APPLICATION OF DECOMPOSITION COORDINATION METHOD OF LARGE - SCALE SYSTEMS AND METHOD OF NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING TO ECONOMIC SCHEDULING OF POWER SYSTEM

In this paper,we discuss a mathematical mode) for optimization of active power dispatch of large-scale hydro-thermal power systems with cascaded hydropower stations. The following factors are taken into account: the variation of the head in the hydropower stations, water transport delay between cascaded stations etc. Using the decomposition-coordination method of large scale systems, we obtain a three-layer-hierarchical coordination system and a three-layer-hierarchical computational structure. We also discuss the computational methods which are used by each hierarchy. We have taken a test computation and analysing the result of an actual hydrothermal power system. The computational results show that it may obtain a satisfactory economic benefit. The paper provides some research work on the economic scheduling of hydrothermal power systems by the decomposition-coordination method of large-scale systems,multiplier method and a new variable metric method.     

OPTIMAL ACTIVE POWER ADJUSTMEMT OF LARGE HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS AFTER OUTAGE CONTINGENCIES WITH THE APPLICATION IN RELIABILITY EVALUATION

An optimal active power adjustment model is deve in this paper for hybrid AC/DC systems after outage contingencies. The objective of the model is to minimize the rejection of load when some elements are out of service, with adjustment strategy approaching practical system operation. A large number of outage contingencies are simulated when the Monte-Carlo Method is emyloyed to evaluate the system reliability, requiring fast calculation of each simulation. The model and computer method proposed in this paper satisfy such a requirment because of the application of concentric relaxation, recursive branch constraint treatment in linear programming and a direct method for B-1 matrix modification. This paper is concerned with the simplified steady state conditions of the system based on DC load-flow, which implies the reliability indices calculated are the measures about static loss of load. The results for a 14-bus hybrid AC/DC system are given.     

The Taylor series multipole boundary element method (TSM BEM)and its applications in rolling engineering

Rainfall is the main input for probabilistic analysis and prediction of rainfall-triggered landslide. The joint probabilistic structure of daily rainfall (DR) and cumulative rainfall (CR), which are dominant parameters of rainfall related on landslide in Chongqing region, was analyzed. Following the traditional technology, daily rainfall was translated into discrete variable by rainfall grade and cumulative rainfall became continuous variable if records with very small cumulative rainfall were ignored. Then joint probabilistic model of discrete variable and continuous one was derived, and transiting solution of conditional density function was put forward, together with its approximation via a family of Dirac δ sequences. Naturally, the proposed method was used to analyze conditional density function of cumulative rainfall in Chongqing region, and the numerical results were verified by comparison. However, most of the conditional density functions were irregular and not modeled by simple probability density function, thus the finite mixture distribution was introduced, which is of uncomplicated format and relatively high precision. At last, the joint probabilistic model of daily rainfall and cumulative rainfall was built up by combining frequency function of grade of daily rainfall with conditional density model of cumulative rainfall.     

A HIERARCHICAL CONTROL METHOD FOR REACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION IN LARGE-SCALED INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS

This paper presents a new hierarchical and coordinative control method for reactive power optimization in large-scale interconnected power systems. It combines the interconnection forecast method for hierarchical control in large-scale steady state industrial systems with the incremental linear programming method for reactive power optimization in real time. The results of applying the method to power system examples show that the method not only solves the problem of high dimension in order, but also keeps the advantages of the incremental linear programming method. The proposed method is also suitable for the security analysis of reactive power correction in large-scale interconnected power systems.     

Approach for Calculating Short Circuit on Transrmission Lines by Using Piece-wise Method with Structure Network Fault

Based on the properties of linear network,a new generalized diakoptical modeland its algorithm are presented in the paper to calculate short circuit at the arbitrary location on anytransmission line of large-scale power systems,in which the proposed techniques of transferring faultport current,and modifying nodal current sources and column impedence elements, are appliedcomprekensively. The method given here is espocially efficient to calculate short circuit in piece-wisemethod for any mutually coupled cuts between subdivisions in the system with constant or variablestructures. And it is an important improvement for short-circuit current calculation.     

单季稻褐飞虱空间分布格局及其抽样技术

应用聚集度指标法、Iwao 法和Taylor法等对单季稻褐飞虱的空间分布型进行测定检验,结果表明单季稻褐飞虱呈聚集分布,其聚集强度是随着种群密度升高而增加。在此基础上提出了最佳抽样方式、最佳理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。     

Electronegativity Scale of Elements Calculated by Density Functional Theory and Related Methods

In chemistry and many related fields, electronegativity (EN) is an important fundamental concept and its scale is a useful physcochemical parameter. Here, calculations of both ionization potentials and electron affinities are extended toward 107 elements and done by density functional theory at the local density approximation(LDA) level and the LDB level, i.e., the local density approximation level with further non-local corrections for exchange and correlation included self-consistently as well as the modified Slater transition-state method. The definite-differentiation method is employed into calculations of the electronegativity scale and the related parameters of 107 elements with very good results due to the consideration of relativistic effects. The calculation presented is to examine both the LDA and LDB approximations in calculations for the ionization potential and electron affinity of the elements with an improved or modified Slater transition-state method, and relativistic effects have also been taken into account for 107 elements compared with 103, 86 or less in the previous report under a spin polarized density function theory with some approximations to the exchange-correlation function. The calculation results for the various quantities represent an obviously improvement over some previous calculations. It is shown that the results calculated by the extended technique and the improved Slater transition-state method in general agree well with experimental values presented by Pearson, and are better than the reported values in many previous literatures. The developed new electronegativity scale will widely be applicable in many fields such as molecular structural parameterization expression, chemobiological activity optimization prediction, structure-activity quantitation modeling, functional chemical adaptization designing, and so on.     

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE BY FICTITIOUS VARIABLES METHOD

A method introducing fictious variables for resolving the linear model of reactive power and voltages control in power systems is presented. The method theoritically guarantees the resolvability and optimizition of linear programming model. This method has been proved successful by IEEE 6 -node test system and the several practical power systems such as 49-node, 155 -node systems.     

1:20万HaiSOTER数据库在海南岛的研究与应用

HaiSOTER是全球范围内第一个1:20万尺度的完整区域SOTER数据库,也是在国际土壤参比与信息中心直接参与下由中国建立的第一个具有规范方法和多种应用模型的数据库。通过介绍HaiSOTER数据库设计与实现过程,以及HaiSOTER数据库在海南岛土壤质量系统评价、热带作物适宜性评价、全岛土壤侵蚀危险性评价和土壤多样性理论研究中的成功应用,进一步说明了建立大、中比例尺的SOTER数据库系统在中国具有十分广阔的前景和强大的生命力。     

温带草原区气候变化及其对植被影响的研究进展

为了深入研究温带草原区气候变化及其对自然-社会-经济系统的影响、系统响应及适应,回顾了温带草原区气候主要要素（如温度、降雨）与旱灾的变化及未来区域气候趋势预测等方面的研究进展,重点总结了气候变化对温带草原植被影响的最新研究成果。研究发现,温带草原区呈现总体气温明显升高,降水区域差异显著,干旱年份增多、旱灾增加的变化趋势。受此影响,植物物候、生理特征、生产力、覆盖度等发生明显的变化。最后指出,在气候变化核心要素预测、研究的时空尺度等方面还不完善,今后应重视开展大尺度气候变化的时空格局,微地形下气候变化的时空异质性等方面研究,同时加强气候变化对草原植被的影响与生态系统响应以及气候变化适应等方面的研究。     

大庆城区土壤重金属污染及相关性分析

以大庆市城区土壤为例,经过野外调查取样和室内分析,对大庆市城区土壤重金属污染及相关性进行了研究。采用的主要方法有：玻璃电极法,重铬酸钾法,统计学方法等。结果表明：大庆市土壤重金属污染的最主要贡献因子为Cd。在农牧业区和采油区重金属元素之间及重金属与土壤理化性质之间均不存在相关性;在工业区,仅有Pb、Cd和Zn与有机质之间存在相关关系;在生活区有6对重金属元素之间存在相关关系。造成这一结果的原因主要是人为活动的影响。     

Mechanical Behaviors and Design Method for Irregular Joints in Rigid Steel Frames

In order to study the mechanical behaviors of irregular joints in rigid steel frames which had been used in large scale power plant, 6 specimens in 1/4 scale of the prototype model were designed according to different axial compression ratio and section height ratio of beams and were tested under low cyclic reversed loading.Based on the failure law of specimens, the main factors that affect the bearing capacity of the irregular joints were analyzed.By the division of panel zone, the calculating formula was put forward according to mechanical principles.It is found that the difference between calculating results and experimental results is about 18%.And the proposed method for calculating the irregular joints in rigid steel frames is feasible.     

A New Monte Carlo Method Based on State Analysis

A new Monte Carlo Method for system reliability evaluation is proposed in this paper. The repeated sampling of system states with relatively great probabilities is avoided in the simulation,thus the sampling efficiency is significantly improved. Besides,the negative correlations used in different trials can further reduce the estimated varinaces. The sparse matrix technique is employed to reduce the memory requirement and to save the computer time. Comparative studies show that the method proposed is of great value and the application to the IEEE reliability test system (power system) is successful.     

OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER FLOW BY SENSITIVITY METHOD

A new approach based on sensitivity method for the optimal power flow is presented in the paper. This method has the following advantages: it is suitable to solve a 200-node power system on the microcomputer; the convergence is easy to reach and the computation speed is quick; it is possible to reduce 8-14% power loss and to get maximum economic benefit by using this method; in power system dispatch center it can be used as an on-line voltage and reactive power control program to keep good voltage level. The proposed method has been proved successful by IEEE 118-node test system and the several real power systems such as 49-node, 61-node, 99-node and 200-node systems.     

CALCULATING APPROACH FOR SOLVING LARGE-SCALE POWER SYSTE WITH TOPOLOGY AND PARAMETER GHANGES

A straightforward and unified approach for solving the large-scale, faulted power systems is presented in this paper. In contrast .with conventional algorithms, the various changes of topology and impedance of the systems and its boundary conditions of fault can be handled flexibility and effectively in one-step procedure by proposed method, and it is convenient to choose the computational procedure more resonable according to the situation of power systems. One of the noteworthy features of the proposed method is the natural manner to handle mutual effects, and it is easy to design programs. The calculating technique for easy-to-program is given in this paper. It shows that effectiveness of calculating large-scale faulte power systems with topology and impedance changes by the modified current sources.     

灰飞虱在玉米田空间分布格局及抽样技术研究

为了提高监测预报与持续控制水平,应用聚集度指标法测定、Iwao法和Taylor幂法则,研究了浙西北玉米田灰飞虱的空间分布格局和抽样技术。结果表明,灰飞虱在玉米田以聚集分布为主,聚集强度随虫口密度增加而增强。其聚集原因经Blackith种群聚集均数测定,当m<1.8072头/株时,其聚集是由某种环境因素（如气候、生育期、长势等）所引起的;当m≥1.8072头/株时,其聚集是由灰飞虱本身生物学特性与环境因素共同作用引起的,在此基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。研究结果为田间灰飞虱的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供了科学依据。     

土壤侵蚀及其评价、校验方法研究进展

土壤侵蚀是导致土地退化、农业减产和生态功能退化的全球性环境问题,受到国内外众多学者的普遍关注。目前,土壤侵蚀研究方法主要有径流小区、同位素示踪、稀土元素（REE）示踪、侵蚀模型模拟以及遥感和测量学的定性评价等,各方法均有其自身的特点、优势和适宜的研究尺度。其中,同位素、REE等示踪方法适合在坡面和小流域尺度应用,有助于土壤侵蚀过程的深入理解和土壤侵蚀模型的建立及验证。而GIS和RS在土壤侵蚀物理过程模型中的应用为区域尺度土壤侵蚀的评价、预测和调控奠定了基础。今后的研究应当加强土壤侵蚀过程和侵蚀机理研究,综合运用各种研究方法和手段,实现大尺度土壤侵蚀评价、预测和验证的动态、快速实现。     

3S在土壤布点与采样中的应用

3S在土壤资源调查和管理中已成为重要的工具。笔者以郑州市土壤肥力监测采样为例，具体阐述了3S技术分别在土壤布点与采样各个环节应用，包括：采用RS和GIS技术更新土壤图；室内借助GIS技术进行土壤样点的初步布设，输出布点草图和坐标；野外根据室内GIS所布样点为中心进行GPS定位采样，同时根据实地情况修正土壤样点分布图。应用结果表明：（1）更新前后的数据显示，随着城市化进程，郑州市土壤资源的数量和类型都发生了显著变化；（2）利用MapGIS6.5生成2.5×2.5 km网格，初步布设土壤样点110个；（3）野外利用GPS定位采集土壤样本105个，同时获取了采样点的空间地理信息。3S在土壤布点与采样中的应用为进一步的土壤性质由点尺度到面尺度的扩展分析等后续研究奠定基础。     

基于高分一号16m影像的美国大豆种植面积抽样调查

为了试验中国自主发射的高分一号卫星16 m影像在抽样调查美国大豆面积的有效性问题,解决目前中国农业遥感调查主要依靠国外数据源的问题。在95%置信水平和误差5%的要求下,首先设计了2013年模拟抽样试验(6种抽样比),以抽样框中大豆面积为分层指标,将抽样单元划分为6层,以总体相对误差和变异系数为抽样效率评价指标,试验确定理论最小抽比为1.8%。然后设计了2014年抽样试验,采用和2013年抽样试验相同的方法,不同是遥感样本为高分一号16 m影像(抽样比4.8%),抽样结果与美国农业部统计数据对比的误差为5.1%。结果表明:在美国大豆的生长季节内,高分一号16 m影像具有保证美国大豆面积抽样调查的覆盖能力。该试验可为作物面积空间抽样调查方案设计提供参考。     

The Design and Implemention of an Automatic Generation System for Electric Power System Tidal Current and Impedance Charts

The poper proposes an efficient algorithm based on HOPFIELD neural networksto solve the crossing numbers problem of graph theory,and with the algorithm we successfully realized the automatic generation of electric power system tidal current and impedance charts.A technique using logic coordinate system to create,export very large scale graph is introduced in addition.