大兴安岭冻土区土壤动物功能类群对地温变化的响应

对大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物进行的研究,将该区土壤动物划分为植食性、腐食性和捕食性三个功能类群。土壤动物功能类群的水平分布与地温的相关性表明,不同冻土带腐食性土壤动物总的生物量和地温的相关系数为-0.999,呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);不同冻土带捕食性土壤动物总的生物量和地温的相关系数为-0.997,呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。土壤动物功能类群的垂直分布与地温的相关性表明,岛状融区冻土带土壤动物功能类群的垂直分布与8月份地温值呈显著正相关,岛状融区冻土带的腐食性动物的垂直分布与8月份地温呈显著正相关。各功能类群的个体数量相关分析结果表明,腐食性动物和捕食性动物相关系数为0.8723,呈显著正相关(P<0.05);生物量相关分析结果表明,腐食性动物和捕食性动物相关系数为0.7551,呈著正相关(P<0.01)。     

玉米间作种植对黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落的影响

中小型土壤动物对环境变化反应敏感,不同种植方式导致农田土壤空间格局改变将影响中小型土壤动物群落多样性和功能。本文通过玉米单作和间作种植,在玉米生长季的不同月份调查取样,研究玉米单作和间作种植对土壤动物的个体数量、类群数、多样性和不同功能群的影响。结果表明:从试验样地共捕获中小型土壤动物1 473只,隶属于40个类群;玉米间作种植显著降低中小型土壤动物的个体数(P 0. 05),玉米间作种植降低中小型土壤动物类群数,未达到显著水平(P 0. 05),这种降低趋势在不同月份和土层中均表现出来;玉米单作和间作种植下中小型土壤动物总体趋势为腐食性杂食性捕食性+植食性的个体数(P 0. 05);玉米间作种植增加了优势度指数,降低了多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数(P 0. 05);玉米间作种植改变了不同食性中小型土壤动物的个体数和类群数,腐食性、杂食性和捕食性+植食性土壤动物数量降低,杂食性和捕食性+植食性的土壤动物类群数增加,腐食性土壤动物类群数降低,但个体数和类群数的变化未达到显著水平(P 0. 05)。     

玉米/大豆间作种植对农田大型土壤动物群落动态变化的影响

为调查玉米/大豆间作种植模式对农田大型土壤动物群落结构动态特征的影响,采用手拣法捕获土壤动物,于2016年6～9月玉米生育期内对大型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、垂直分布和功能群特征进行了研究。结果表明:玉米生育期共捕获大型土壤动物818只,隶属于34个类群。大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在拔节期间作种植显著提高了土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);玉米拔节、抽穗和成熟期10～20 cm土层大型土壤动物个体数显著高于0～10和20～30 cm土层(P<0.05)。Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数随玉米生长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在拔节期Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数均最大;Simpson指数总体与Shannon-Weiner指数变化趋势相反,随玉米生长呈现先下降后升高的趋势。间作种植在成熟期显著提高了植食性大型土壤动物个体数,在拔节期显著提高了捕食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈增加的趋势;捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生育期基本呈增加的趋势。     

陕北枣林土壤动物功能类群及其害虫生态调控

在陕北枣林研究区域内,以土壤动物为研究对象,采取野外调查取样、定点动态观测与室内鉴定分类的研究方法,选取了延安万花山、延川县、清涧县、佳县枣林4个样点7个样地,于2007年3月、6月、9月、11月,对土壤动物功能类群进行了初步研究。陕北枣林土壤动物可划分为植食性、捕食性、腐食性、枯食性、菌食性土壤、杂食性土壤动物6个功能类群,基于土壤动物功能类群与枣林病虫害生态调控的内在关系,建构陕北枣林害虫生态调控体系,为深入探讨土壤动物与枣林害虫生态调控的关系提供基础资料和理论依据。     

章古台沙地人工林大型土壤动物群落特征

对章古台沙地典型人工林的大型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获大型土壤动物59类,1689只,隶属于2门4纲14目43科,优势类群为蚁科和金龟子科(幼虫),常见类群7类,稀有类群50类。不同人工林大型土壤动物的数量及种类组成差异很大,通常,群落的生境条件越优越,土壤动物的个体数量和种类越多。各群落土壤动物多样性指数排序为油松(2.5313)>小叶杨(2.3319)>樟子松(1.6423)>赤松(1.4651)。土壤动物的个体数量、种类、生物量及多样性指数具有较明显的时间动态变化。     

大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物生态地理研究

2003年6月、8月、10月对大兴安岭不同冻土带选择沼泽、柳丛、耕地、次生林群落进行土壤动物调查，共获土壤动物39225只，隶属于4门8纲24目。由对大型、中小型及湿生三类土壤动物的数量分析可知，三类土壤动物数量的变化在群落间并不总是成正相关的关系。水平分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减少，该分布与土壤动物分布的一般规律（土壤动物分布通常符合纬度地带性分布规律，即由低纬向高纬逐渐减少）一致，但大型土壤动物的个体数量、类群数和生物量基本上从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐增加（即由低纬向高纬逐渐增加），湿生动物的数量也如此分布，这与土壤动物分布的一般规律不一致甚至相悖，这一特点表现出生态系统局部-区域相互关系的复杂性；土壤动物的类群数、个体数量与土壤有机质、全氮的含量呈明显的正相关；垂直分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量分布表现出明显的表聚性，但大型土壤动物的个体数量与生物量最大值出现在第二层；土壤动物多样性分析表明，中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减小，而大型土壤动物的多样性指数在不同冻土带间的变化规律不明显。     

不同玉米秸秆还田量的土壤大型动物夏季群落动态特征

调查不同玉米秸秆还田量下的农田大型土壤动物群落动态特征,于2016年6—9月玉米生育期内进行,采用手拣法捕获土壤动物。结果表明:共捕获大型土壤动物2 681只,隶属于41个类群。方差分析显示,13 500 kg·hm^-2还田处理(SR4)显著提高了大型土壤动物个体数,12000kg·hm^-2还田处理(SR3)显著提高了大型土壤动物类群数。多样性表明:多样性指数和丰富度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出先增加后下降的趋势;均匀度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出下降的趋势;优势度指数总体与多样性指数变化趋势相反,随玉米生长季呈现出先下降后增加的趋势。垂直分布表明:随玉米的生长时期的推移,表层0～10 cm土层的大型土壤动物有向10～20 cm土层下移的趋势。功能群特征表明:捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现先增加后下降的趋势;植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现增加的趋势;杂食性大型土壤动物个体数在玉米生长季无明显变化。RDA分析表明:受农田土壤环境因子影响较大的大型土壤动物类群主要是研究区的优势类群,大型土壤动物的个体数与土壤有机质含量和土...     

不同玉米秸秆还田量的土壤大型动物夏季群落动态特征

摘 要 调查不同玉米秸秆还田量下农田大型土壤动物群落动态特征,于2016年6—9月玉米生育期内进行,采用手拣法捕获土壤动物。结果表明：共捕获大型土壤动物2 681只,隶属于41个类群。方差分析显示,13 500 kg?hm-2还田处理(SR4)显著提高了大型土壤动物个体数,12 000 kg?hm-2还田处理(SR3)显著提高了大型土壤动物类群数。多样性表明：多样性指数和丰富度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出先增加后下降的趋势;均匀度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出下降的趋势;优势度指数总体与多样性指数变化趋势相反,随玉米生长季呈现出先下降后增加的趋势。垂直分布表明：随玉米的生长时期的推移,表层0~10 cm土层的大型土壤动物有向10~20 cm土层下移的趋势。功能群特征表明：捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现先增加后下降的趋势;植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现增加的趋势;杂食性大型土壤动物个体数在玉米生长季无明显变化。RDA分析表明：受农田土壤环境因子影响较大的大型土壤动物类群主要是研究区的优势类群,大型土壤动物的个体数与土壤有机质含量和土壤含水量关系紧密。总体上,玉米秸秆还田影响地表土壤的微环境,进而影响了大型土壤动物群落的组成、分布特征和功能群,玉米秸秆还田有益于农田大型土壤动物功能群的发展。     

甘肃太统–崆峒山国家级自然保护区湿地土壤 无脊椎动物群落特征

土壤动物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,对湿地营养物质循环具有重要的作用。2013年10月至2015年7月,对甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区16个湿地斑块的土壤无脊椎动物群落特征进行了研究,共获得土壤无脊椎动物7门130类185 033只。节肢动物门(Arthropoda)和线虫动物门(Nemata)为优势类群,分别占总捕获量的47.50%和26.08%;环节动物门和轮虫动物门为常见类群,分别占总捕获量的14.95%和9.26%;扁形动物门、软体动物门和缓步动物门为罕见类群,分别占总捕获量的1.25%、0.66%和0.30%。节肢动物门和线虫动物门构成了土壤动物的主体,对土壤动物群落特征起着决定性作用。16个湿地斑块中,2#样地的土壤动物个体数量最多;7#样地的类群数量最多,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(4.496 7)最高;14#样地土壤动物个体数量和类群数量都最少。各样点土壤动物间的相似性指数在0.594 6~1之间,表明16个湿地斑块的土壤动物群落多样性为中等不相似到中等相似,这反映了甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区的16个湿地斑块保护状况良好,受外来影响较少;同时也反映了不同斑块之间的差异性,这些差异性与人类活动干扰有关。     

扎龙自然保护区大型土壤动物的群落结构

在扎龙国家自然保护区,选择了羊草、星星草、寸草苔和芦苇4种群落,对大型土壤动物生态特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,在四种群落中,共获得大型土壤动物75类,4359只,隶属于3门、7纲、21目、50科。优势类群是蚁科、棘跳虫科。大型土壤动物的类群数:芦苇群落=星星草群落>羊草群落>寸草苔群落,个体数:芦苇群落>星星草群落>羊草群落>寸草苔群落,寸草苔群落的生境条件最差,大型土壤动物的水平分布具有不均匀性;大型土壤动物的垂直分布基本都随土层深度的增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性。大型土壤动物的季节动态表现为,类群数:夏季>秋季>春季;个体数:夏季>秋季>春季,春季不论是类群数还是个体数都是最低的。大型土壤动物的多样性表现为,寸草苔群落=星星草群落>芦苇群落>羊草群落。     

大兴安岭北部森林生态系统土壤动物组成与多样性分析

对大兴安岭北部7个代表性森林群落土壤动物进行调查,共捕获湿生土壤动物20216只,大、中小型土壤动物87类,19577只,隶属于4门9纲23目66科。大、中小型土壤动物的优势类群为螨类和节跳虫科,常见类群4类,两者占总捕获量的92.22%。各群落土壤动物的数量和种类组成有一定差异,其中杨落Ⅱ和白桦Ⅲ的数量和种类最多,柳草Ⅶ最少。7个群落共有类群23类,共优类群为螨类中的前气门亚目和中气门亚目,共有的常见类群2类:山跳虫科和线蚓科。7个群落间相似程度均较大,大多为中等相似。各群落土壤动物数量和种类在土壤各层的垂直分布上具有明显表聚性。在多样性分析中,各群落多样性指数H′大小为柳草Ⅶ>白桦Ⅲ>杨落Ⅱ>落沼Ⅳ>樟子松Ⅵ>桦杜Ⅰ>蒙古栎Ⅴ。大部分群落多样性指数的动态变化是8月>6月>10月。     

海拔对表居土壤动物不同取食功能群多度分布的影响

物种多度分布格局是群落生态学研究的前沿领域之一。海拔梯度下开展土壤动物多度分布研究有利于认识分解者群落的构建过程如何响应环境变化。选用5种常见的生态位分配模型(断棍模型、生态位优先占领模型、生态位重叠模型、随机分配模型和优势优先模型),分别采用个体数量与生物量作为多度表征指标,对分布于北京东灵山辽东栎林下不同海拔范围的表居土壤动物群落整体与不同取食功能群(杂食者、植食者、捕食者、腐食者)的相对多度分布进行研究。结果表明,拟合表居土壤动物群落整体的最优生态位分配模型不受海拔影响,均为断棍模型。但表居土壤动物各功能群多度分布受海拔影响,杂食者随海拔升高,最优模型由断棍模型转变为生态位优先占领模型,而植食者与之相反。多度表征指标选择影响拟合表居土壤动物不同功能群(捕食者和腐食者)多度分布的最优模型。总体而言,海拔和多度指标选择并未影响表居土壤动物整体的多度分布,但对表居土壤动物中不同取食功能群的多度分布有影响。     

大兴安岭不同类型落叶松天然林水源涵养功能研究

从森林涵养水源的角度,对大兴安岭落叶松天然林5种主要林分类型水源涵养功能进行了研究,结果表明：土壤总孔隙度在55.58%～77.45%之间,非毛管孔隙度在9.86%～16.57%之间,毛管孔隙度在41.93%～63.20%之间。土壤容重从大到小的顺序为：白桦＋落叶松林〉樟子松＋落叶松林〉落叶松纯林〉杜香＋落叶松林〉杜鹃＋落叶松林。0-20 cm土层饱和蓄水量杜鹃＋落叶松林最大,为1 548.91 t/hm2;白桦＋落叶松林最小,为1 140.82 t/hm2。枯落物层持水量从大到小的顺序为：杜鹃＋落叶松林（1 064.97 t/hm2）〉落叶松纯林（955.92/hm2）〉樟子松＋落叶松林（910.40 t/hm2）〉杜香＋落叶松林（723.95 t/hm2）〉白桦＋落叶松林（672.48 t/hm2）。水源涵养能力依次为：杜鹃＋落叶松林（1 815.12 t/hm2）〉落叶松纯林（1 640.00 t/hm2）〉樟子松＋落叶松林（1 557.01 t/hm2）〉杜香＋落叶松林（1 468.54 t/hm2）〉白桦＋落叶松林（1 308.94 t/hm2）。     

石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

Unearthing the role of biological diversity in soil health

The soil provides a great variety of microhabitats for myriad organisms of different size, physiological activity, behavior and ecosystem function. Besides abundance of participating soil organisms, their species diversity facilitates maximum exploitation of the resources available in the different habitats. At various levels of resolution, species can be categorized into classes performing ecosystem functions and, within each functional class, into guilds of species with similar life course characteristics. Measurement of the diversity and abundance of species within a functional class provides insights into the nature of ecosystem functions and services and to the health of the soil. At higher resolution, species diversity within guilds of a functional class may infer the degree of exploitation of available resources and the complementarity of an ecosystem service; diversity among the guilds of a functional class may indicate successional complementarity of the services. A diversity of guilds within a functional class expands the range of conditions over which ecosystem services are performed while species diversity within a functional class and its guilds contributes to the magnitude of the services. Consequently, diversity of species within functional classes is a key element of the biological component of soil health. In the context of ecosystem services and soil health, the biomass or metabolic activity of species are more useful measures of their abundance than numbers of individuals. Thus, understanding of soil health and ecosystem function requires, besides knowledge of species diversity within functional classes, assessment of the range of functions currently performed in the system and the abundances of organisms by which they are performed. We propose a diversity-weighted abundance product for comparison of the functional magnitude of different assemblages of like organisms.     

吉林黑土区不同施肥条件下农田土壤动物组成及多样性变化

采用手捡法和改良干漏斗法(Modified.Tullgren)对吉林黑土区长期定位施肥农田土壤动物群落组成及多样性进行研究。12个施肥小区内共采集108个土壤样品,获得农田土壤动物标本17265只(未鉴定标本187只),隶属3门9纲19目3亚目48科。统计分析结果表明,所采集标本中,营养功能群以植食性(35.53%)为主。其中,大型农田土壤动物捕获的个体数和类群数以撂荒和施氮肥区最多;中小型农田土壤动物则以撂荒和轮作区最多;大型农田土壤动物群落的多样性指数(H′)依次是NP>N>1.5MNPK>PK>M2NPK>CK>NK>NPK>M1NPK>轮作>SNPK>撂荒,中小型农田土壤动物多样性指数依次是M1NPK>M2NPK>SNPK>1.5MNPK>NP>CK>轮作>NK>NPK>PK>N>撂荒。群落相似性指数分析表明,不同施肥之间相似性系数一般较低。农田土壤动物群落组成异质性较高,SNPK与M1NPK、撂荒地处理之间的相似性明显高于其他群落,N与SNPK、M2NPK和轮作之间、CK与1.5MNPK和NPK之间的相似性明显低于其它施肥之间的相似性。反映出不同施肥处理对土壤生态系统内部环境,进而对土壤动物群落产生的影响。     

退化喀斯特植被恢复与土壤微生物特征的关系

The mechanism of vegetation restoration on degraded karst regions has been a research focus of soil science and ecology for the last decade.In an attempt to preferably interpret the soil microbiological characteristic variation associated with vegetation restoration and further to explore the role of soil microbiology in vegetation restoration mechanism of degraded karst regions,we measured microbial biomass C and basal respiration in soils during vegetation restoration in Zhenfeng County of southwestern Guizhou Province,China.The community level physiological profiles(CLPP) of the soil microbial community to were estimated determine if vegetation changes were accompanied by changes in functioning of soil microbial communities.The results showed that soil microbial biomass C and microbial quotient(microbial biomass C/organic C) tended to increase with vegetation restoration,being in the order arboreal community stage > shrubby community stage > herbaceous community stage > bare land stage.Similar trend was found in the change of basal respiration(BR).The metabolic quotient(the ratio of basal respiration to microbial biomass,qCO 2) decreased with vegetation restoration,and remained at a constantly low level in the arboreal community stage.Analyses of the CLPP data indicated that vegetation restoration tended to result in higher average well color development,substrate richness,and functional diversity.Average utilization of specific substrate guilds was highest in the arboreal community stage.Principle component analysis of the CLPP data further indicated that the arboreal community stage was distinctly different from the other three stages.In conclusion,vegetation restoration improved soil microbial biomass C,respiration,and utilization of carbon sources,and decreased qCO 2,thus creating better soil conditions,which in turn could promote the restoration of vegetation on degraded karst regions.     

Changes in plant diversity,biomass and soil C,in alpine meadows at different degradation stages in the headwater region of three rivers,China

Field surveys and experiment analyses were applied to detect the relationships between plant diversity, community biomass and soil resources at different degradation successional stages in the headwater region of three rivers in an alpine meadow. The chronosequence approach (space‐for‐time substitution) is a viable tool for obtaining integrated information within successional studies. The experimental plots were located in the Guoluo area, which is part of the source region for the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The results showed not only that the quantities of roots and soil that are ‘carriers’ for cultivating soil roots were altered not only by disturbance (including overgrazing) and environmental factors but also that the proportion of the rhizome to soil at the 0–10 cm soil layer was enhanced by disturbance in heavy degradation. The plant community composition changed, and the number of plant species and the proportions of fine forage decreased. Moreover, soil fertility levels decreased remarkably, and the soil was degenerated. Plant community biomass levels at different degradation successional stages affected the soil microbial biomass carbon, soil organic carbon and also affected soil fertility conditions. Soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen declined with grassland degeneration, and the distribution of soil organic carbon was influenced greatly. The alpine species Kobresia pygmaea was at different degradation successional stages, and the plant community biomass was significantly related to soil nutrients. In the positive successional series, the composition of plant functional groups became complex gradually, plant species richness was gradually enhanced, and the change in the composition of each plant functional group also reflected the restoration degree plant community structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Productivity affects the density–body mass relationship of soil fauna communities

The productivity of ecosystems and their disturbance regime affect the structure of animal communities. However, it is not clear which trophic levels benefit the most from higher productivity or are the most impacted by disturbance. The density–body mass (DBM) relationship has been shown to reflect changes in the structure of communities subjected to environmental modifications, so far, mainly in aquatic systems. We tested how different seawater inundation frequencies and cattle grazing, which both disturbed and impacted the productivity of a terrestrial system, a salt marsh, affected the size structure of soil fauna communities, expressed by their DBM relationship. We hypothesized that either: (1) all the trophic levels of soil fauna would benefit from higher productivity (i.e., amount of litter mass), reflected by a higher Y-intercept of the DBM relationship; (2) only smaller animals would benefit, reflected by a lower slope of the relationship; (3) or only larger animals would benefit, reflected by a higher slope of the relationship. We collected a large range of soil fauna from different elevation levels in grazed and ungrazed areas, thence subjected to different levels of productivity, represented by litter mass, with the most inundated and grazed area as the least productive one. Considering that pore size must be smaller in inundated and grazed areas, productivity seemed to be a greater factor influencing species distribution than soil structure. We found slopes lower than −0.75, showing that large animals dominated the community. However, a difference between the DBM relationships of the most and least frequently inundated ungrazed sites indicated that higher productivity benefited the smaller animals. Our findings show that high productivity does not equally affect the different trophic levels of this soil fauna community, suggesting inefficient transfers of energy from one trophic level to another, as smaller species benefitted more from higher productivity.