生物有机肥对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了生物有机肥处理对盐胁迫(150 mmol/L Na Cl)下豫麦49-198幼苗叶片营养状态和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明,与施用无机肥相比,增施有机肥及施用750~1 500 kg/hm~2生物有机肥可提高小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率,增加小麦株高、地上部鲜重和干重,其中以生物有机肥施用量为1 500 kg//hm~2处理效果最明显。     

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Fruit Quality and Acidified Soil Chemical Properties in Yantai Orchard

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as wel as their ef-fects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard. [Method] Plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on fruit yield and quality of Red Fuji and chemical properties of acidified soil. [Result] The apple yield in acidified soil applied with organic fertilizer al increased. Under the application of biological organic fertilizer, the apple yield was higher, and it was 8.92% higher than that in the control group. Under the mixed application of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertiliz-er, the growth and development of apple trees were improved, and the total soluble solid (TSS) content, vitamin C (Vc) content and TSS-acid ratio in mature apples al increased. The application of organic fertilizer significantly reduced soil acidity. Compared with those in the control group, the soil pH value, organic matter content and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content under the ap-plication of biological organic fertilizer were increased by 8.33%, 15.10% and 30.80%, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of biological organic fertilizer could improve the yield of apple in acidified soil.     

生物有机肥对甜玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了生物有机肥在甜玉米上的应用效果.结果表明,施用生物有机肥的产量比空白对照增产133.33%,达极显著水平;比施用生物有机肥基质增产7.47%,产量差异达到显著水平.与生物有机肥基质、常规施肥和空白对照相比,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高1.27%、4.82%、6.22%,3.16%、2.08%、10.11%,6.15%、1.54%、22.47%,5.66%、4.35%、16.67%;施用生物有机肥每千克氮磷钾纯养分分别比施用生物有机肥基质和常规施肥提高肥效13.73%、56.76%,取得较好的经济效益.     

不同种类有机肥对土壤养分及水稻产量的影响

增施有机肥是提高土壤质量、保障水稻稳产增产的重要手段之一。本研究于2021年在沿江平原水稻田进行大田试验,明确不同用量（3 000～6 000 kg/hm2）炭基有机肥或生物有机肥对土壤养分及水稻产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥相比,生物有机肥处理土壤有效磷含量显著提高13.1%～24.4%;高用量生物有机肥处理碱解氮含量显著提高19.9%;中、高用量炭基有机肥处理土壤有效磷含量分别提高13.1%和18.6%;高用量炭基有机肥处理土壤速效钾含量提高12.5%。生物有机肥对水稻产量的提升效应优于炭基有机肥,与常规施肥相比,中、高用量生物有机肥处理分别使水稻产量显著增加16.1%和22.1%,高用量炭基有机肥处理水稻增产15.9%。     

生物有机肥料在温室蔬菜上的应用

以几种叶菜类蔬菜为试验材料,探讨生物有机肥料对温室蔬菜产量、品质和土壤盐分的影响。结果表明：与蔬菜专用肥（对照）相比较,①在增产性能上,3种生物有机肥料可使蔬菜产量提高15.1-37.3%。②在提高品质上,3种生物有机肥料能有效地降低苋菜和芹菜可食部分的NO3^-含量和芹菜粗纤维含量,其中芹菜NO3^-含量的降低幅度达1198－1947mg/kg。③施用大三元生物有机肥的土壤盐分（EC）含量最低,0－10cm耕层的盐分为0.79mS/cm,比对照低0.24mS/cm;10－20cm耕层的盐分为0.55mS/cm,比对照低0.10mS/cm。可见,在温室栽培条件下施用生物有机肥料可以提高叶菜类蔬菜产量、品质和降低土壤盐分的累积。     

不同肥料组配施用对马铃薯的影响

[目的]为马铃薯产业的健康发展提供科学依据。[方法]在施用有机肥的基础上进行生物菌肥和菌糠配施试验,设生物菌肥＋菌糠（A肥）、有机肥＋生物菌肥（B肥）、有机肥＋菌糠（C肥）、有机肥＋生物菌肥＋菌糠（D肥）4个处理,以有机肥＋尿素为对照（CK）,研究不同肥料的组配施用对马铃薯的影响。[结果]大署率为处理D〉C〉B〉A〉CK,4处理分别比对照增加了43．62％、33．01％、21．00％、2．47％;蛋白质含量处理B最高,处理D其次;维生素C含量为处理D〉B〉A〉C〉CK;叶绿素含量为处理D〉B〉C〉A〉CK,4处理分别比对照增加了58．82％、4．1．17％、35．29％、7,9．41％。[结论]处理D（有机肥＋生物菌肥＋菌糠）肥效最好,使马铃薯生长量提高,并能明显促进马铃薯品质的提高。     

生物有机肥对小油菜生长及品质的影响

在小油菜上进行施用生物有机肥、有机无机配合施肥、三元肥的田间对比试验.结果表明,单施生物有机肥比单施无机三元肥的小油菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量分别降低36.17%和21.77%;种植后土壤中有机质比单施无机三元肥提高11.12%.油菜生产中施用生物有机肥可以提高作物品质,提高土壤有机质含量,培肥地力,与三元肥配合施用不会造成明显减产.     

有机肥对Cd、Pb复合污染酸性土壤生物特性和油菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量(0、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%)有机肥对镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)重金属污染酸性土壤生物特性和油菜生长的影响,以期为阻控Cd、Pb迁移和油菜安全生产提供技术指导。结果表明,土壤p H值、酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和淀粉酶活性)、微生物多样性及油菜生物量总体上均随有机肥添加量的增加而显著增加,而土壤中Cd、Pb有效态含量及油菜各组织重金属含量均随有机肥添加量的增加而降低,10.0%有机肥处理效果最好;主成分分析结果表明,有机肥改良处理的聚类结果与油菜的生长及土壤各项指标的变化规律相吻合;在各项指标中,影响油菜生长的主要因子为Pb有效态含量,其次为Cd有效态含量,说明降低土壤中重金属有效态含量可以有效缓解对作物的毒害。     

Changes in organic C stability within soil aggregates under different fertilization patterns in a greenhouse vegetable field

Knowledge of the stability of soil organic C(SOC) is vital for assessing SOC dynamics and cycling in agroecosystems. Studies have documented the regulatory effect of fertilization on SOC stability in bulk soils. However, how fertilization alters organic C stability at the aggregate scale in agroecosystems remains largely unclear. This study aimed to appraise the changes of organic C stability within soil aggregates after eight years of fertilization(chemical vs. organic fertilization) in a greenhouse vegetable field in Tianjin, China. Changes in the stability of organic C in soil aggregates were evaluated by four methods, i.e., the modified Walkley-Black method(chemical method), ~(13)C NMR spectroscopy(spectroscopic method), extracellular enzyme assay(biological method), and thermogravimetric analysis(thermogravimetric method). The aggregates were isolated and separated by a wet-sieving method into four fractions: large macroaggregates(2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2 mm), microaggregates(0.053–0.25 mm), and silt/clay fractions(0.053 mm). The results showed that organic amendments increased the organic C content and reduced the chemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability of organic C within soil aggregates relative to chemical fertilization alone. Within soil aggregates, the content of organic C was the highest in microaggregates and decreased in the order microaggregatesmacroaggregatessilt/clay fractions. Meanwhile, organic C spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability were the highest in silt/clay fractions, followed by macroaggregates and microaggregates. Moreover, the modified Walkley-Black method was not suitable for interpreting organic C stability at the aggregate scale due to the weak correlation between organic C chemical properties and other stability characteristics within the soil aggregates. These findings provide scientific insights at the aggregate scale into the changes of organic C properties under fertilization in greenhouse vegetable fields in China.     

牛粪发酵生物有机肥对3种蔬菜生长及品质的影响

为提高有机蔬菜的种植栽培技术以及解决养殖业快速发展带来的禽畜粪便污染问题,试验运用经生物菌剂发酵处理的牛粪生物有机肥(A)和未经发酵的普通牛粪有机肥(B)分别种植生菜、油麦菜及茼蒿菜。结果表明:施用经生物菌剂发酵处理的牛粪生物有机肥(A)较施用未经发酵的普通牛粪有机肥(B)的蔬菜各形态指标和品质指标均有不同程度的提高,单位面积鲜产提高3.54%~14.71%,硝态氮指标降低7.67%~72.43%,效果显著。利用生物发酵牛粪不仅解决了养殖场粪污问题,还能为农业发展增产增效,是未来中国循环经济发展的一项重大举措。     

五种生物有机肥在崂山茶生产中的应用效果

对5种生物有机肥在茶叶生产中的应用效果进行了比较,结果表明:在施氮量相同的情况下,Vegetable fertilizer有机肥中氮的有效性最好,表现为土壤中碱解氮含量最高(305 mg/kg),茶叶中茶多酚含量最高(19.5%),其次为豆粕蛋白;八福仙和豆粕蛋白中磷的有效性高于其他3种有机肥;有机肥中钾的有效性从高到低依次为八福仙、甜叶菊有机肥、豆粕蛋白、Vegetable fertilizer、森茂生物有机肥。通过分析不同种类肥料的养分含量、对土壤肥力和茶叶品质的影响效果并结合肥料成本综合考虑,八福仙和豆粕蛋白两种有机肥更适合用于崂山区茶业生产。     

生物有机垃圾厌氧消化制取甲烷的研究

[目的]倡导垃圾分类的新理念。[方法]在37℃条件下对沈阳市源分类后城市生物有机垃圾进行为期50 d批消化处理试验。[结果]结果表明:沈阳市皇姑区和东陵区示范小区城市生物有机垃圾厌氧消化沼气实验室产量为0.799和0.803 m3/kg VS,沼气中甲烷浓度分别为52.84 vol%和53.17 vol%,4个示范小区厌氧生物降解率分别为82.52%、73.76%5、9.53%及64.41%;消化过程中,pH值的调节方式对沼气的产量及厌氧最终生物降解率无显著影响,对沼气的产气时间有影响。一次大量投料可缩短pH值调节时间,提高产气效率;沈阳市示范小区城市生物有机垃圾产气量(G)关于TS(T)、VS(V)的一元线性回归关系为:G=2.33+0.29T和G=0.89+0.65V,相关系数分别为0.980 3和0.907 5。[结论]该研究为生物有机垃圾厌氧消化制取甲烷的进一步研究提供了依据。     

不同碳源物质对土壤无机氮生物固定的影响

采用培养试验方法 ,研究了不同碳氮比值的碳源物质对土壤无机氮生物固定的影响及其在土壤氮素调控中的作用。结果表明 :①单独施用碳氮比较高的麦秸、玉米秸和豆秸时 ,土壤微生物的固氮能力明显降低 ,高碳氮比的麦秸并没有表现出对土壤无机氮强烈固定的优势 ,而碳氮比较低的鸡粪对土壤无机氮没有固定作用 ;②当碳氮比较高的麦秸、玉米秸及豆秸与化肥配合施用时 ,土壤微生物的固氮能力明显增强 ,与单施化肥相比 ,麦秸、玉米秸和豆秸配施化肥 ,对肥料氮的最大固定率分别提高 2 5 31 %、 1 2 46%和 1 0 64%;③土壤微生物对土壤无机氮的生物固定有重要的“保肥”和“稳肥”机能。     

油蒿与臭柏沙地生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

根据沙地固定情况和生物结皮发育程度选取油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落中半固定沙地初期阶段发育的生物结皮(SF-E)、半固定沙地较厚的生物结皮(SF-L)、新固定沙地生物结皮(NF)、中期固定沙地生物结皮(MF)、老固定沙地生物结皮(OF)和苔藓结皮(MOSS)6种类型生物结皮和臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)群落中丘间地(IV)和丘顶(TV)2种生物结皮,比较了不同类型生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:不同类型生物结皮表层土壤有机质、总N及土壤粒度组成存在差异。随着生物结皮从MS—SF-E—SF-L—NF—MF(MOSS)—OF—IV—TV的发育,表层土壤有机质、总N及粉粒质量分数呈现递增的趋势,而土壤粗砂粒质量分数随生物结皮的发育而递减;表层土壤富集的养分及细颗粒组分有向下位移的现象,导致表层下10 cm处土壤养分质量分数及颗粒组成也随生物结皮的发育程度而发生与表层土壤趋势相同的变化。总之,生物结皮的发育能显著增加表层土壤有机质、总N及土壤细颗粒成分。     

两种生物制剂对有机黄瓜白粉病的防治效果

白粉病是危害保护地黄瓜的重要病害之一,利用生物制剂防治黄瓜白粉病对满足有机农业标准（GB/T 19630-2011）要求具有重要实际意义。本研究比较了枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（10亿cfu/g）和氨基寡糖素对有机黄瓜白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,在黄瓜白粉病发病较轻时（病情指数低于18.19）,连续喷施枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂200倍稀释液和700倍稀释的氨基寡糖素能较好的控制白粉病的发生,防治效果分别达到87.2-90.7%和52.5-91.5%。建议在有机黄瓜未发生白粉病危害或白粉病病情指数小于10的情况下应用生物制剂进行防控。     

果园土壤污染生物修复研究

[目的]弄清土壤污染的生物修复作用机理。[方法]通过果园田间试验和土壤模拟试验,研究施用果树生物有机肥对果园土壤生物修复的作用。[结果]生物有机肥提高了根域土壤多酚氧化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等酶的活力;促进了根域土壤对Pb2＋等重金属的钝化;增加了有益真菌、放线菌、细菌等活性菌的数量,降低了根腐病菌、疫腐病菌、白／紫纹羽病菌和线虫等有害生物的数量。[结论]该研究为生物有机肥在果树上的推广应用提供了依据,     

绿源生物有机肥在水稻上的试验研究

绿源生物有机肥是新进入广西北流市大伦镇推广应用的生物有机肥料,文章主要介绍绿源生物有机肥在水稻上的试验情况。     

生物有机肥对番茄青枯病的防效研究及机理初探

以有机废弃物堆置腐熟后添加枯草芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌等功能菌制成两种生物有机肥FBOF1和FBOF2,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了上述生物有机肥对番茄青枯病的防效,同时对其作用机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,施用生物有机肥后,番茄青枯病病情指数降低,防病效果达27.6%～69.0%,与对照相比差异显著,同时植株中多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性明显提高.96 h时施用FBOFI和FBOF2处理的多酚氧化酶活性分别为5.78、4.98 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1),比对照高53.7%和32.4%;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性96 h时分别为1.56、0.77 U·g~(-1)·h~(-1),比对照高205.9%和51.0%;对过氧化物酶活性而言,96 h时差异更为明显,施用生物有机肥后其活性分别为0.79、0.42 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1),而对照仅为0.14 U·g~(-1)·min~(-1).此外,施用生物有机肥后土壤微生物功能多样性提高,从培养48 h的结果看,15、25、40 d的AWCD值都高于对照,其中FBOF2第40 d时的AWCD值与对照相比差异显著,分别为1.010 7和0.505 3.从试验结果还可看出,生物有机肥影响根围土壤中青枯菌和主要微生物类群数量,施用生物有机肥后,土壤中细菌和放线菌数量增加,而青枯菌数量则明显下降.     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.     

不同有机肥对烤烟生长发育、产质量及青枯病的影响

 通过田间试验,比较研究了不同有机肥（精制有机肥和生物有机肥）与化肥配施对烤烟农艺性状、叶绿素含量、产质量及烤烟青枯病的影响。结果表明：与当地常规施肥（100%化肥）相比,精制有机肥、生物有机肥配施80%化肥,可促进烤烟生长,显著提高烤烟产质量,减轻青枯病的危害。与当地常规施肥（100%化肥）相比,在化肥减量20%的基础上,配施生物有机肥烤烟产量提高了4.5 %,产值提高了9.8%,上中等烟比例提高了8.4%,烤烟青枯病病情指数降低了47.3%;配施精制有机肥烤烟产量提高了5.3%,烤烟青枯病病情指数降低了15.8%。与配施精制有机肥处理相比,配施生物有机肥烤烟产值提高了9.5%,上中等烟比例提高了6.2%,烤烟青枯病病情指数降低了37.5%。