改良虾池微生态环境进行封闭式养虾与病害控制的关系

对虾养殖周期短 ,养得好 ,效益高 ,市场需求量大 ,过去、现在和未来都是一个不可多得的优良养殖品种。但自１９９１年对虾病毒性疾病流行以来 ,各地养虾业遭受不同程度的损失 ,虾病成为制约养虾业进一步发展的重要因素。水产科研人员和养虾工作者经过长期的艰辛努力 ,对对虾病毒性疾病的研究 ,虽然从生产上未能给予有效的治疗 ,但从控制、预防方面却有了很好的技术经验 ,取得一定的进展。如封闭式养殖、池塘微生态调控、高位池养虾等方式都是在一定程度上能有效控制、预防病害发生 ,使对虾养殖取得成功的先进方式。一、封闭式养虾封闭式对虾…     

虾池中下层水体及底质的改良

在池塘底部及中下层水体,处于塘底有毒有害物质向上浮升、水体中有毒有害物质向下沉积,从而在水底的交汇处肜成一个特殊的层面？高密度养殖投饵多、排泄量大、藻类死亡、滥用絮凝性底改等因素导致该特殊层面发热、发臭、泛酸,腐败菌（弧菌或嗜水气单胞菌）大量繁殖,生物和化学耗氧量大,亚硝酸盐、氧氮等有毒物质严重超标．成为原生动物、细菌、病毒的滋生地．成为名副其实的“聚毒层”,又恰恰足对虾的核心生活区。“聚毒层”如不及时消除,黑鳃、黄鳃、甲壳溃疡、白浊偷死等各种对虾病害则随之而生。下面就造成虾池水质、底质变坏的原因及改良底质的方法提出一些见解,供参考与交流。     

水质,底质改良剂在虾池的应用研究

本文主要研究了水质，底质改良剂对泉州东海村和厦门东屿村虾池水质，底质的改良效果。两处虾池经投放改良剂后，海水中的ＣＯＤ降低７．２～１４．６％，ＮＨ４－Ｎ降低９０％以上，底泥的Ｅｈ值升高１３０ｍｖ，硫化物降低３２．８～７３．４％，底泥间隙水的ＮＨ４－Ｎ降低４１．０～７４．７％，ＣＯＤ降低１５．５～４０．０％。     

对虾池非正常现象及处理方法

一、对虾池健康的基本标准 1.池底:干净,无污染、无臭味,无青苔、异色物现象或黑色腐烂物。 2.池水:①水色以黄绿色或黄褐色为宜,透明度为35～40厘米并且颜色鲜嫩,不会因天气的好坏而变化。②酸碱度     

精养虾池的水色培养及调控方法

“养虾先养水”是业内人士都认同的观点 ,它说明了水色在对虾养殖生产中的重要性。在整个养殖过程中 ,要营造良好而稳定的水色是养虾技术的重点和难点。说起来容易 ,做起来难度很大。现针对对虾高产养殖生产中经常碰到一些有关水色调控的问题 ,提出一些处理方法 ,以供参考或共同探讨 :1　虾池水色的标准及作用水色是虾池水体理化因子的综合反映 ,它与水中浮游生物的种类和数量有密切关系。对虾养殖生产中通常以池水的颜色、透明度的大小和清爽度来衡量池水水色的好坏 ,良好的水色应是黄褐色、黄绿色 ,清爽而亮泽 ,硅藻和绿藻同时成为优势种…     

虾池水质改良剂的研制及其效用

对虾养殖池中日益沉降积聚的对虾排泄物、残饵及其他有机质的氧化分解,不仅消耗水体中大量的溶解氧,而且在嫌氧细菌作用下产生NH_3、H_2S、CH_4等有害物质,常使对虾直接致害或大量发病,亦引起虾池逐年老化。因此,研制降解虾池水体中有害物质且对养殖生物无害的水质改良剂,推广应用于大面积对虾养殖池,对于保持虾池良好的生态环境,提高对虾养殖产量,减少对虾发病率,延缓虾池老化,增加经济效益,均有重要意义。迄今,国内外水质改良剂的种类较多,大多为化学改良剂和生物改良剂。有的产品已投放市场,但在大面积推广方面遇到种种困难。原因是有的产品效期较短,价格昂贵;有的产品用量太大,只适用于高密度小面积养殖池。根据我国对虾养殖方式和现状,必须研制简便易行,量小效高,经济实用的水质改良剂才适于大面积推广。故我们筛选了几种矿物质进行预处理,并添加几种较纯的化学物质进行优化组合,通过数十次单因子和多因子的筛选实验,研制出降解虾池有害物质(NH_3、H_2S、有机质)效果较好的G.L.J—I型水质改良剂。     

复合型活菌生物净水剂对改善虾池水质的作用

研究了复合型活菌生物净水剂在南美白对虾室内饲养试验中对水质的影响。结果表明：试验组平均透明度比空白对照组高41．25％，COD比空白对照组低26．81％，NH4-N比空白对照组低28．84％，pH与空白对照组无明显差异，异养菌总数、弧菌总数与空白对照组无明显差异。科新牌复合型活菌生物净水剂应用于水产养殖具有明显改善水质的作用。     

虾池“泥皮”的处理措施

泥皮分解,易造成虾缺氧并产生很多有毒物质,影响对虾生长     

Liming and Fertilization of Brackishwater Shrimp Ponds

Agricultural limestone and burnt lime are applied either to the water during shrimp production or to pond bottoms between shrimp crops. However, unless the total alkalinity and total hardness of pond water is below 50 mg/L as equivalent CaC0₃ or the pond soils are acidic (pH < 7), liming is of little or no value. The use of burnt lime should be avoided because this material can cause high pH in water and soil. Chemical fertilizers or manures are used to fertilize brackishwater ponds. Fertilization programs for brackishwater ponds usually require more nitrogen (N) than those for freshwater ponds. Phosphorus (P) fertilization is important both in brackishwater and freshwater ponds. Because water is exchanged often in brackishwater ponds, fertilizer should be applied in small doses and at frequent intervals. Most managers of brackishwater ponds prefer a large proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. An N:P application ratio of 20:l in ponds favors diatoms; in fiberglass tanks with water of low silica concentration, fertilization with silica encouraged an abundance of diatoms.     

伊乐藻(Elodea)在主养虾蟹池塘的应用试验

伊乐藻（Elodea）是一种水生植物。作者在主养虾、蟹池塘栽培伊乐藻，营造一个良好的鱼、虾、蟹生态环境，有利于鱼、虾、蟹生长。     

Management Strategies for Production of the Atlantic White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus as Bait Shrimp in Outdoor Ponds

Abstract The geographic distribution of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is in coastal waters from New York to Florida and around the Gulf of Mexico. Beside its value to commercial fisheries, this shrimp is sold as bait for recreational fishing. Previous data suggest that demand for live bait shrimp cannot be satisfied by commercial fleets. A 120-d trial was designed to study production of bait size P. setiferus at high densities in eight small outdoor ponds in south Texas. A 2^4–1 fractional factorial design was applied to study the effects of postlarval (PL) density (350 and 700 shrimp/m²), feed type (A and B), and water circulation methods (with and without airlift pumps or center pond dividers) on shrimp growth, survival and yield. No significant differences in survivals or yields were found between treatments (P = 0.2). Feed type ( P = 0.011), airlift pumps ( P = 0.021), and center dividers ( P = 0.026), had significant impacts on shrimp growth rates. Density effect on growth was not statistically significant ( P = 0.055). This study demonstrated that 6-d-old postlarvae can be stocked at 700 per square meter and reached a bait size (6.2 g) in 94 d with a 73.6% survival and a yield equivalent to 31,300 kg/ha when offered a commercial shrimp feed. A preliminary economic analysis based on this data suggests that operating a bait shrimp farm in Texas with two crops/yr will show profitability within 7 to 12 yr with an internal rate of return of 6.5 and 17.6%, respectively.     

鱼池生态均衡论

1　定义所谓鱼池生态均衡,简言之,即鱼池所产各种可供鱼类摄食的饵料生物的生产,适足供应放养各种食性的鱼类维持正常生长所需的消耗。换言之,一个鱼池所生产的饵料生物与其放养的各种食性鱼类之间的相互关系和相互作用,使饵料生物的生产能够供给放养鱼类的消耗。相对而言,放养鱼类所需饵料生物的消耗,能够适当配合饵料生物的生产,这个鱼池可谓生态均衡的鱼池。2　为什么鱼池要保持生态均衡(1)生态均衡的鱼池,池水溶解氧和ＣＯ2的昼夜循环才能保持稳定,因此,池塘的鱼载力(或鱼容量)在正常自然环境下能够达到最高限。(2)生态均衡的鱼池,适当…     

池塘养殖对虾综合防病措施的研究

近年来，随着对虾人工养殖规模的迅速扩大和产量的增加，出现了大规模暴发性虾病，给养殖者造成很大损失。一些学者对暴发性虾病的病因和防治方法进行了研究和探讨^[1-5]。然而，有关池养对虾综合防病措施的报导很少。笔者于1997—1998年在河北省昌黎县和唐海县对此进行了研究。     

Water Quality and Microbial Dynamics in Shrimp Ponds Receiving Bagasse-Based Feed

Pond water quality and associated microbial biomass were studied in relation to the type of feed applied during the culture of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . The feeds tested included conventional feedlot manure as well as two feeds based on bagasse, a sugarcane waste product. Physical and chemical parameters were studied during a 100 day trial in 200 m² earthen ponds. Both bagasse-based feeds supported a significantly larger microbial community as measured by specific biomass numbers ( P < 0.01), ATP content ( P < 0.001) and amount of the particulate organic matter present on pond bottoms ( P < 0.025). For both bagasse-based treatments, the estimated bacterial cell number in the flocculent layer was 3.11 ± 10¹²/m², compared to the much lower cell number of 7.53 ± 10¹⁰/m² for control ponds. Harvest data suggest that bagasse forms a potential base for feeds when applied to extensive shrimp cultures.     

刺参虾池养殖技术

刺参隶属于棘皮动物门,海参纲,楯手目,刺参科,具有很高的经济价值,国内市场需求量日渐增大。随着其工厂化育苗技术的完善,每年可提供大量人工苗种,因此刺参养殖已成为继海湾扇贝、中国对虾之后又一大规模人工养殖的品种。现将其主要习性及虾池养殖管理技术介绍如下:     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

南美白对虾池塘海水养殖稳产高效技术

近两年来,南美白对虾以生长快、饵料系数低、适盐广、规格整齐、单位产量高等优良特性已在全国沿海乃至内陆等许多地区养殖并推广开来。笔者2001年在海南省文昌市翁田镇养殖南美白对虾,该镇上半年南美白对虾单产最高的达2000kg/亩(1亩=667m~2)以上,一般的养殖户正常的养殖单产平均也达1000kg/亩左右,经济效益十分显著,但下半年整个海南省南美白对虾病害开始流行,几乎每家养殖场无一幸免地发生虾病,有