中国介螅水母属二新种（丝螅水母目，介螅水母科）

记述了台湾海峡及其邻近海区介螅水母科Hydractiniidae L.Agassiz,1862介螅水母属Hydractinia van Beneden,1841二新种,即螺旋介螅水母,新种Hydractinia spiralis sp. nov.和反曲介螅水母,新种Hydractinia recurvatus sp.nov.,兹将二新种主要鉴别特征描述于下:螺旋介螅水母,新种:伞无顶突;垂管长圆柱形,约为内伞腔深度2/3;口腕简单,末端具成束刺胞;生殖腺很大,呈椭圆形,几乎覆盖整个垂管间辐位,无水母芽;缘触手6条,4条主辐位,另2条仅在相对间辐位,基球延长锥状,同样大小,无眼点,触手长,近端2/3粗壮,远端1/3变细,具螺旋状刺胞。反曲介螅水母,新种:伞无顶突;垂管短小,呈方形;胃柄显著,约为垂管长度1/2;口有4个主辐位口唇,延长成向上反曲的短口腕,末端具成丛刺胞;4个卵圆形生殖腺,附在二个反曲口腕之间的垂管间辐位,无水母芽;缘触手16条,触手基球膨大,呈锥状,同样大小,整条触手具环状刺胞,末端略膨大,呈椭圆形。     

白色霞水母各发育阶段的形态

对白色霞水母从受精卵到成体水母各发育期的形态进行了描述。受精卵发育成带纤毛的浮 浪幼虫，浮浪幼虫在定置前形成一种凸面的圆形浮浪幼体囊, 经脱囊狭窄柄部拉长进而变成一个细长颈瓶形状，萌发出4个触手成为早期螅状体；螅状体可产生足囊和通过产生匍匐茎形成囊胞进而发育成新的螅状体；横裂为典型的单碟型横裂；新释放的碟状幼体绝大多数为8个缘叶，8个感觉棍和8对钝圆的缘瓣，但畸形个体最多12个，最少6个缘叶，同时对海蜇与白色霞水母的碟状幼体形态进行了比较。成体水母伞径200～300 mm，大型个体超过500 mm。外伞表面光滑,近中央的伞顶上有许多密集的刺胞丛隆起, 8个缘叶，8个感觉棍,口腕非常发达，口腕上有大量刺细胞团。可根据感觉胃囊和触手囊是否连接、缘瓣水管的排列类型、外伞顶中央是否有刺细胞丛以及个体伞径和颜色对白色霞水母、发形霞水母、棕色霞水母和紫色霞水母进行鉴别。     

台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种

本文软水母样品系“延平”II号调查船于2007年1月和4月在台湾海峡20º849’~27º056’N,114º920’~121º241’E水域采集的。根据台湾海峡模式标本,本文描述了软水母亚纲二新种：黑背多管水母,新种Aequorea atrikeelis sp. nov. 和波状触丝水母,新种Lovenella sinuosa sp. nov.。兹将二新种主要鉴别特征描述于下： 黑背多管水母,新种：伞扁平,略呈凸透镜形;胃宽约为伞径1/2;口唇23个,简单,片状,口唇数比辐管数少二倍;辐管47条;生殖腺线状,几乎延伸整条辐管;缘触手14条,触手基球宽锥状,有1个背龙骨突,覆盖着黑色素斑块;每二条触手间有3个（2～4）退化缘疣;所有触手基球和缘疣均有向轴排泄乳突;每二条辐管间有1个平衡囊。 波状触丝水母,新种：4个生殖腺线状,生殖腺中线纵向分开两侧,每侧有不规则波状皱褶,生殖腺从垂管近基部沿着辐管到接近环管;4条主辐位缘触手,基球很大,在背轴隆起突出,具黑色素斑块,每个触手基球两侧具有8～10对侧丝;每二条触手间有6～7个退化缘疣和7～8个平衡囊;缘疣无侧丝,疣顶端具黑色斑点。 关键词：软水母亚纲;分类;新种;台湾海峡 中图分类号：Q958.8; S932.8 文献标识码：A     

湖南淡水水母新记录——信阳桃花水母

在湖南临澧采得淡水水母标本,伞径5.3～12.0mm,平均伞径8.8mm,触手268～586条,平均447条,主辐触手4条显著长于其他触手,刺丝囊疣圆锥形呈环状排列,生殖腺呈长三角扁囊状,淡绿色;平衡囊呈管状,数量在72～154个,平均为108个;经鉴定为信阳桃花水母(Craspedacusta xinyangensis),系湖南省分布的新记录。     

湖南淡水水母一新记录——信阳桃花水母

在湖南临澧采得淡水水母标本,伞径５３～１２０ｍｍ,平均伞径８．８ｍｍ,触手２６８～５８６条,平均４４７条,主辐触手４条显著长于其他触手,刺丝囊疣圆锥形呈环状排列,生殖腺呈长三角扁囊状,淡绿色;平衡囊呈管状,数量在７２～１５４个,平均为１０８个;经鉴定为信阳桃花水母（Ｃｒａｓｐｅｄａｃｕｓｔａｘｉｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）,系湖南省分布的新记录。     

安朵仙水母生活史的实验观察

安朵仙水母在固着的无性繁殖螅状体和浮游的有性繁殖水母体间交替,其生活史中绝大多数环节并不是自发进行的,而是受特定的物理、化学或生物因素的影响。静止水流和雌雄个体间的交互作用对于产卵和受精是非常重要的,受精卵在64h内可经浮浪幼虫阶段变态为4触手螅状体。螅状体能通过单碟型横裂产生水母体,但对温度和光照要求严格。出芽生殖是螅状体无性繁殖的唯一方式,出芽率与温度关系最为密切。大多数碟状体在横裂的过程中生长出口腕,并在脱离螅状体12～24h内翻转为口腕向上、外伞向下的倒立形态。水母体可通过食物和体内的共生藻获得能量。人工条件下,螅状体可长期保存,水母体可以饲养两年以上。     

咖啡金黄水母全人工繁殖和选优试验

<正>咖啡金黄水母(Ghrysaora melanaste),别名咖啡海刺水母,隶属腔肠动物门、钵水母纲、旗口水母目、游水母科、金黄水母属。因为它的伞体呈现半透明的金黄色,伞体边缘触手呈咖啡色而得名。咖啡金黄水母的触手和口腕很长,在水中展开时像飞天仙女的水袖一般,飘逸洒脱,让人惊叹,因此具有极高的观赏价值。咖啡金黄水母主要生活于日本的白令海,在我国沿海尚未见分布。目前国内大部分水族馆内所有的观赏用咖啡金黄水母都是从国外引进的,因而也     

东海水螅水母类生态研究

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′33°00′N、118°30′～128°00′E海域4个季节调查资料,对东海水螅水母类种类组成及优势种、数量分布、生态类群等作了探讨.结果表明鉴定到种的水螅水母类有61种,其中侧管水母(Dipleurosoma pacificum)、四十字盘水母(Staurodiscus tetrastaurus)、无手斜球水母(Hybocodon atentaculatus)和两手拟触丝水母(Paralovenia bitentaculata)等4种是国内首次记录;热带假帽水母(Pseudotiara tropica)、多手毒水母(Toxorchis polynema)和高华丽水母(Aglantha elata)等3种为东海首次记录.大洋性种有15种,其总N/O值为3.07,外海性种类略强于近海性.半口壮丽水母(Aglaura hemistoma)占绝对优势(64.1%),其分布往往与暖流消长有关.本区水螅水母类可分为近岸广温性、近岸暖水性、外海广温性和大洋暖水性等生态类群;近岸广温类群的种类最多(66%),大洋广温类群丰度较高;它们的演替在一定程度上可反映出不同水系的变化.     

不同饵料方案对煎蛋水母生长的差异性影响

为了进一步优化人工养殖煎蛋水母的饵料方案,分别采用7种饵料及其组合(单一饵料源:海月水母、颗粒饲料、糠虾、丰年虾;组合饵料源:海月水母+颗粒饲料、海月水母+糠虾、海月水母+丰年虾)对煎蛋水母开展了为期30 d的饲养试验,比较了不同方案对煎蛋水母体质量、伞径和口腕长等3个生长指标的影响。结果显示,当试验结束时,各组煎蛋水母的生长指标均有增长,其中,海月水母+糠虾组煎蛋水母最终体质量(45.605 g)与其余6组差异极显著(P<0.01),该组的伞径(9.108 cm)除与海月水母+丰年虾组(8.892 cm)差异不显著(P>0.05)外,与其它5组差异极显著(P<0.01);4个单一饵料源试验组煎蛋水母的体质量和伞径增长均较慢,3个组合饵料源试验组水母的生长速度较单一饵料组快,其中海月水母+糠虾组煎蛋水母的体质量和伞径增长最快,而糠虾组水母的口腕长增长最快。     

4 种大型水母类ITS-5.8S rDNA 序列分析及其在钵水母类系统分析中的应用

由于钵水母类生物地理学研究的缺乏以及不同时期形态变异较大等原因,对其分类鉴定比较混乱和困难。为弥补形态学分类的缺陷,采用通用引物PCR扩增法,测定了分布于黄海北部和辽东湾海域海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)、沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)、海月水母(Aurelia sp.)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)4种大型水母的ITS-5.8S rDNA序列,同时利用Gen Bank数据库中已有的钵水母纲(Scyphomedusae)ITS1(the Ribosomal First Internal Transcribed Spacer)同源序列对其进行序列分析并构建系统树,分析ITS1序列片段在大型水母种类鉴定方面的可行性及其在钵水母类系统及演化中的应用。结果显示,4种水母的ITS-5.8S rDNA序列变异较大且具有明显的序列长度多态性,序列长度范围675~833 bp。钵水母纲很多种类的ITS1序列具有种内长度多态性现象,这种长度多态性主要是由于微卫星重复次数不同所造成的。钵水母纲科间遗传距离为0.295~0.491,种间遗传距离为0.024~0.812;除白色霞水母和海蜇外,种内个体间遗传距离为0.000~0.099。采用ML法(maximum likelihood)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian)构建的分子系统树拓扑结构不完全相同且与形态分类学的观点不太一致。研究表明,ITS基因序列在钵水母纲不同阶元间变异较大,适合于钵水母纲种类鉴定和属内种间水平的系统进化研究。     

云南淡水水母一新种（淡水水母目：笠水母科、桃花水母属）

本描记采于云南省路南县黑龙潭水库的桃花水母属一新种－云南桃花水母，新种主辐触手显长于其他触手，缘膜窄，平衡囊呈“S”形管状，刺丝囊集成丛，呈不连续的环状或螺旋状，生殖腺大，三角袋状，黑色，可明显与所有已发现的种相区别。     

海蜇不同生长阶段的摄食方式和摄食习性

实验室观察海蜇螅状体、碟状体、水母体生长阶段的摄食方式和摄食习性.观察结果表明,海蜇各生长阶段的摄食方式不同,螅状体依靠触手捕获食物,碟状体依靠缘瓣捕获食物,水母体依靠口腕和肩板表面上的吸口完成.三者的摄食习性大致相同,摄食活动昼夜不间断进行,摄食习性是被动性的,对食物的种类只是规格大小的选择.食物规格＜1 mm,最大...     

中华鳖SOX9基因在胚胎期性腺中的表达模式及在性逆转中的表达变化

SOX9基因在脊椎动物性别决定和性腺分化中扮演重要的调控作用。从mRNA和蛋白水平分析中华鳖SOX9基因在不同组织中的差异性表达、在胚胎性腺和成年睾丸中的细胞定位以及在性逆转中的表达变化,研究SOX9基因在中华鳖性别分化中的调控作用。Real-time PCR结果显示,SOX9基因在中华鳖雄性性腺中特异性表达。免疫荧光染色分析显示,SOX9蛋白在雄性18期胚胎性腺中开始表达,随着性腺的发育,SOX9蛋白定位于性腺Sertoli前体细胞细胞核中;而在雌性胚胎性腺并未见其表达。此外,在雌激素诱导的雄性向雌性性逆转胚胎中,SOX9基因显著下调,而在芳香化酶抑制剂诱导的雌性向雄性性逆转胚胎中,SOX9基因表达则显著上升。研究表明,SOX9基因为中华鳖雄性特异性基因,参与雄性性腺的发育过程,可能在中华鳖早期性别分化过程中起调控作用。     

Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility

Various freshwater and marine algal toxins are known to affect plants, fishes, mammals, and invertebrates. During recent mortality events in Texas white shrimp aquaculture ponds, water and shrimp tissue samples were analyzed for cyanobacterial toxins and found to contain microcystin-LR. Cyanoprokaryota dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in water from the affected pond, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena sp. Water samples from the affected pond also contained high levels of microcystin-LR (45 μg/l), whereas adjacent ponds had a diatom-green algal assemblage and no measurable toxin. Unialgal isolates of M. aeruginosa from the affected pond produced microcystin-LR. Free microcystin-LR concentrations in dead shrimp hepatopancreas determined by HPLC were 55 μg/g total shrimp weight, whereas shrimp hepatopancreas from the adjacent pond without shrimp mortalities had no measurable toxin. Muscle toxin concentration was below 0.1 μg/g.     

中湿度表面的海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为研究自然微生物膜中海洋细菌对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,通过海洋贝类生物学、分子微生物生态学等手段调查附着基表面湿度、微生物膜的密度以及细菌种属系统发育与厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着关系。结果表明,所有测试海洋细菌形成微生物膜的最终密度随初始密度的增加而增加。所测海洋细菌均能不同程度地诱导厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着,其中Cobetia sp.3形成的微生物膜显示出最高诱导活性,其诱导的稚贝附着率为(70%±3%);Nautella sp.2、Pseudoalteromonas sp.9、Pseudoalteromonas sp.10、Bacillus sp.5和Pseudoalteromonas sp.11等5株细菌表现中等程度的诱导活性,其诱导的附着率范围为51%~60%。所有测试菌株所形成的微生物膜密度与稚贝附着均呈显著相关,尤其是Pseudoalteromonas sp.9和Cobetia sp.3诱导活性与附着率相关性极强,其相关性系数分别为0.774 1和0.723 3。系统发育分析结果表明,微生物膜密度和厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着率显著相关,然而海洋细菌诱导活性与细菌种属无关。因而,中湿度表面的海洋附着细菌对厚壳贻贝的附着有着明显的促进作用,本研究为后续开展厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着机制提供了理论依据。     

Chicken-derived IgY recognizes developing and mature stages of Loma salmonae (Microsporidia) in Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp.

A polyclonal IgY preparation, purified from yolk of immunized hens, is shown to be useful for the detection of Loma salmonae in Pacific salmon. Purity of the IgY was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blots of yolk protein extracts. Reactivity of the IgY preparation to L. salmonae was determined through indirect-fluorescent antibody tests on purified spores and by immunohistochemistry. Developing xenomas in histological sections of heart and gill tissue of infected chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were visualized as early as 4 weeks post-exposure (PE). Non-lethal detection of L. salmonae was obtained by indirect-fluorescent microscopy of acetone-fixed gill smears. The IgY preparation was shown to react with another Loma sp., L. branchialis. In contrast, no reactivity was observed with other microsporidian parasites of fish such as Pseudoloma neurophilia and Glugea anomala. Yolk derived IgY may be useful in the detection of other fish pathogens.     

A new species of philometrid parasite (Nematoda,Philometridae) and histopathological lesions in juvenile whitemouth croakers,Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest)

A new species of nematode parasite, Philometroides tahieli sp. nov. is described. The juvenile whitemouth croaker, Micropogonias furnieri Desmarest, was collected during the spring and summer of the years 2008–2010 from estuarial environments of Argentina. During investigations of the parasite fauna a nematode encapsulated in the musculature of the operculum was found. The nematodes were removed from the host's muscle tissue and slide‐mounted in lactophenol solution to clarify the specimens. Opercular muscle with the parasite was processed for histopathological examination. Philometroides tahieli sp. nov. can be identified by the location of gravid females in the host, presence of anterior oesophageal bulb, bosses on the surface of the body, presence of transversal mounds and 14 cephalic papillae in two circular rows. The pathogenicity of the parasite is low in the natural environment, but lesions are consistent with a chronic process. The appearance of caseous necrosis suggests the presence of a locally acting substance. Philometroides tahieli sp. nov. is the second species of this genera described from brackish waters, and since the discovery of Philometroides maplestoni in 1928, is the first species of this genus recorded for South America.     

不同地理种群瓦氏马尾藻ITS序列特征及其系统进化分析

为研究不同地理种群瓦氏马尾藻ITS的序列变异,实验采用PCR扩增和序列测定方法,获得了3个不同地理种群15株瓦氏马尾藻的ITS全长序列,并进行序列分析。结果显示,15个个体共出现4种不同的ITS序列,它们相应的ITS1、5.8S、ITS2长度相同,均为762、158和507 bp,共有3个位点发生碱基变异。结合从GenBank中下载的马尾藻科3个属24种马尾藻的ITS序列,以羊栖菜属的羊栖菜,喇叭藻属的拟小叶喇叭藻和下延喇叭藻作为3个外群,采用邻位相连法构建分子系统进化树,结果显示,瓦氏马尾藻的ITS序列优先聚在一起然后以较高的置信度与南海马尾藻和球囊马尾藻聚为一支,在系统发生上显示出更近的亲缘关系。在选取的马尾藻中瓦氏马尾藻与南海马尾藻遗传距离最近为0.004,与拟小叶喇叭藻遗传距离最远为0.422。     

Effects of dietary carotenoid on the gut and the gonad of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

Gonad colour, determined by accumulated carotenoids, is an important marketability factor in sea urchin products. In this study, dietary carotenoids were fed to Paracentrotus lividus in prepared diets to test their effects on the sea urchin's gonad colour. All diets had the same basic content of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and energy. Four diets were enriched with: (I) all-trans β-carotene; (II) astaxanthin; (III) zeaxanthin/lutein/β-carotene; and (IV) capsanthin/zeaxanthin/lutein/cryptoxanthin/β-carotene. A fifth diet had Dunaliella bardawil algal powder containing all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene added, and a sixth one was a control diet with no added carotenoids. Sea urchins were fed the control diet (no pigments) for 4 weeks, then the six experimental diets for 8 weeks. Carotenoid concentration in the gut and gonad was determined by tri-dimensional photo-diode array high performance liquid chromatography. Four qualitative colour categories were established: brown, pale yellow, medium-orange, and mango-orange.Gonad development and test diameter increased equally in all diet treatments. Carotenoid profile and concentration in the gut were higher than in the gonad or in the feed. Total carotenoid concentration was four- to ten-fold greater in the gut than in the gonad, and carotenoid profile in the gut was different from that of the diet. Gut and gonad total carotenoids, β-carotene, and echinenone concentration were not dependent on total dietary carotenoid concentration. Total carotenoid and β-carotene concentration in the gut, and total carotenoid and echinenone concentration in the gonad were significantly dependent on dietary β-carotene concentration. The percentage of gonads with acceptable colour was positively correlated with dietary and gut β-carotene concentration. Carotenoids not normally contained in the diet of P. lividus (astaxanthin, capsanthin and capsorbin), did not accumulate in the gonad. Echinenone was found in all gut and gonad samples. Over 90% of the gonads from P. lividus fed Dunaliella algal powder diet developed the optimal mango-orange colour and this diet led to the greatest echinenone concentration.