A MONTE CARLO APPROACH APPLIED TO THE ERROR ESTIMATION OF STANDARDLESS QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS

A Monte Carlo approach is appplied to the error estimation and error analysis of X-ray diffraction standardless quantitative phase analysis and the coefficient of its variation is cal dilated .which is compared with the error estimation by the condition number of the coefficient matrix of linear equations. The Monte Carlo error estimation is applied to the standardless quantitative matrix-flushing method, in which the mixture of KC1. CaCO3. ZnO and BaCO3 is analyzed as an example.     

苹果浓缩汁中多酚物质的高效液相指纹图谱研究

通过优化多酚检测条件,分析不同来源苹果浓缩汁中多酚的种类与含量,建立苹果汁多酚的高效液相(HPLC)指纹图谱,以控制苹果多酚的质量及鉴别苹果汁产品的真伪。试验以苹果浓缩汁为样品,采用Welchrom C18色谱柱,在检测波长280 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μL,流动相0.3%三氟乙酸水溶液和甲醇（流速1 mL/min）以及梯度洗脱的条件下,标定了12个共有指纹峰,测定出10个不同来源苹果浓缩汁多酚的指纹相似度均在0.900以上,多酚含量为5559~7971 μg/mL。研究初步建立了苹果汁多酚的高效液相指纹图谱。该方法可为苹果加工企业进行苹果多酚的定性、定量分析及质量控制提供理论依据。     

Direct Factor Analysis With Discrete X-Ray Diffraction Patterns

In this paper,we put forward a method of direct factor analysis with discrete X-ray diffraction patterns, which was supported by the experimental measurement with the mixture containing 2,3,4,5 phases respectively. The detailed discussion was also given to its principles,errors and criterion.     

Evaluation for Enterprise Core Competence Based on AHP

Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),a qualitative and quantitative method for multi target decision, was first brought up by T.L.Saaty in 1970s. By using AHP, the author establishes a mathematic model of hierarchy relationship among competitive factors, evaluation indexes for performance and level of performance, To analyze influences of each competitive factor on performance and create arrangement of competitive factors in terms of importance to performance of enterprise own or rival firms, and ascertain core competence according to qualitative and quantitative analysis to support competitive decisions in markets. Finally the result of this research is applied to DaFeng Ltd. and its' feasibility and practicality in decision can be tested and verified.     

高效液相色谱法在大白菜种子品种鉴定中的应用

该文用高效液相色谱法对北京普遍种植的12个大白菜品种种子的水溶性蛋白进行了色谱分离,同时对北京新二号及其亲本的种子也进行了分析比较。根据不同品种由大小不同的主要色谱峰组成的“指纹”图谱,各品种可以很容易得以鉴别。结果表明:作者发展的高效液相色谱法很适于大白菜种子的品种鉴定.并且为大白菜育种中数量性状的遗传分析提供了有力的手段。     

家系间数量性状主基因效应的分析

具有主基因差异的纯系杂交，其后代家系按主基因型表现为不同类型。本文以似然函数法分析Ｆ３家系资料，提出家系主基因型鉴别，主微基因效应和互作以有主基因显性度的估计和测试方法。应用于籼稻株高和直链淀粉含量两组资料的分析，结果表明，家系间的分离比均符合一对主基因的理论比。两对主基因的增值基因均表现不完全显性，高杆基因对半矮杆基因的显性度估计为０．６７，高直链淀粉含量基因对低直链淀粉含量基因估计为０．３２。     

The removal efficiency of algal intracellular organic matter in Tai Lake by UV/immobilized TiO2

The immobilized TiO2 film loaded on fiberglass mesh is prepared by sol-gel method, and the analysis result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystalline phase is anatase. On the basis of UV/TiO2 system, the degradation results and effect factors of algal intracellular organic matter(IOM) in Tai Lake are studied. The results show that the degradation of IOM is much harder by photocatalytic oxidation in comparison with humic acid(HA). In 60 min, the IOM degradation of UV254 and DOC are 33.3% and 19.1%, but the HA solution are 96.6% and 57.3% respectively. The reason lies in that IOM is mainly comprised of macromolecular hydrophilic organic matter, containing more amino structures, while HA is strongly hydrophobic organic matter, containing more aromatic structures. Meanwhile, the degradation of IOM is improving as the increase of light intensity to a certain extent; the best degradation rate of IOM appears at pH=6.7.     

X ray diffraction method of measuring microball coat thickness

Use of the X ray diffraction method to measure microball coat thickness is studied. A mathematical model of X ray diffraction of microballs is created and solved using computer aided simulation. The relationship between diffracted X ray intensity and coat thickness is calculated with the help of a standard sample possessing a known thickness. The coat thickness of other samples can be calculated by the intensity of diffracted X ray based on the same condition. The experimental result shows that this method is a rapid, convenient, non destructive means of measuring microball coat thickness.     

Structure of Liquid Mercury by the Method of Peak Separation of X-ray Diffraction Profile

The structure of liquid mercury is determined by 0 -20 type powder diffractometer. A new simple method is proposed to analy the structure of non-atom liquid by using the intensity diffraction profiles. It is found that the space between two nearest neighbor Hg atoms is 3.00 A and the second near neighbor atoms is 3.38 A. The method of peak separation for X-ray diffraction profile is proved to be effective by applying to non-atom liquid system.     

Genetic control of pre-heading phases in the Steptoe × Morex barley population under different conditions of photoperiod and temperature

Although there are numerous studies on the genetic control of flowering time in barley, little is known on the genetic control of duration of different particular pre-heading phases. Extending the stem elongation phase (SE), without modifying total time to heading, has been proposed as a trait to raise yield potential. Moreover, studying the genetic control of pre-heading phases would be of interest for a better understanding of crop phenology which is crucial for adaptation. We studied the genetic control of the leaf and spikelet intitiation phase (LS), the stem elongation phase, and within this, from the onset of jointing to flag leaf (J-FL), and from then to heading (FL-HD), in the Steptoe × Morex population, which is known to segregate for some major developmental genes, under different environmental conditions. After a preliminary greenhouse study in which the appropriateness of the population was tested, 130 double haploid lines and the two parents were grown under four field environments that differed in photoperiod and temperature conditions. Amongst all QTLs detected (13), only three were significant for HD and for both LS and SE and with the same allele direction (although with greater effects in one phase than the other in some cases). Genotype by environment interactions for LS and HD were due to both photoperiod and other factors as temperature or its interaction with photoperiod, while for SE responses to only photoperiod were negligible. QTL × E interactions were important for some QTLs, and either cross-over (e.g. Ppd-H1) or quantitative (e.g. Ppd-H2). However, heritability across field environments for the ratio SE/LS was high (0.8) and several of the QTL effects that were significant for only LS or SE, were conserved across different environments, that is, they were significant with the increasing allele derived from the same parent in all or most environments.     

超高压对玉米淀粉颗粒结构的影响研究

研究了400,500和600MPa超高压处理对玉米淀粉结构的影响,应用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,随着压力的增大,其偏光十字逐渐变弱并消失;在未达到糊化状态之前,淀粉颗粒表面被逐渐消磨,直至淀粉颗粒出现塌陷情况;随着压力的不断增大,淀粉的特征衍射峰逐渐变弱并消失,结晶度也逐渐降低,当压力达到600MPa时,其结晶区域完全消失。     

农业气象灾害综合评价中权重确定方法的研究

摘 要 福建省气象灾害种类繁多,但对农业生产的影响程度并不相同,只有通过权重的科学确定才能正确评价农业气象综合灾情。如何确定灾害权重,是进行农业气象灾害综合评价的核心问题。本文将主、客观赋权方法（层次分析法、灰色关联分析和熵权法）应用于福建农业气象灾害综合评价中权重的确定,探讨和比较它们在计算气象灾害权重方面的适用性,并在此基础上提出同时体现主观和客观信息的组合赋权法,得到福建农业气象灾害的组合权重,由大到小依次为低温冻害、旱灾、洪涝、风雹。结果表明,由组合赋权法计算的各灾害指标组合权重相比任何一种主、客观方法都更为合理和可靠。     

Inheritance of resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato

Under epiphytotic conditions for late blight in spring seasons, data were recorded on its intensity four times at 4 days intervals from the start of the disease in the field, in 114 (19 females × 6 males) progenies and their parents planted in randomized complete block design in the years 2005 and 2006. Regression and stepwise regression analysis showed that observations during the rapidly increasing phase of disease between initial and last phase of disease are more important than the observations at initial and last phase of the disease. Combining ability analysis on a sub-set of 68 progenies showed that the additive component of genetic variance was more important than the non-additive component of variance in inheritance of quantitative resistance to late blight. The per se performance of the parents does give an idea about their general combining ability (GCA). However, selection of parents based on their GCA will be very useful for breeding for quantitative resistance to late blight. Parents JX 90, JF 4841, CP 3356, CP 1358, CP 3290, JN 1197 and CP 3125 were found to have good GCA for quantitative resistance for late blight and the best six crosses for late bilght resistance based on mean performance involved parents with good combining ability only.     

作物淀粉晶体结构的波谱分析

作物淀粉有A-型、B-型和C-型晶体,本文利用粉末X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和固体核磁共振波谱仪(¹³C CP/MAS NMR)研究了不同植物来源淀粉的波谱特征和相对结晶度。结果表明,水稻、马铃薯和豌豆淀粉分别表现典型的A-型、B-型和C-型晶体XRD波谱,荸荠淀粉则表现C_A-型XRD波谱,葛根淀粉为C_B-型XRD波谱。以Jade 5.0分析软件峰拟合法和曲线作图法计算出来的淀粉XRD相对结晶度差别较大,且无相关性,以曲线作图法计算出来的相对结晶度可信度较高。不同来源淀粉的¹³C CP/MAS NMR波谱相似,有C1、C4、C2, 3, 5和C6区域,区别主要在C1区域,在该区域A-型糯玉米和普通玉米淀粉有3个结晶峰,B-型马铃薯淀粉有2个结晶峰,C_A-型转基因高直链水稻(TRS)淀粉有3个不明显的结晶峰,而C_B-型酸解TRS淀粉有2个结晶峰,无定形淀粉没有结晶峰。利用PeakFit 4.12峰拟合分析软件能够计算淀粉¹³C CP/MAS NMR波谱的相对结晶度和双螺旋含量,其中双螺旋含量比结晶度高,结晶度又比依据XRD波谱计算出来的结晶度高。上述研究结果为应用XRD和¹³C CP/MAS NMR波谱技术分析作物淀粉晶体结构提供了重要参考。     

Application of multi-phase experiments in plant pathology to identify genetic resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaporthe toxica</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis>

Phenotyping assays in plant pathology using detached plant parts are multi-phase experimental processes. Such assays involve growing plants in field or controlled-environment trials (Phase 1) and then subjecting a sample removed from each plant to disease assessment, usually under laboratory conditions (Phase 2). Each phase may be subject to non-genetic sources of variation. To be able to separate these sources of variation in both phases from genetic sources of variation requires a multi-phase experiment with an appropriate experimental design and statistical analysis. To achieve this, a separate randomization is required for each phase, with additional replication in Phase 2. In this article, Phomopsis leaf and pod blight (caused by Diaporthe toxica) of Lupinus albus was used as a case study to apply a multi-phase experimental approach to identify genetic resistance to this pathogen, and demonstrate the principles of sound experimental design and analysis in detached plant part assays. In seven experiments, 250 breeding lines, cultivars, landraces, and recombinant in-bred lines from a mapping population of L. albus were screened using detached, inoculated leaves, and/or pods. The experimental, non-genetic variance in Phase 2 varied in magnitude compared to the Phase 1 experimental, non-genetic variance. The reliability of prediction for resistance to Phomopsis pod blight was high (mean of 0.70 in seven experiments), while reliability of prediction for leaf assays was lower (mean 0.35–0.51 depending on the scoring method used).     

小角X射线散射波谱的定量作图分析法在作物淀粉研究中的应用

用小角X射线散射(small-angle X-ray scattering,SAXS)波谱可以定量分析淀粉的片层结构,但缺乏波谱数据分析软件而且需要专业的数学公式推导,严重制约了SAXS在淀粉研究中的应用。本文建立了一种简单的作图分析方法,可定量测定SAXS波谱中的淀粉片层结构信息(峰强度、峰位置、半峰宽度和片层距离)。我们用该方法定量测定了不同晶体类型淀粉、不同直链淀粉含量的水稻淀粉、酸不溶淀粉和热不溶淀粉的SAXS波谱参数。结果表明,片层结构与淀粉的植物来源有关,而与淀粉晶体类型没有直接的相关性。相同植物来源的淀粉,其直链淀粉含量与SAXS峰强度和半峰宽度呈显著负相关而与片层距离呈正相关。酸水解不影响淀粉片层厚度,但明显改变片层峰强度和半峰宽度。加热处理也不影响淀粉片层厚度,但破坏淀粉晶体结构导致片层峰强度随温度升高逐渐降低直至消失。该定量作图分析法操作简单、重复性好、可信度高,可以在作物淀粉研究中广泛应用。     

Effect of Yttrium on Morphologies of Precipitation Phases Along Grain Boundary of As-cast ZK60 Magnesium Alloy

Morphologies of precipitation phases along grain boundary of the as-cast Mg-6.0Zn-0.45Zr, Mg-6.0Zn-(1.2Y) and Mg-6.0Zn-0.6Zr-1.0Y alloys are studied by using the methodologies of metallurgical phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis and energy diffraction x-ray(EDX) analysis. The experimental result indicates that the main precipitation phases along grain boundary of the as-cast alloys Mg-6.0Zn-0.45Zr is Mg-Zn binary phase. There are two kinds of precipitation phases along grain boundary for Mg-6.0Zn-1.2Y and Mg-6.0Zn-(0.6)Zr-1.0Y alloys. One grew at triangular grain boundary, which is fish-bone -like and contained Mg-Zn binary phase and Mg-Zn-Y ternary phase. The other distributed mainly around the grain, which is net-like and contained Mg-Zn-Y ternary phase. In addition, there are lots of granular phases, extending to the interior of the grain, at the rim of grain boundary phases. Finally, Y can intensively change morphology of precipitation phases along grain boundary of the as-cast Mg-Zn-Zr alloy (ZK60) alloys.     

The effect of interplant distance on the effectiveness of honeycomb selection. II. Results of the second selection cycle

Summary For a second consecutive generation, the efficiency of the honeycomb selection procedure was observed at low and at high density, i.e. interplant distance being 100 cm and 15 cm respectively. Progress due to selection was determined for each of the two plant densities applied by comparing the performance of offspring from selected plants with that of offspring from plants taken at random. The relation between selection intensity and selection response was observed to study the relation between competing and yielding ability in presence and in absence of interplant competition.Compared to results obtained in a previous generation, it is now dared to be more positive about the perspectives of selection in absence of interplant competition. It is tentatively concluded that single plant selection for yield at wide spacing gives a higher progress and allows a better identification of outstanding genotypes. However, the superiority of selection at low density is not confirmed neither by any estimator of a quantitative genetic parameter nor by the correlation between single plant yield and plot yield of their offspring. The disturbing factors found already in the former generation, namely variation in seed quality and a biased sample of random plants, exerted a less important role in the estimation of the progress. Nevertheless, it is believed that only when they can be reduced more reliable results can be achieved.     

F2:3设计全基因组标记的Bayesian分析

数量性状的遗传率低时,常采用F_2:3设计进行遗传分析,但往往忽略异质家系内QTL的混合分布特性。同时,用多QTL模型检测QTL会提高QTL检测的功效。因此,本文在利用F_2:3设计异质F_2:3家系内QTL混合分布特性基础上,提出F_2:3设计全基因组多标记联合分析新方法。该方法充分利用了异质F_2:3家系内的QTL混合分布,并采用多QTL遗传模型。Monte Carlo模拟研究表明,新方法能获得精确的QTL效应和位置的估计。此外,还比较了QTL效应抽样的两种策略。研究表明,新策略能显著提高QTL检测的功效。     

Effects of climate on different potato genotypes 2. Dry matter allocation and duration of the growth cycle

The total growth and tuber dry matter production of a potato crop are determined mainly by the duration of its growth cycle. This in turn depends on climate, cultivar and crop management. The influence of climate factors defining crop growth and its timing were analysed by dividing the growth cycle into three phases and relating the duration of these phases to temperature, daylength and radiation. The variation in the length of all three phases contributed to the variation in the duration of the growth cycle and thus to the variation in tuber dry matter production. The variation in the length of the first phase (between emergence and tuber initiation) was best explained by the meteorological variables observed. Both higher temperatures and shorter daylengths hastened development in this phase. The magnitude of their effects depended on cultivar. In the second phase, from tuber initiation to end of leaf growth, temperature and daylength had similar effects but they were less clear and the variation in duration of phase 2 could not be explained as well as variation in the duration of phase 1. The last phase, from the end of leaf growth to the end of crop growth, was shortened by high temperatures and high radiation. A small part of the variation in the duration of this phase was explained by these variables. At this level of crop analysis, the effect of climate on crop development was explained best for the first phase, which is the most important one in explaining the variation in ground cover duration and tuber dry matter production. Quantitative understanding of the processes involved is required to be able to explain the effect of climate during the various phases of the growth cycle.