亚热带3种森林类型的群落特征与物种多样性的耦合关系

准确把握森林群落特征与其物种多样性的耦合关系是林分管理的基础.选择亚热带3种地带性森林类型,分别为季风常绿阔叶林(米槠林)、天然针叶林(马尾松林)和落叶-常绿阔叶混交林(闽桦-闽楠林),调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本层和藤本植物群落特征(高度、胸径、冠幅、盖度等)并计算了不同层次物种多样性,旨在探讨森林群落特征与物种多样性...     

Leaf litter decomposition and diversity of arthropod decomposers in tropical <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muyong</Emphasis> forest in Banaue,Philippines

The Muyong forest, an indigenous secondary forest in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, plays a crucial role in the Muyong–Payoh system, a continuum of secondary forest and rice terrace, of the Banaue rice terraces by providing water and nutrients to the rice plants in the Payoh terraces. In recent decades, the planting of introduced tree species in the Muyong forest has threatened the sustainable provision of ecosystem services such as water balance and nutrient cycling. To further understand nutrient cycling in the Muyong–Payoh systems, this study was conducted in Poitan, Banaue, Ifugao to gather preliminary baseline data on floral diversity, leaf litterfall rate, leaf litter decomposition rate, and diversity and succession of arthropods in decomposing leaf litter in a Muyong forest. Vegetation analysis was done by identifying and describing the trees growing inside the five 10 m × 10 m quadrat sampling plots. Monthly leaf litter fall was collected in 1 m × 1 m litter traps, and the dry weight was determined after oven-drying at 65 °C for 48 h. Leaf litter decomposition experiment was established by laying out 12 nylon mesh bags containing fresh leaf litter in each of the four sites on the forest floor and one bag was retrieved every month to determine the change in dry weight of the leaf litter. Six bulk soil samples were collected from the Muyong forest floor and analyzed for organic matter, pH, available P and exchangeable K. Fresh leaf litter samples were analyzed for total N, P and K contents. Arthropods in the collected decomposing leaf litter were extracted using Berlese funnel and later identified up to families level using arthropod taxonomic key. The diversity of plants in the Muyong forest includes thirty-eight tree species belonging to 19 families dominated by indigenous tree species. Results showed that the monthly leaf litter fall was higher during the dry months of March to May and lower during the wet months. The estimated total leaf litter fall in Muyong forest was comparable to published litter fall from tropical secondary forests. The N, P and K contents of fresh leaf litter range from 1.0 to 1.2, 0.11 and 0.40%, respectively. The first month of decomposition has the fastest rate while the decomposition rate during the next 4 months ranged from 0.125 to 0.251. Complete decomposition or mass lost in the leaf litter in the Muyong forest took place within 5 months. The soil arthropods identified in the decomposing leaf litter were composed of 13 orders and 28 families. Majority of the collected arthropods were insects while other species including mites, spiders, millipedes and sowbugs were also present. Detrivore and fungivore Families were found to be dominant in the decomposing leaf litter. Moreover, the composition and succession of arthropod decomposer community varied in the three sampling methods and with the changing quality of the litter material as decomposition progressed. The wide diversity and succession of leaf litter decomposers consisting of detritivores, predators, fungivore and herbivore coupled with abundant rainfall and warm temperature are the two main factors that contribute to the fast rate of leaf litter decomposition and nutrient turn over in the Muyong forest. Thus, the Muyong forest can sustain the productivity of rice planted in the adjoining downstream Payoh terraces. Hence, the conservation and management of the Muyong forest is critical in maintaining the ecological functions of the Muyong–Payoh continuum.     

Trophic ecology of the armadillo ant,Tatuidris tatusia, assessed by stable isotopes and behavioral observations

Ants of the genus Tatuidris Brown and Kempf (Formicidae: Agroecomyrmecinae) generally occur at low abundances in forests of Central and South America. Their morphological peculiarities, such as mandibular brushes, are presumably linked with specialized predatory habits. Our aims were to (1) assess the Tatuidris abundance in an evergreen premontane forest of Ecuador; (2) detail morphological characteristics and feeding behavior of Tatuidris; and (3) define the position of Tatuidris in the food web. A total of 465 litter samples were collected. For the first time, live Tatuidris individuals were observed. Various potential food sources were offered to them. A nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) was conducted on Tatuidris tatusia, other ants, and common organisms from the leaf-litter mesofauna. We found a relatively high abundance of T. tatusia in the site. Live individuals did not feed on any of the food sources offered, as usually observed with diet specialist ants. The isotope analysis revealed that T. tatusia is one of the top predators of the leaf-litter food web.     

不同伐藤处理下次生林群落土壤种子库特征及演替趋势

本研究以五指山市受藤本植物危害严重的低海拔次生林群落为研究对象,采用野外植被调查和室内种子萌发试验相结合的方法,对不同伐藤处理下的次生林群落土壤种子库特征、物种多样性及其与林下植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明:（1）人工除藤可提高研究区土壤种子库种子萌发数量及速度,也可延长其种子萌发天数;（2）不同伐藤处理下的土壤种子库中共出现74种植物,隶属35科67属,其中菊科、茜草科和禾本科植物种出现比例较高,而飞机草在不同伐藤处理下的土壤种子库中均为优势种;不同伐藤处理下的土壤种子库物种生活型组成,均以草本植物占明显优势,人工除藤可使土壤种子库中乔木、灌木等生活型的物种数明显增多;（3）不同伐藤处理下土壤种子库种子密度和物种数均随土层深度的加深呈递减趋势,人工除藤可使研究区2~5、5~10 cm土层土壤中的种子密度明显增加;（4）不同伐藤处理下土壤种子库物种多样性指数均无显著差异,且其土壤种子库与林下植被的相似性系数（0.173~0.302）普遍较低,但随着伐藤年限的延长,土壤种子库与林下植被物种组成的相似性增大,伐藤3年处理的群落显著大于未做处理的对照群落。综上可知,人工除藤可提高研究区土壤种子库的植被恢复潜力及天然更新能力,有助于推动该区域次生林群落的正向恢复演替。     

热带滨海台地典型森林类型凋落物及土壤有机碳特征

以海南岛滨海台地5种典型森林植被为研究对象,利用标准地调查法对不同森林类型土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度及单位面积有机碳储量的垂直分布特征进行比较分析,同时对不同森林类型凋落物及土壤表层细根的碳含量、碳密度和单位面积碳储量进行对比分析。结果表明:5种森林土壤有机碳含量介于1.79~10.60 g/kg之间,且随着土层深度的增加而降低;表层土壤(0~10 cm)有机碳密度和单位面积碳储量分别介于0.79~1.47 kg/m2和7.9~14.67 t/hm2之间;桉树林(2.11 t/hm2)和木麻黄林(1.73 t/hm2)凋落物单位面积碳储量高于其他3种林分;5种类型森林土壤表层细根单位面积碳储量介于0.29~0.47 t/hm2之间,木麻黄林最高(0.47 t/hm2),大叶相思林最低(0.29 t/hm2)。     

海南文昌滨海台地不同森林林下灌草多样性及其与土壤因子关联分析

采用典型抽样法,选取海南岛滨海台地3种典型热带森林类型（椰子林、人促更新次生林、次生林）,对林下物种多样性及其土壤理化性质进行调查研究,并探讨物种多样性与土壤因子的相关性。 结果表明：灌木层中东风桔(Atalantia buxifolia)、 琼崖海棠(Calophyllum inophyllum)是3种森林类型的共有物种,其中在椰子林和人促更新次生林林型下占有较大优势;草本层中牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)和地桃花(Urena lobata)是3种森林类型共有草本植物,但并非是优势种。次生林和人促更新次生林林下灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都较高,林下物种组成相对复杂,共有树种有11种,相似系数高达45％。次生林林下植物多样性与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关关系;人促更新次生林植物多样性与土壤全钾、全氮、速效钾、无机氮及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关;椰子林林下植物多样性与土壤各养分含量之间的相关性不明显。经多元逐步回归分析证实：滨海台地热带林土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、铵态氮及无机氮共7个土壤因子对林下植物多样性具有显著影响。     

海南岛甘什岭棕榈藤伴生群落特征及排序分析

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木质森林资源,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用,为了解棕榈藤伴生群落特征及其对棕榈藤种群数量的影响,本研究应用样方调查和排序分析法,对海南岛甘什岭5个棕榈藤种的伴生群落物种组成、物种多样性及其对棕榈藤种群数量影响进行研究。在20个面积为400 m2的样方中,共记录维管植物192种,隶属63科140属。群落植物以大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)和茜草科(Rubiaceae)等为数量优势科,热带科优势明显,建群种为龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)的铁凌(Hopea reticulata)和青皮(Vatica mangachapoi);群落物种丰富度和多样性均以乔木层(54,2.89)最高,草本层(8,1.68)最低。均匀度指数以草本层(0.84)最高,灌木层(0.65)最低;DCA和RDA排序结果表明,除黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)外,其余4种棕榈藤与群落优势种关系密切,群落多数物种多样性因子抑制杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)种群多度,层间植物多样性促进黄藤和多果省藤(Calamus walkeri)种群发展,乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种多样性促进白藤(Calamus tetradactylus)和小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)多度增加。建议加强对甘什岭棕榈藤伴生群落的生境、重要伴生植物和群落物种多样性保护,以促进棕榈藤种群更新繁衍。     

海南文昌3种森林类型凋落物及土壤有机碳现状分析

针对海南文昌滨海台地3种森林类型(人促更新次生林、次生林、椰子林)林下枯落物现存量及土壤活性有机碳性状(有机碳、易氧化有机碳及轻组有机碳含量)进行了测定。结果如下:3种林型凋落物层现存量及总碳储量分别为:椰子林4.53、1.51 t/hm2;次生林1.76、0.65 t/hm2;人促更新次生林1.53、0.60 t/hm2;均为分解层(包括半分解层和全分解层)未分解层。1 m深土层深度内,3种林型土壤SOC、EOC及LFOC含量变化规律一致,均呈下降趋势,且不同林型不同土层间各组分含量差异显著(p0.05)。经相关性分析表明,土壤SOC、EOC及LFOC相互之间具有显著正相关。说明在土壤母质、土壤类型、气候条件基本一致条件下不同植被类型土壤碳库组分比例及变化规律相似,但土壤各组分含量大小各异,从土层分布情况来看,林下凋落物质量和人为因素是碳储量关键影响因子。     

闽北不同类型毛竹林生态系统植被状况对地表径流的影响

以中亚热带杉木纯林（Ⅰ）和常绿阔叶林（Ⅴ）为对照，运用灰色关联法对闽北地区竹杉混交林（Ⅱ）、毛竹纯林（Ⅲ）、竹阔混交林（Ⅳ）3种不同类型毛竹林的生态系统植被状况影响地表径流系数进行了定量分析。结果表明，植被状况参数对地表径流系数影响的大小顺序是：草本层盖度＞凋落物层有效持水量＞物种丰富度＞林分高度＞凋落物总储量＞土壤稳渗速率＞灌木层盖度＞乔木层郁闭度＞土壤层有效持水量=土壤孔隙度；5种林分的植被状况对地表径流系数的影响以常绿阔叶林最大，竹杉混交林对地表径流的影响最小，灰关联度排序为：常绿阔叶林（0.763）＞杉木纯林（0.756）＞竹阔混交林（0.697）＞毛竹纯林（0.621）＞竹杉混交林（0.529）。     

不同类型桉树人工林土壤种子库特征研究

为揭示土壤种子库在桉树人工林可持续经营与物种多样性恢复中的潜在作用,采用野外调查取样和室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了不同桉林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征。结果表明：（1）新造桉林和桉萌芽林土壤种子库储量密度分别为9 804、7 356粒/m2,显著高于对照大叶栎杂木林土壤种子库储量密度（3 614粒/m2）。（2）新造桉林土壤种子库出现物种共15种,分属于9科;桉萌芽林为8种,分属于7科;大叶栎杂木林为16种,分属于11科。不同林型土壤种子库物种组成均以草本为主,灌木次之。（3）种子库垂直分布格局表明,不同类型森林种子主要储存在枯枝落叶层和浅层土壤中。新造桉林和萌芽林土壤种子库具有较高的生态优势度指数,但丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、均匀度指数及土壤种子库和地上植物的相似性系数均低于对照。桉树人工林物种多样性的提高需要适度的人为干预和科学的调控措施。     

海南岛典型地区桉树人工林生态系统碳、氮储量及其分配格局

对海南岛儋州、屯昌和琼海3个地区的2、4和6龄桉树人工林进行调查,研究桉树人工林生态系统碳、氮储量的变化动态及分配格局。结果表明：不同林龄桉树人工林林下植被碳含量为430.5~439.6 g/kg,氮含量为13.3~15.2 g/kg;枯落物碳含量为427.7~475.2 g/kg,氮含量为16.2~18.9 g/kg。0～100 cm土层碳含量为3.11~47.99 g/kg,氮含量为0.34~2.34 g/kg。土壤碳含量和氮含量均有随土壤深度的增加而减小,其中0~10 cm土层的碳含量和氮含量最高。3个地区桉树人工林生态系统总碳储量分别为83.98、158.13和189.58 t/hm2,总氮储量分别为9.61、11.59、和13.08 t/hm2。桉树人工林生态系统碳、氮储量均随林龄的增加而增加,琼海地区碳、氮储量均高于儋州和屯昌。土壤层是桉树人工林主要的碳库和氮库,碳、氮储量分别占生态系统的54.93％~98.54％和94.53％~99.65％,其次是乔木层。就3个地区林龄平均水平相比而言,土壤层碳占生态系统的比例大小为：琼海>屯昌>儋州,而乔木层碳占系统的比例大小为：儋州>屯昌>琼海。土壤层氮占生态系统的比例大小为：屯昌>琼海>儋州。     

Natural Enemies of the Frankliniella Complex Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Ataulfo Mango Agroecosystems

A field survey was conducted in Ataulfo mango (Mangifera indica L.) orchards in Chiapas, Mexico, with the objective of determining the natural enemies of the Frankliniella complex species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Seven species of this genus feed and reproduce in large numbers during the mango flowering. Two representative orchards were selected: the orchard “Tres A” characterized by an intensive use of agrochemicals directed against thrips, and the orchard “La Escondida” that did not spray insecticides. During mango flowering, five inflorescences were randomly collected every 5 d in both orchards, for a total of 18 sampling dates. Results revealed the presence of 18 species of arthropods that were found predating on Frankliniella. There were 11 species in the families Aeolothripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Formicidae, Anthocoridae and Chrysopidae; and seven species of spiders in the families Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, and Uloboridae. Over 88% of predators were anthocorids, including, Paratriphleps sp. (Champion), Orius insidiosus (Say), Orius tristicolor (White), and O. perpunctatus (Reuter). The orchard that did not spray insecticides had a significantly higher number of predators suggesting a negative effect of the insecticides on the abundance of these organisms.     

文昌8个森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

以文昌航天发射缓冲区不同森林群落为研究对象,选择8个不同植被类型,分别设置1 hm2固定大样地,对森林植物群落的多样性、森林植物群落的物种均匀度、森林植物群落的物种优势度进行观测。结果表明：不同森林群落乔木层物种多样性差异显著,半红树林群落树种种类最高,物种多样性最高达到2.38,其次分别是天然次生林和人工混交林;不同森林群落中不同层次植物均匀度总体表现出草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层的规律,但天然次生林由于郁闭度较高,林下草本较灌木少,多样性和均匀度均小于灌木层;红树林物种优势度最小,各物种优势差异不显著。     

海南岛东南沿海地区不同森林类型林地凋落物现存量和养分特征

为揭示热带沿海地区不同森林类型凋落物现存量及其养分元素储存能力的差异,选取林地相邻、生境条件基本一致的青皮林和木麻黄林为研究对象,设置随机样地,采集未分解层、半分解层、已分解层凋落物样品,测定凋落物层现存量和主要养分元素含量、储量及其释放率.结果表明:(1)木麻黄林凋落物层现存量为29.49 t/hm2,是青皮林的2倍...     

桉树林取代马尾松树林后土壤动物组成变化研究

为深入了解不同林龄桉树林下土壤动物的多样性及相似性，客观评价桉树取代马尾松林后的生态效益，利用建立的标准养地，对比研究了广西柳州不同林龄桉树林和马尾松土壤动物群落结构特征。大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡记数，中小型土壤动物采用取土器分层取土，带回实验室采用干漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明，桉树取代马尾松后，土壤动物物种丰富度增加了，但土壤动物的多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均下降，导致群落的稳定性变差。炼山导致生境的改变，影响了土壤动物的数量。随着桉树的持续经营，土壤动物相似程度增加，但与马尾松林下土壤动物的     

Color preference,seasonality, spatial distribution and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in northern highbush blueberries

We investigated color preference, seasonal abundance, spatial distribution and species composition of thrips in northern highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L., in New Jersey (USA). White sticky traps were more attractive to thrips compared with yellow or blue traps. Thrips captures using white sticky traps showed that their flight activity begins 20–30 d after the onset of flowering, with 10, 50 and 90% of trap captures observed at 383, 647 and 1231 degree-day accumulations, respectively (10 °C base temperature). Two methods were used to study thrips distribution within a blueberry bush. First, white sticky traps were placed within the bush canopy at three different heights. The highest numbers of thrips were caught on traps in the middle and top one-third of the canopy while the lowest numbers were caught in the bottom one-third. A second method determined the distribution of thrips on the blueberry plant at different heights and phenological stages. The highest numbers of thrips were found on young leaves at lower parts of the canopy, whereas flowers and fruit had fewer thrips and none were found on buds; these thrips were identified as, Scirtothrips ruthveni (88% of adults) and Frankliniella tritici (12%). The distribution of thrips within a blueberry planting was investigated using an evenly-spaced grid of white sticky traps in combination with on bush beating-tray samples. Thrips counts from traps correlated with direct counts on the bush across the entire blueberry field (macro-scale level); however, within the field (micro-scale level), there was no correlation between the number of thrips on traps and on individual bushes near traps. Early in the season, trap counts were higher on bushes closer to the forest, indicative of movement of thrips from wild hosts into blueberry fields. However, this was not the case for direct on bush counts or trap counts for the later part of the season, where there was no clear forest “edge” effect. Percent fruit injury due to thrips feeding was low, and it correlated with thrips counts on bushes but not from counts on traps. Overall, our data show that thrips counts on sticky traps need to be interpreted with care because these numbers weakly correlated with the numbers of thrips on bushes at the micro-scale level and percent fruit injury; however, they can be useful predictors of thrips activity across entire blueberry fields (macro-scale).     

槟榔间作香露兜对土壤微生物丰度与多样性的影响

研究槟榔林下间作香露兜对土壤微生物群落丰度及多样性的影响,不仅为维护热区农田土壤健康提供理论依据,还为优化槟榔林下间作香露兜模式提供数据支撑。本研究采用大田试验的方法,选择万宁、琼海和陵水3个地区建立试验样地,每个试验样地分别设置槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种种植模式,测定土壤理化性质、养分含量、土壤微生物丰度与多样性等指标,以槟榔和香露兜单作为对照,探究槟榔间作香露兜模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。槟榔间作香露兜模式下真菌丰度显著提高,但多样性没有变化,而间作模式下土壤细菌丰度显著低于香露兜单作和槟榔单作;不同地区试验样地的真菌丰度与多样性不存在差异,但细菌丰度与多样性差异显著;土壤细菌丰度和多样性指数与土壤pH、速效钾、土壤容重以及有机质含量之间存在显著正相关关系,与土壤含水量之间呈显著负相关关系。本研究中,槟榔间作香露兜模式通过降低土壤有机质和速效钾等养分含量,抑制土壤细菌群落丰度与多样性。在不同地区或种植模式下,维持较高的土壤养分水平有助于保持土壤微生物群落结构相对稳定以及维护土壤健康。     

海南滨海台地典型森林土壤物理性质及水源涵养分析

针对海南滨海台地木麻黄林、桉树林、大叶相思林、椰子林、次生林5种典型森林的土壤容重、孔隙度及凋落物持水性能进行了研究。结果表明：5种林分的土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度上层大于下层,土壤容重为上层小于下层;大叶相思林、木麻黄林的土壤容重较小,土壤疏松,孔隙大,凋落物的储量较大,持水性能好,适宜作为滨海台地的水源涵养林。     

Shrub effects on herbs and grasses in semi‐natural grasslands: positive,negative or neutral relationships?

The present study investigated how the abundance and sexual reproduction of herbs and grasses relates to the presence of shrubs of Rosa dumalis in three semi‐natural pastures in Sweden. Shrubs may affect grassland plants negatively by competition, positively by serving as grazing refuge, or neutrally. At different distances from shrubs of R. dumalis, data were collected on plant abundance, frequency of reproductive shoots, vegetation height and litter depth. In one grassland, data were collected on seedling density and frequency of reproductive shoots in the presence and absence of grazing. The shrubs functioned as grazing refuges with taller vegetation, deeper litter and higher probability of reproduction by plants. The overall number of plant species remained the same at all distances from shrubs. Most species showed a neutral relationship with shrubs. Proportionately, 0·08–0·26 of the species showed a negative pattern to shrubs and 0·14–0·30 a positive pattern. Seedling density was negatively correlated with litter depth and peaked at 60–90 cm from shrubs. Establishment of seedlings of small‐seeded species was negatively related to shrubs probably because of thicker litter layer close to shrubs. The observed patterns were compared with different functional traits, such as Ellenberg values, plant height, growth form and Raunkiaer life form. Plant height from data in the literature was the trait that best explained the relationship of plant species to shrubs because tall species were more common in proximity to shrubs. It was concluded that shrubs increase the heterogeneity in grasslands and that intensive shrub‐clearing may negatively affect biodiversity.     

海南儋州橡胶林与热带次生林土壤微生物区系研究

采用时空替代法,选取5 a(幼龄林)、10 a(中龄林)、30 a(老龄林)3个年龄的橡胶林,30 a桉树林和热带次生林,研究不同林型下不同微生物类群数量的差异及其随季节的变化。结果表明:不同微生物类群数量大小顺序为细菌﹥放线菌﹥真菌,细菌占微生物总量为93.17%~98.56%,土壤微生物总量大小顺序为幼龄林﹥中龄林﹥次生林﹥老龄林﹥桉树林;不同林型下土壤微生物数量随季节变化差异明显,旱季到雨季,细菌和放线菌数量先减小后增大,不同林型下土壤真菌数量变化不尽相同;在0~30 cm深土壤层内,5种林型下土壤微生物随土壤深度变化不明显;三大土壤微生物类群数量与土壤含水率、土壤p H值之间呈负相关,与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。