIOBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING IN BANACH SPACES

In this paper,by the use of Farkas lemma and its inve-rse proposition,the generalized Kuhu-Tuoker conditions for the existanceof strong minimum point in differential multiobjective programming inBanach spaces and the existance of sufficient condition of weak Paretominimum Foint are derived.     

VARIATION OF LOCALLY LIPSCHITZ FUNCTION ON FINSLER MANIFOLD

In this paper, we generalize the generalized gradient of clarke on Banach manifold to the case of Finsler manifold and discuss the variational property of corresponding locally Lipschitz function, such as pseudo-gradient vector field, deformation lemma and Morse inequality.     

Effect of Water Stress on the Photosynthesis, Productivity and Water Status of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The effect of water stress and its subsequent recovery on the photosynthesis, productivity and water status, was examined in three mungbean varieties ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) i.e. PS 16, P 105 and Pusa Baisakhi. The variety P 105 was found relatively less susceptible to water stress compared to high susceptibility in Pusa Baisakhi and PS 16. The adverse effect of stress was comparatively higher at the post-flowering and pod development stages. It was observed that variety P 105 had inherently maintained higher water status by retaining higher water potential and water content under water stress condition, thereby effectively reducing the water loss. The higher transpiration rate in this variety regulates the flow of water within the plant. This type of regulation of water flow and maintenance of high water status in P 105 helped to resist the adverse effect of water stress on photosynthesis and productivity. Such adaptation mechanism was not observed in varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi. The recover) mechanism was, however, operated efficiently in susceptible varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi particularly for recouping the vegetative growth, but its effect could not be retained for reproductive characters, wherein also variety P 105 due to its efficient partitioning system yielded better than other cultivars.     

Potassium sorbate effects on citrus weight loss and decay control

Potassium sorbate (PS) is a well-known and widely used food preservative. Among other applications, it is used as a GRAS fungistatic postharvest treatment for citrus, although its use is not free of significant adverse effects. In this paper, we study in detail the efficacy of wax containing increasing concentrations of PS to control Penicillium digitatum decay in citrus fruit, and its effect on fruit weight loss. Decay control and weight loss increased with the concentration of PS in the wax. Wax with typical amounts of 2–5% PS showed poor decay reduction indices (DRI), between 26% and 32%, whereas fruit weight loss increased compared with non-waxed controls. Waxing of fruit reduced weight loss by up to 40%, depending on wax formulation, but the addition of just 2% PS to the wax caused an increase in fruit weight loss of up to 65% compared with the waxed fruit. Similar results were observed for all the types of wax formulations tested. The hygroscopic effects of PS are even more damaging for citrus fruit with leaves. The leaves lose weight very rapidly when PS is added to the wax and they become desiccated in 24 h.We also present the results of a similar study where PS was applied to citrus as an aqueous treatment. When applied in water, PS was far more effective for decay control than when applied in wax, but there was also a considerable increase in fruit weight loss. A treatment combining aqueous PS with Fortisol^® Ca Plus biostimulant completely solved the problem of weight loss, these mixtures being commercially feasible treatments.     

Identification and crop performance of acid sulfate soil-tolerant rice varieties

The present study aims to: 1) identify acid sulfate soil (ASS)-tolerant rice varieties from the genetic stock of Korean rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under ASS conditions; 2) to evaluate their yield performance, and elucidate the physiological mechanism for ASS tolerance with the identified tolerant varieties. Two hundred sixty-six rice varieties were screened for ASS tolerance, and we identified two japonica-indica hybrid varieties, Geumgang (GG) and Pungsan (PS), as having high tolerance under ASS paddy conditions (pH 3). We first conducted a yield trial of GG and PS grown in Wagner pots to determine their potential yields under ASS conditions. A yield trial under paddy field condition followed. In the pot experiment, the ASS-tolerant varieties, GG and PS, showed significantly higher yields than PT-1, which is a local reference variety in mildly improved soil pH conditions (pH 4.1–4.6). Al and Fe content in GG and PS were significantly lower than that of PT-1, so there might be some mechanism that inhibits the absorption of toxic metal ions in the tolerant varieties. In the paddy conditions, the grain yields more than 5 t ha⁻¹ of the two tolerant varieties under mildly improved soil pH condition were significantly higher than PT-1. Dry matter weights of above ground parts also showed the same trend as grain yield. The study demonstrated that the ASS-tolerant japonica-indica rice varieties with high yielding potential could contribute to the improvement of rice yield in ASS regions, and will be good materials for the development of acid soil-tolerant rice varieties.     

水稻颖壳和浆片异常突变体ahl的基因定位

研究水稻花发育基因对于水稻相关性状的分子育种具有十分重要的意义。本研究报道一个水稻颖壳和浆片异常突变体ahl (abnormal hull and lodicule),来源于优良恢复系缙恢10号的EMS诱变群体。该突变体内外稃变小并发生严重扭曲,浆片顶端伸长。内外稃异常导致灌浆后米粒变小、畸形,千粒重下降。该性状遗传稳定,受一对隐性基因控制,利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA)将AHL基因定位在第2染色体上的SSR标记RM14153与RM14167之间,遗传距离分别为1.19 cM和1.34 cM,物理距离为226 kb。研究结果为AHL基因的图位克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

苜蓿叶片PSⅡ和光能分配的日变化特性

以自育苜蓿品种越冬之星为试验材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术,研究了苜蓿叶片PSⅡ和PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的日变化及其光能分配特性.结果表明,苜蓿叶片Fv/Fm和实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)的日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,中午期间的PSⅡ功能下调,有明显的光抑制.在光合有效辐射(PAR)逐渐增强过程中,Fv/Fm和φPSⅡ降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)增加,激发能由PS Ⅰ向PSⅡ分配比例增加,说明引起苜蓿光抑制的原因除了NPQ之外,分配给PSⅡ能量增加后进一步促进PSⅡ可逆失活是非常重要的因素.PAR逐渐减小时,光抑制逐渐减缓,光化学效率恢复,这主要是由于NPQ减小,激发能分配不平衡性系数(β/α-1)下降,PSⅡ能量负荷减轻,失活的PSⅡ恢复活性的结果.     

水稻颖壳退化突变体degenerated hull 3 (dh3)的表型分析与基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativaL.)花器官的发育直接影响其产量和品质。本研究报道了一个水稻颖壳退化突变体,来源于恢复系缙恢10号的ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)诱变群体,命名为degenerated hull 3 (dh3)。该突变体表现为内外稃退化变窄,且不能正常闭合。在一些突变严重的小花中,外稃甚至退化成芒状,内稃边缘和浆片退化变窄且融合。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因调控。利用不育系西农1A与dh3杂交构建的356株F₂突变群体,将DH3基因精细定位在第12染色体的SSR标记RM27706和RM27709之间,物理距离为44.72 kb,该区段内未见已知功能基因的报道。本研究的结果为以后DH3基因的图位克隆与功能分析打下基础。     

THE STUDY ON FIXED-BED FILTRATION TECHNIQUE OF THE PS FILTER-MEDIA

This paper discusses the filtration technique of PS filter-media. It is more systematic study on the fixed-bed filtration technique of PS filter-media, and researching influential factors on the filtration of fixed-bed (upflow and downflow).     

两系杂交稻PA64S/E32生育后期的光抑制和光合产物分配

以两系杂交稻PA64S/E32和汕优63为材料，在自然条件下测定叶绿素荧光参数和同化产物分配等关键指标。在中午（高光高温）和叶衰老过程中，PA64S/E32的叶绿素、蛋白质含量、PSⅡ原初光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、量子产量（φPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）的降低较少；非光化学猝灭系数（qN）增加较少。表明在自然条件下，两系杂交稻PA64S/E32吸收的光能能较多的转化为化学能，通过热耗散的能量较少，表现耐光抑制。通过用同位素14C对光合同化产物运转分配进行研究，发现两系杂交稻PA64S/E32光合同化产物向穗部的运转速率和分配比率均较高，表明其具有较好的源库协调性。上述有关光合和同化产物的分配特点可能是两系超级稻高产的生理基础。     

灌浆期干旱胁迫对玉米叶片关系统活性的影响

以高淀粉玉米品种郑单21为材料,借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线,研究了灌浆期土壤干旱胁迫对玉米籽粒产量和对叶片光系统I (PSI)及光系统II (PS II)活性的影响。两年的研究结果均表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制叶片光合速率(P<0.05)和籽粒产量(P<0.05)。JIP-test分析发现干旱胁迫导致叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线中的K点和J点上升,表明PS II放氧复合体(OEC)和Q_A之后的电子传递链受到抑制,且PS II受体侧受抑制的程度大于供体侧。此外,干旱胁迫也显著地抑制PS I的最大氧化还原活性(ΔI/I_o),阻碍光合电子从PS II向PS I的传递,破坏了PS I和PS II的协调性。我们认为干旱胁迫抑制PS I和PS II活性并破坏二者的协调性,是导致导致P_n和籽粒产量下降的重要原因之一。     

Qualitative trait variation in Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] germplasm from Western and Southern Ethiopia

Three thousand tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] single panicle derived lines representing 60 populations from western and southern parts of Ethiopia were characterized for panicle form, pigmentation of lemma and anther, caryopsis color, number of main shoot culm internodes, and counts of florets/spikelet at the basal, middle and apical parts of the panicle at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during the 1999 main season. The objectives were to assess the diversity patterns of the germplasm with respect to regions and altitude zones. Among the eight characters, high Shannon-Weaver diversity indices (H’) were noted for anther color (0.71) and number of apical spikelet florets (0.68), and the lowest occurred for panicle form (0.40). Monomorphism (H’ = 0.00) was observed for panicle form, lemma color and number of middle spikelet florets each in three different populations. The overall diversity index for all populations was 0.53. In the analysis of variance of H’ estimates, substantial (p <0.05) regional differences were obtained for lemma color, number of culm internodes, and counts of middle and basal spikelet florets. Clinal variation was significant for panicle form, lemma and seed color, and for the overall mean of traits. Over all traits, mean H’ values declined from 0.60 to 0.46 with an increase in the altitude zone of origin from below 1800 to over 2400 meters above sea level. Overall, the study showed substantial diversity in the test tef germplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat

Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F₂ populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

灵芝水浸提液超滤条件的研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯膜（PVDF）作为一级超滤膜,聚偏砜乙烯膜（PS）作为二级超滤膜对灵芝水浸提液进行超滤试验研究,分析了液体压力、温度、主体流速等因素在超滤过程中对渗透通量的影响。     

不同生育时期玉米苞叶叶绿素荧光特性差异分析

以郑单958和农大364两个玉米品种为研究材料,对大田条件下不同生育时期玉米苞叶的叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光动力学进行了比较分析.结果表明,不同生育时期玉米苞叶叶绿素含量呈先升后降的变化趋势,并在灌浆期达到最高值,且农大364苞叶的叶绿素降低速率要低于郑单958,这样有利于其保持更为持久的光合能力.不同生育时期玉米品种间苞叶叶绿素荧光参数(Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo等)的变化规律基本一致,郑单958高于农大364,说明郑单958苞叶反应中心活性较高,具有较高的电子传递速率,并且苞叶叶片开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能的效率高于后者.     

转反义vp1基因培育水稻抗穗萌雄性不育系的设想

vp1基因(Viviparous-1)编码一种促进种子从胚胎形成向萌发过渡的转录因子。已有研究表明在种子成熟过程中，容易穗萌的高梁品种的vp1基因表达水平要高于不穗萌的品种。因此作者认为应用反义RNA技术，在容易穗萌的水稻雄性不育系中表达vp1基因的部分反义链，即可部分抑制vp1基因的表达，从而可以达到抑制杂交稻穗萌的效果。     

基于雾培马铃薯块茎建成相关性状的观察

为探索马铃薯块茎建成相关性状的动态发育规律及其相关性,对雾培条件下二倍体马铃薯C×E群体的株高、匍匐茎长、根长、一级匍匐茎数、微型薯数的生长动态及其与单株产量的相关性进行研究。结果表明：C×E群体上述5 个农艺性状均存在超亲分离;移栽后40 天内是根系生长发育的主要时期;移栽后50~70 天是株高增长的主要时期;移栽后30~50 天是匍匐茎发生的高峰期,一级匍匐茎数在移栽后60 天达到最大值;匍匐茎的伸长主要是在移栽后40~50 天,同时此时块茎开始膨大。相关性分析结果显示：微型薯数与匍匐茎长呈显著或极显著正相关,与一级匍匐茎数呈极显著正相关;单株产量与一级匍匐茎数呈极显著正相关。因此,匍匐茎长、一级匍匐茎数是筛选雾培优良基因型植株的2 个重要因素。     

水稻多小花小穗突变体mf1的鉴定与基因定位

水稻小穗具确定性,一个小穗内只包含一个可育的小花。本文报道一个多小花小穗突变体,其一个小穗内出现两朵及以上小花,暗示小穗分生组织确定性的丢失;另外,这些小花的花器官也表现不正常,包括外稃的伸长、浆片的缺失和雄蕊的减少。遗传分析表明该突变性状受1个隐性单基因控制,暂被命名为multi-floret 1 (mf1)。利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis, BSA),MF1基因被定位在第3染色体上SSR标记PSSR3和RM7576之间,物理距离大约为34 kb,包含4个候选基因。研究结果为MF1基因的图位克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

Duality in Multiple-Objective Optimization Involving Generalized F-invexity

This paper studies the duality of the Multiobjective optimization problem involving generalized F-invex functions in Banach space. The constraint qualification and lemma 1 are introduced. The Wolfe type of duality and Mond-Weir type of duality are obtained. Strong and weak duaity theorems and other results are given under weaker F- invexity assumptions.     

Toward pollen sterility in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)–Conventional breeding approaches of cytoplasmic/genic male sterility and chemical emasculation

Pollen sterility (PS) in mother lines is crucial for hybrid crossings in plant breeding. 21 di- (2x) and tetraploid (4x) accessions of the hermaphroditic chamomile were screened for spontaneous, thermic or gametocide induced PS. Two crossing trials with the diploid accessions 'Bona' (BON) and 'Hungary 2' (HUN2) should specify maternally inherited cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Progeny thereof showed increased PS. BON as mother (BH) entailed means of 30 and 22% PS, versus 8% and 20% after reciprocal crossings. Backcrosses of BH with HUN2 in paternal and maternal direction revealed increasing mean PS (24% and 32%), without verification of CMS. A split plot design of 100 individuals treated with four chemical gametocides analyzed PS, seed set, germination rate and whole plant damage. Tri-iodobenzoic acid caused the highest PS (43%). Progeny of two plants (2x, 4x) with degenerated anthers without pollen, showed 100% PS either in tetraploid F₁ and F₂ (4% and 11%) or in diploid F₂ and F₃ (26% and 23%). High temperature (30/28°C day/night) decreased the male fertility to some extent.