准东煤田露天矿区土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征及侵蚀速率估算

为定量测算准东煤田露天矿区土壤风蚀量,采用放射性元素137Cs示踪法,对研究区各样点剖面土壤放射性活度进行分析。结果表明:非耕地137Cs分布于0—15cm的土层中,耕地达20cm土层;7个样点中,YN7、YN15为典型的侵蚀型剖面,YN5为沉积型剖面,YN18为典型的耕地型剖面,YN2分布层比较完整,呈负指数形式的分布曲线,是理想的背景值样点,YN19137Cs分布较浅,但表层却有较高的活度,表现为侵蚀—沉积复合型剖面。各样点的侵蚀速率分析表明:农田受人类耕作影响,侵蚀速率极小,为0.240t/(hm2·a);发生侵蚀的样点几乎都达到了剧烈侵蚀的标准;在半固定沙丘,由于地形作用,有风蚀颗粒的堆积;土壤表面板结在很大程度上阻止了风蚀现象的发生,甚至可能发生堆积,这主要取决于土壤类型。在干旱区,利用137Cs估算土壤侵蚀速率要综合考虑植被盖度、土地利用类型、地形、土壤类型等因子。     

东北黑土中137Cs背景值研究

通过测定东北黑土背景点样品中137Cs活度,探讨了土壤剖面中137Cs的分布特征,对因风蚀造成背景点土壤表层137Cs的沉积进行了校正,得出了黑土的137Cs背景值,为水蚀风蚀两相侵蚀地区土壤137Cs背景值的确定提供了新思路。结果表明:黑土背景点土壤剖面中137Cs比活度的分布呈指数型,其拟合方程为Cs=76.744e-0.2566h,相关系数达到0.994。剖面中75.7%的137Cs分布在0～5cm的表层中,92.5%的137Cs分布在0～10cm的土壤上层;黑土的137Cs背景值为2463.64Bq/m2,与平坦黑土耕地中137Cs的沉降总量接近,可以利用该背景值进行黑土侵蚀速率的估算。     

黔西北麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物断代的质疑

  据谢良胜等的2篇文章报道,黔西北麻窝山岩溶盆地近29年来平均沉积厚度1.33 m,沉积速率4.6 cm/a,流域平均侵蚀模数为2 900.55 t/(km2.a)。而根据笔者的研究成果,该岩溶盆地中央部位沉积物剖面中,表征1963年沉积的137Cs峰值深度为40 cm,减去犁耕层深度,1963年以来的沉积厚度为20 cm,年均沉积速率为0.44 cm/a,此值仅为谢良胜等研究结果4.6 cm/a的1/10。     

基于137Cs的新疆准东地区不同土地利用类型 土壤风蚀特征研究

风力侵蚀是准东干旱与半干旱地区土地沙漠化的关键因素,通过野外考察和土壤~(137)Cs取样分析,对准东地区不同土地利用类型下土壤~(137)Cs分布特征及风力侵蚀进行了初步研究。研究表明,不同土地利用类型土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征不同,~(137)Cs基本分布在0~20 cm,甚至更浅,~(137)Cs活度值介于0~65.50 Bq/kg;各样点~(137)Cs总量介于0~1 698.29Bq/m~2,其中背景值为1 698.29 Bq/m~2,不同地类~(137)Cs总量排序为:低平地草甸(背景值样点)灌丛沙堆荒漠草地砾石戈壁盐碱地耕地固定沙地半固定沙地风蚀裸地;估算出耕地和非耕地各样点的风蚀速率,耕地平均风蚀速率为744.50 t/(km~2·a),非耕地风蚀速率介于945.06~4 404.01 t/(km~2·a)之间,平均值为2 589.96 t/(km~2·a)。     

137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪"三北"防护林区退耕前后坡地土壤侵蚀变化

为查明"三北"防护林建设前后农耕地和退耕地土壤保持效益变化，利用137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪技术，选择了防护林建设较为成功的张家口坝上地区（风力侵蚀区）作为典型区，研究了农耕地以及退耕地土壤137Cs和210Pbex的剖面变化规律及其示踪的土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明：1）由于耕作的混匀作用，农耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex均呈均匀态分布；退耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex则表现为表层（0～5cm）浓度最高、下层（5～25cm）浓度均相对较低且分布相对均匀的形态，这表明退耕后坡地土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面形态均会发生一定变化，退耕驱动土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化导致运用土壤核素估算侵蚀模型在该区域难以适用；2）基于土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化规律，利用210Pbex质量平衡方程，提出了退耕地土壤210Pbex土壤侵蚀估算模型；3）利用137Cs比例模型估算退耕地土壤侵蚀速率为27.94±11.92 (t/hm2·a)，农耕地侵蚀速率为29.11±14.42 (t/hm2·a)，而利用修正后的210Pbex转换模型估算得到"三北"防护林区退耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为82.16±14.36 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率为-41.28±33.91 (t/hm2·a)；农耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为68.55±22.11 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率-8.52±47.32 (t/hm2·a)。这表明137Cs示踪技术主要表征了1963年以来该区坡地土壤侵蚀和沉积的平均结果，而210Pbex示踪技术则可以较好地示踪防护林建成前后的土壤侵蚀变化。此外，研究结果也表明，相比于"三北"防护林建成之前，建成之后该区农耕地和退耕地的土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著下降趋势，且均由前期的风沙侵蚀转变成了风沙沉积。     

宁南黄土高原阳洼流域137Cs分布及侵蚀特征研究

利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域土壤137Cs分布及土壤侵蚀进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域137Cs基准值为(1 966.99±112.06)Bq/m2。流域内林草地土壤剖面137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布。受坡位影响,坡耕地上坡137Cs质量活度为中、下坡的25.14%~27%。流域内坡耕地土壤侵蚀最高,平均为3 889.95 t/km2,自然荒坡最小,仅为坡耕地的17.83%,坡耕地是流域泥沙的主要侵蚀溯源区。阳洼流域土壤侵蚀存在明显的空间格局,不同土地类型下土壤137Cs面积活度、土壤侵蚀模数呈斑块状镶嵌分布,以靠近流域西南边界、中部及东南部区域土壤侵蚀模数最大,平均侵蚀速率在3 405.59~7 080.73 t/(km2.a),沉积与侵蚀明显区域间有过渡区域。坡度是影响该流域土壤侵蚀空间变化的主导因子,但土壤侵蚀速率并不简单随坡度增加而增大,它还受土地利用方式、坡位、降雨等因素影响。     

应用放射性微粒Cs—137估算农林系统的土壤侵蚀和沉积

在东南部的沿海平原区,应用放射性微粒Cs—137估算了7.25ha农林系统的土壤侵蚀和沉积。从农田中侵蚀的土壤,沉积在河岸林区和农田下部坡面。Cs—137总的放射量、最大放射深度及最小放射深度,从农田到河流逐渐增加。根据未受影响林区单位面积Cs—137的变化,估算了侵蚀和沉积率。结果表明,此法估算的侵蚀和沉积分别是63和256t/ha·yr,总沉积量是总侵蚀量的二倍,沉积超过侵蚀的部分来自流域上游的沉积。两种不同的方法所估算的侵蚀和沉积率非常相近,且估算结果比早期研究所获得的结果高得多,其原因是没有考虑粘粒上Cs—137移动的速率不同。 河岸林区相当于一个非常有效的沉沙池。     

^137Cs法估算南方红壤地区土壤侵蚀作用的初步研究

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤在我国南方地区分布较广 ,不合理的开发和利用导致植被覆盖破坏严重 ,致使该地区长期以来遭受强烈的土壤侵蚀作用。1 37Cs作为一种有效的示踪剂 ,在国内外越来越多地用于中长期 ( 4 0余年 )以来的土壤侵蚀模数的估算。采用 1 37Cs技术 ,研究第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤典型小流域的土壤侵蚀作用。结果表明 ,该流域的1 37Cs基准值为 2 10 7Bq/m2 ;对于表土质地较为粘重的非耕作红壤而言 ,1 37Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布 ;该流域内山坡和山顶非耕作土的 1 37Cs分布深度通常在 15 cm以内 ,而耕作土中则达 3 0 cm ;对于坡度相对较大 ( 5 .5～ 11°) ,植被条件较差的迎风坡非耕作红壤而言 ,其土壤侵蚀模数达 11.2～ 14 .5 t/hm2 · a;对于坡度较小 ( 1.5～ 4 .5°) ,植被条件较好的背风坡非耕作红壤而言 ,土壤侵蚀模数为 0 .3～ 10 .8t/hm2·a;坡上部水作梯田的侵蚀作用比坡下部的水作梯田小 ,且水作梯田比旱作梯田更有利于水土保持。     

Pb和Cs活性在湖底沉积物测龄法上的应用

鉴别水域范围内侵蚀控制策略的有效性是一个难题,使用放射性元素例如Pb和Cs,鉴别湖底沉积物积累速率,是评估水域周围土壤保护策略有效性有价值的方法。对4个沉积样芯Pb的分布进行研究,在恒定初始浓度模型(CIC模型)中,Cs活性用来支持Pb数据的有效性,这4个样芯均表明,在土壤保护策略应用之后,2008—2011年收集的土壤样芯的沉积速率比之前30a的沉积速率下降了50%,最近的沉积速率几乎是0.5cm/a。研究表明,CIC模型适用于农业集水区沉积物积累测年法的研究。     

黔北坡面林地土壤侵蚀与微量元素迁移研究

选择黔北遵义地区岩溶坡面林地作为研究对象,研究岩溶坡面林地土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,深入揭示碳酸盐岩岩溶地区在地表水力侵蚀作用下土壤表层(0-30cm)微量元素再分配及迁移机理,利用137 Cs示踪技术研究区域内各个采样点的土壤物理侵蚀强度,并结合地球化学方法,以Ti作为不活化参比元素,获得坡面林地土壤微量元素在地表侵蚀作用下迁移和富集特点。结果表明:坡顶、坡中和坡脚土壤剖面137Cs面积活度分别为100.52,846.74,1 626.23Bq/m2,坡顶、坡中小于本底值,坡脚大于本底值;坡顶和坡中侵蚀速率分别为4 854,1 922t/(km2·a),坡脚沉积速率为3 160t/(km2·a);Li、Cs、Cu、Cd等元素迁移系数均值顺坡降低;Co、Pb、U、Ta和Nb顺坡升高;Ti、Th、Cr、W顺坡变化不明显。137 Cs面积活度从坡顶到坡脚呈上升趋势,坡顶和坡中土壤侵蚀强度分别属于中度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,坡脚属于沉积点。Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Ba、V、Cu、Cd易在坡顶富集,以化学迁移为主;Co、Pb、Sb、U、Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb易在山底富集,Co、Pb、Sb、U存在一定的化学迁移,但以物理迁移为主,Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb为物理迁移;Ti、Th、W没有明显的富集现象,未发生迁移。     

用^137Cs法探讨苏南坡地的土壤侵蚀

与黄土和红壤地区相比 ,学术界对苏南丘陵区土壤侵蚀的关注要少得多 ,也许是这里的土壤侵蚀的绝对数量不大 ,然而 ,苏南地区的土壤侵蚀引起的生态影响却不容忽视 ,如因土壤侵蚀造成的养分流失对水体的影响及土层减薄都远超过黄土区。为了探讨苏南土壤侵蚀的生态影响 ,首先是要了解土壤侵蚀的状况 ,在这方面 13 7Cs示踪法是一种非常有用的工具 ,可是要使用此法 ,必须要解决两个问题 ,一是确定研究区的背景值 ,二是建立估算土壤侵蚀的模型。经过较长时间的研究 ,确定苏南地区的 13 7Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0 Bq/m2 ;并根据基本物理含义 ,建立了耕地与非耕地的土壤侵蚀模型 ,用这 2个模型并借用其他学者提供的土壤沉积模型 ,对宜兴竹园及茶园两个坡地的土壤侵蚀与沉积作了估算。在此基础上 ,又尝试着简单探讨了土壤侵蚀引起的土层及养分流失的生态影响     

Validating erosion rate estimates provided by caesium‐137 measurements for two small forested catchments in Calabria,southern Italy

Increasing concern for problems of soil degradation and the off‐site impacts of accelerated erosion has generated a need for improved methods of estimating rates and patterns of soil erosion by water. The use of environmental radionuclides, particularly ¹³⁷Cs, to estimate erosion rates has attracted increased attention and the approach has been shown to possess several important advantages. However, the use of ¹³⁷Cs measurements to estimate erosion rates introduces one important uncertainty, namely, the need to employ a conversion model or relationship to convert the measured reduction in the ¹³⁷Cs inventory to an estimate of the erosion rate. There have been few attempts to validate these theoretical conversion models and the resulting erosion rate estimates. However, there is an important need for such validation, if the ¹³⁷Cs approach is to be more widely applied and reliance is to be placed on the results obtained. This paper reports the results of a study aimed at validating the use of two theoretical conversion models, namely the exponential depth distribution model and the diffusion and migration model, that have been used in several recent studies to convert measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories on uncultivated soils to estimates of soil erosion rates. The study is based on data assembled for two small catchments (1.38 and 1.65 ha) in Calabria, southern Italy, for which measurements of sediment output are available for the catchment outlet. The two catchments differ in terms of the steepness of their terrain, and this difference is reflected by their sediment yields. Because there is no evidence of significant deposition within the two catchments, sediment delivery ratios close to 1.0 can be assumed. It is therefore possible to make a direct comparison between the estimates of the mean annual erosion rates within the two catchments derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements and the measured sediment outputs. The results of the comparison show that the erosion rate estimates provided by both models are reasonably consistent with the measured sediment yields at the catchment outlets. However, more detailed assessment of the results shows that the validity of the erosion rate estimates is influenced by the magnitude of the erosion rates within the catchment. The exponential depth distribution model appears to perform better for the catchment with higher erosion rates and to overestimate erosion rates in the other catchment. Similarly, the basic migration and diffusion model performs better for the catchment with lower erosion rates and overestimates erosion rates in the other catchment. However, the improved migration and diffusion model appears to perform satisfactorily for both catchments. There is a need for further studies to extend such independent validation of the ¹³⁷Cs technique to other environments, including cultivated soils, and to other conversion models and procedures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

137Cs在黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用研究

利用137Cs示踪法详细研究了黄土高原地区南沟小流域的土壤侵蚀状况。结果表明: 黄土高原地区不同利用方式下的土壤侵蚀速率都较大,耕作土壤与非耕作土壤相比由于大部分是坡地种植而具有较高的侵蚀速率。土壤侵蚀速率的空间变异较大且较为复杂。通过对土壤侵蚀类型分类可知,研究区域大部分属于极强度侵蚀。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪研究

坡耕地是三峡库区的重点水土流失区和河流泥沙的主要来源地.采用~(137)Cs示踪技术对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率进行了定量研究.结果表明,新政小流域的~(137)Cs本底值为1 420.9 Bq/m~2;平均坡度为11.4°的缓坡耕地的~(137)Cs面积活度介于398.5～1 649.6 Bq/m~2之间,坡长加权平均值为816.0Bq/m~2;采用改进的简化质量平衡模型计算了坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率,结果得出该坡地的土壤侵蚀模数介于-3 358.8～4 937.4 t/(km~2·a),其加权平均值为1 294.6 t/(km~2·a).受犁耕作用的影响,坡耕地两个坡段的土壤侵蚀速率随坡长增加大致都呈下降趋势,并在坡段下方出现了堆积.坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率不高的原因,一方面是由于所研究坡耕地属于缓坡,坡度较小,另一方面则是由于当地农民总结出了一套有效防止水土流失的耕作方式,使得土壤侵蚀强度大大降低.     

黄土高原区137Cs与土壤颗粒及有机质的关系研究

研究了黄土高原地区土壤颗粒及有机质对137Cs分布的影响以及137Cs与有机质的关系.结果表明,137Cs与土壤颗粒的剖面分布趋势并不一致,而只是与某一粒级在某一深度上表现出一致性.137Cs与有机质的剖面分布则因不同的利用方式而有所差异.对于非耕作土壤,137Cs与有机质主要分布在土壤剖面的表层;而对于耕作土壤,由于人为的耕作作用,137Cs与有机质都均匀分布在耕作层中.土壤中的137Cs含量与有机碳含量的相关分析表明,两者之间呈显著相关,相关系数为0.791.     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

Caesium-137 fallout depth distribution in different soil profiles and significance for estimating soil erosion rate

Caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) has been widely used for the determination of soil erosion and sediment transport rate. However, depth distribution patterns of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil profile have not been considered. As a result, the erosion rates may be over-estimated or underestimated. This paper presents the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs fallout in different soil profiles using published data. Three types of depth distribution functions of ¹³⁷Cs are given by using statistical regression methods, the exponential type, the peak type and the decreasing type (including uniform distribution). Relationships between ¹³⁷Cs loss and soil erosion rate are given by introducing the regression functions. The influence of depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs on the estimation of the soil erosion rate was simulated. Simulation results showed that very different soil erosion rates could be deduced for different depth distributions when ¹³⁷Cs loss is the same, which indicates that the depth distribution pattern should be considered when soil erosion is estimated by using ¹³⁷Cs. Simulation results also suggested that it is most important to determine the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs near the soil surface and the annual relative loss of ¹³⁷Cs by using the depth distribution of ¹³⁷Cs as a criterion to estimate the soil erosion rate.     

近十年来核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

随着核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的深入,土壤侵蚀研究进入了一个快速发展阶段。本文阐述了近十年来137Cs2、10Pbex7、Be、复合示踪及REE-INAA示踪等几种主要核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、泥沙来源和坡面侵蚀过程等研究中的应用新进展,并对今后的研究方向和发展趋势进行了分析。     

Sediment spatial distribution evaluated by three methods and its relation to some soil properties

An investigation of rates and spatial distribution of sediments on an agricultural field cultivated with sugarcane was undertaken using the ¹³⁷Cs technique, USLE and WEPP models. The study was carried out on the Ceveiro watershed of the Piracicaba river basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil, experiencing severe soil degradation due to soil erosion. The objectives of the study were to compare the spatial distribution of sediments evaluated by the three methods and its relation to some soil properties. Erosion and sedimentation rates and their spatial distribution estimated by the three methods were completely different. Although not able to show sediment deposition, the spatial distribution of erosion rates evaluated by USLE presented the best correlation with other studied soil properties.     

利用137Cs示踪农业耕作土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,在假设^137Cs在耕层中得到充分的混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,模型显示^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚和采样年份对年平均土壤侵蚀速率都有重大影响,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。