Impact of Agro-industrial Byproducts on Bioconversion,Chemical Composition,in vitro Digestibility,and Microbiota of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

The interest in using byproducts from agro-food industries as a rearing substrate for insects is increasing rapidly. We investigated the influence of byproducts of vegetal origin (okara—a byproduct of soy milk production, maize distillers with solubles, brewer’s grains), used as rearing diet for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), on the following parameters: biomass production, substrate reduction (SR), nutritional profile and in vitro digestibility, and larval gut microbiota. Hen diet was used as a control substrate. The highest larval biomass was collected on maize distillers, whereas the highest SR was observed on okara. The rearing substrate affected ash, ether extract, and chitin larval content. The BSFL reared on okara were characterized by a lower lauric acid content (17.6% of total fatty acids). Diets also influenced in vitro crude protein digestibility (%) for monogastrics, with the highest values for BSFL reared on maize distillers (87.8), intermediate for brewer’s grains and okara BSFL, and the lowest for hen BSFL (82.7). The nutritive value for ruminants showed a lower Net Energy for lactation for BSFL reared on hen diet than okara and dried maize distillers BSFL. The different byproducts showed an influence on the larval gut microbiota, with a major bacterial complexity observed on larvae fed with the hen diet. The neutral detergent fiber concentration of dietary substrate was negatively correlated with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria relative abundance. Insects valorized byproducts converting them into high-value larval biomass to be used for feed production. The results evidenced the effects of the tested byproducts on the measured parameters, underling the chemical composition importance on the final insect meal quality.     

Effect of the formamidine insecticide chordimeform on feeding and reproduction in the noctuid moth,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)

The sub-lethal effects of the formamidine insecticide chlordimeform on feeding and reproduction in the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis, have been examined. By measuring changes in larval weight, chlordimeform hydrochloride was found to reduce food consumption significantly (by 25–64%) in fifth-instar larvae during a 48h period when incorporated at a rate of 0·1–10mg/g of artificial diet. Although no mortality was observed during larval feeding, considerable mortality occurred during pupation and subsequent emergence of the adult from the pupae. The compound also significantly reduced larval feeding by 22–28% compared with the control, when topically applied to fifth-instar larvae. Egg laying in female moths was reduced by at least 88% when chlordimeform was topically applied at a concentration of 1 or 10 μg/moth. Disruption of various components of normal egg-laying behaviour was also observed. The results are discussed in relation to recent evidence that, in addition to a direct killing action, chlordimeform induces abnormal changes in insect behaviour, especially during critical points in the life cycle, which may contribute to the protection of plants from insect attack.     

Sex Specificity in Innate Immunity of Insect Larvae

The innate immunity of insects has been widely studied. Although the effect of sex on insect immunity has been extensively discussed, differences in immunity between the sexes of larvae insects remain largely unstudied. Studying larval sex differences in immunity may provide valuable information about the mechanisms underlying the insect immune system, which, in turn, can be valuable for the development and improvement of pest management. Here we compared the antibacterial activity in both the midgut tissue and cell-free hemolymph of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) females and males at the larval stage without and after a challenge by entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. We also evaluated the sex-specific mortality of L. dispar induced by B. thuringiensis infection. We find that antibacterial activity in the midgut is activated by infection, but only in females. Thus, sex differences in immunity can have important effects even before sexual differentiation at adulthood.     

Artificial Diets With Different Protein Levels for Rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of great economic importance which can feed on more than 300 plant species. As it is polyphagous, its host plants may have variable physical and chemical constitutions. This may influence larval development, as protein and carbohydrate levels are important factors for adequate biological development. The aim of this study was to evaluate insect developmental parameters as well as to compare the food consumption of S. frugiperda larvae reared using diets with different protein levels under laboratory conditions. Three artificial diet formulations were used: one typically used for routine laboratory rearing, based on bean, wheat germ and brewer’s yeast (D₁); one containing half the original amount of protein (D₂), and the other with twice the original amount of protein (D₃). The relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) for S. frugiperda fourth instar larvae varied among diets. The protein present in the diet influenced the duration of larval and pupal periods and pupal weight, but did not affect larval survival, fecundity and longevity of adults. The different protein levels in the diets did not negatively influence population growth, so these three diet variations can be used for mass rearing in the laboratory. However, the influence of these diets on successive generations of the insect remains untested.     

Viscoelastic properties of tablets from Osborne solubility fraction,pentosans, flour and bread using relaxation tests

There is no previously published data covering the viscoelasticity of Osborne protein solubility fractions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the viscoelastic properties of Osborne fractions, water soluble pentosans, flour and bread using relaxation tests. Sintered tablets from glutenins presented similar elasticity as gliadins but almost twice the viscosity. However, most of the wheat viscoelasticity performance in tablets was given by the sum of the non-gluten components (albumins, globulins, residue and especially water soluble pentosans). The residue was 86.1% w/w in flour and contained 4% protein while its estimated viscoelastic effect was higher compared to all the other flour components. Regarding the estimated viscosity in flour due to protein from specific fractions, it was higher in gliadins compared to glutenins. The residue although has low protein in flour (4.0%), the large amount of residue in flour had significant viscoelastic effect. The viscoelasticity of water soluble pentosans corrected by weight was similar to the Osborne protein fractions. The results indicate that the starch, pentosans, and non-gluten components may not be considered merely as inert filler and play a major role in determining the viscoelastic nature of flour and bread.     

Factors influencing the effectiveness of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) in the control of Carduus thistles

Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curcilionidae), a European weevil introduced for the biological control of Carduus thistles, was initially released in 1974 and has become established in Virginia, USA. Studies were conducted to examine the impact of the weevil on Carduus thistles in the field in spring and winter, and in the laboratory. Variables included two thistle species, two thistle sizes and three larval densities. Response of the thistle to larval infestation was influenced by thistle growth, thistle size and larval density. Thistle rosettes grown in the laboratory had the greatest percentage of plants developing necrosis (99%) with none recovering fully; the plant centre died in 89%, and 31% died completely, whereas no field-grown plants died. Spring rosettes developed the next largest percentage of necrosis (85%) and of death of centre (28%), but had the highest percentage of plants recovering (80%). Overwintering thistles developed the least amount of necrosis (43%) and of dead centres (2%), but had a lower recovery rate (61%) than spring thistle rosettes. Neither spring nor overwintering rosettes died even at the highest infestation level (50 larvae). Appearance of symptoms of infestation in overwintering thistle rosettes was influenced by plant species, plant size and rate of larval infestation. Thistle species was not a factor determining when laboratory rosettes manifested symptoms of infestation, and larval density did not influence spring rosettes. Small laboratory thistle rosettes were killed by infestations of 30 larvae (42%) and 50 larvae (100%). Although T. horridus larvae do not kill the majority of the thistles that they infest, they do weaken them by destroying crown tissues. The effectiveness of T. horridus may be greatly enhanced by the joint use of other stress factors.     

Glycemic index of grain amaranth, wheat and rice in NIDDM subjects

Glycemic index of grain amaranth, wheat and rice preparations was studied in noninsulin dependent diabetic subjects. Diets containing 50 g carbohydrate equivalent were given and post-prandial blood glucose estimated at different intervals. Glycemic index calculated for different experimental diets showed that GI of amaranth-wheat composite flour diet (25∶75) was the least (65.6%) followed by wheat diet (65.7%), rice diet (69.2%), amaranth-wheat flour 50∶50 (75.5%), and popped amaranth in milk (97.3%). Therefore 25∶75 combination of amaranth and wheat, wheat and rice can be considered low GI food, 50∶50 grain amaranth and wheat medium GI food and popped amaranth and milk combination high GI food.     

Insecticidal effect of two novel pyrrole derivatives against two major stored product insect species

Several pyrrole compounds exhibit insecticidal properties against a wide range of insect pest species. In the present work, the insecticidal effect of the two new pyrrole derivatives, ethyl 3-(benzylthio)-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-carboxylate (3i) and isopropyl 3-(benzylthio)-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-carboxylate (3k) were studied as stored-grain protectants (maize and barley) against two major stored-product insect species, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jaquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae and the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 ppm) and five exposure intervals (1, 2, 7, 14 and 21d). All T. confusum adults were dead at all doses on barley treated with 3i after 21d of exposure, while for 3k mortality was >92%. Progeny production was very low (≤1 individual per vial) at all doses for both pyrrole derivatives. Mortality of T. confusum larvae was not complete with any dose of both pyrrole derivatives but it exceeded 96% with 3k at 10 ppm after 21d of exposure on maize. For barley, all exposed larvae were found dead at all doses of both pyrrole derivates after 7d of exposure. Mortality of E. kuehniella larvae was complete at 1 and 10 ppm of 3i and all doses of 3k at 7d of exposure. After 14d of exposure, all E. kuehniella larvae were dead at 0.1 ppm of 3i. The results of the present study indicate that the tested compounds have elevated insecticidal effect against both species tested on certain combinations of dose, exposure interval and type of commodity.     

Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide and thiodicarb on survival,development and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is one of the most destructive pest insects in Iran and many other countries. In this study, lethal and sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide, and thiodicarb were evaluated against H. armigera larvae that fed on insecticide-treated artificial diet. The effects of methoxyfenozide and thiodicarb were assessed in 3rd instars. Methoxyfenozide and thiodicarb showed LC₅₀ values of 4 and 639 mg a.i./ml, respectively, in H. armigera larvae. Sublethal effects on development, adult longevity, and reproduction were observed in H. armigera larvae that survived exposure to an LC₃₀ of the insecticides. Larvae that were exposed to an LC₃₀ concentration of methoxyfenozide exhibited lower pupal weight and increased larval and pupal developmental times compared with thiodicarb treated larvae or control larvae. Adults that were exposed as larvae to an LC₃₀ concentration of methoxyfenozide or thiodicarb showed reduced fecundity (35% and 30%, respectively) compared to control adults. The tested insecticides significantly reduced adult longevity. The longevity of adult females that as larvae were treated with an LC₃₀ concentration of methoxyfenozide or thiodicarb was reduced by 28% and 23%, respectively, in comparison to control females. We predict that the combination of lethal and sublethal effects of the insecticides, especially methoxyfenozide, will induce significant effects on field population dynamics of H. armigera.     

Relative nutritional value of some rices for growth ofTribolium castaneum larvae

Growth of red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae with brown or milled rice as the carbohydrate source was faster on diets containing milled rice than on those with brown rice. Larval growth was negatively correlated with amylose content of both brown and milled rice. Among high-amylose (>25%) milled rices, heavier larvae were obtained with rices of low gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values 6–7) than with those with higher gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values < 6). The differences in larval growth reflected relative digestibility of raw rice starch granules.     

Transgenic Bt corn varietal resistance against the Mexican rice borer,Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and implications to sugarcane

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), attacks crops including corn, Zea mays L., rice, Oryza sativa L., sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, and sugarcane, Saccharum spp. Strongly resistant varieties of any kind, native or otherwise, have not been identified. A field plot corn variety test using two transgenic Bt varieties, Pioneer 31G71, expressing the Cry1F insecticidal protein, and Golden Acres 28V81, expressing the Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry3Bb1 insecticidal proteins, and two non-Bt controls, Dekalb DKC 69-72 and BH Genetics 9050, all four commonly grown in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, showed that, although oviposition preference was not affected, 28V81 resisted larval stalk boring to the extent that Mexican rice borer injury was almost non-existent. Pioneer 31G71 was infested nearly as much as the controls, but larval development to adulthood was reduced by ≈70%. Rearing larvae on 5, 50, 500, and 5000 μg of corn leaf tissue per ml of artificial diet showed that, while the three lowest concentrations did not affect larval growth and development, the high concentration of 28V81 reduced survivorship to the pupal stage, decreased weight of 4-wk-old larvae, and prolonged development to pupation. Lower numbers of pheromone trap-captured adults at the edges of commercial Bt and non-Bt corn fields showed that populations were lower at the Bt cornfields, suggesting a lesser rate of adult production. Because corn is a preferred host plant over sugarcane, sorghum or rice, use of resistant transgenic Bt corn varieties will likely protect the crop from the substantial injury that can be caused by the pest. This study also suggests that Bt genes might result in similarly strong resistance when inserted in other vulnerable crops such as sugarcane.     

Studies on multigrain milling and its effects on physical,chemical and rheology characteristics of milled streams

The multigrain blends of wheat-green gram-barley in the ratio of C (100:0:0); B1 (90:5:5); B2 (80:10:10); B3 (70:15:15) were co milled using a Buhler roller mill to produce nutritious flour. The studies showed that the yield of straight run flour (SRF) increased gradually with an increase in blending of green gram and barley with wheat. The highest SRF of 79.71% was obtained from the B3 blend. The coarse bran decreased from 15.95% for the control sample to 9.52% for B3 blending. The milling yield of pollard and fine bran showed a decreasing trend from control to B3 blending. In general, flour yield decreased for reduction passages from C1 to C3 and reduction passages produced higher flour compared to break rolls for all blends. The multigrain milling resulted in an increase in protein(113.1–13.35%) and dietary fiber (2.91–4.65%) content of flour, but sedimentation values (52–38 ml), which is the index of flour strength, decreased significantly. The distributions of mineral matters and fat show wide variation among the mill streams and concentrated in coarse and fine brans. The rheological properties of flour obtained showed increased water absorption (55.8–57.5%) and decreased dough stability(5.5–2.8 min), amylograph peak viscosity (388-335BU) and setback (265-224BU) with an increase of multigrain in blends.     

饲料喂养方法评估草地贪夜蛾对玉米田多种植物的适应性

了解不同植物对植食性昆虫生物学特性的影响是昆虫-植物互作研究的基础,对制定有效的害虫防控策略具有重要意义。入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）可能危害的植物多达353种,但大多数寄主植物对其生物学特性的影响尚不清楚。采集植物新鲜叶片饲喂植食性昆虫幼虫是研究的通用方法,而此方法受气候、地理位置、植物生长周期等条件的限制。以玉米（Zea mays）为参照,选取玉米农田及其周边的6种作物和杂草为试验材料,包括大豆（Glycine max）、豇豆（Vigna unguiculata）、番薯（Ipomoea batatas）、艾草（Artemisia argyi）、油麦菜（Lactuca sativa）和黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）。将上述植物的新鲜叶片统一采集、磨成粉末,按1%比例掺入人工饲料中,分别用这些饲料喂养草地贪夜蛾幼虫,观测其存活（幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率）、生长（幼虫增重、蛹重、相对生长率）、发育历期（幼虫期、预蛹期、蛹期）和食物利用情况（相对消耗率、近似消化率、食物转化率、消化转化率）等,探究草地贪夜蛾取食这7种植物后的生物学特性。为验证植物叶片粉末饲料喂养方法的可行性,同时采集上述植物的新鲜叶片分别喂养草地贪夜蛾幼虫。结果显示大豆、豇豆是草地贪夜蛾适宜的寄主植物;而番薯、艾草、油麦菜对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育具有抑制作用,若将其运用于玉米间作系统中,可减轻草地贪夜蛾的为害。运用层次分析法建立指标评价体系进行量化评分,结果表明,植物粉末饲料和新鲜叶片喂养的效应一致,且前者限制条件少、操作简便,可较好地评估农田植物对草地贪夜蛾生物学特性的影响。     

Sublethal effects of spinosad and emamectin benzoate on larval development and reproductive activities of the cabbage moth,Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Lepidopteran insect pest management has relied heavily on synthetic chemical pesticides, but their efficiency is declining as a result of emerging insecticide resistance. Recently biopesticides have become the most promising products employed in pest management strategies. We investigated the sublethal effects of two bioinsecticides, spinosad and emamectin benzoate, on larval and pupal development, and reproductive activity including calling behaviour, pheromone production, fecundity and fertility of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae. To assess sublethal effects, second instar larvae were fed with 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 μg a.i. spinosad/g diet or 0.00005, 0.0005, or 0.005 μg a.i. emamectin benzoate/g diet. Both bioinsecticides significantly increased larval and pupal development time and negatively affected reproductive activity of M. brassicae. The calling activity of females decreased very significantly in the highest sublethal concentration of spinosad and in all treatments by emamectin benzoate. The results suggest that, both spinosad and emamectin benzoate are promising alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of M. brassicae if successfully introduced into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.     

Effect of wheat germ flour addition on wheat flour,dough and Chinese steamed bread properties

Wheat germ flour (WGF) has been developed as a functional food ingredient with high nutritional value. In this study, WGF was applied in steamed bread-making in order to improve the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). Partial substitution of wheat flour with WGF at levels of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% (w/w) was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties of blends and their steaming performance. Falling number (FN) values of composite flours ranged from 199 to 223 s. Viscosity analysis results showed that wheat flour mixed with WGF had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosities. Dough rheological properties were also investigated using farinograph and extensograph. The addition of WGF diluted the gluten protein in dough and formed weak and inextensible dough, which can be studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. CSB made with WGF had significantly lower volume, specific volume and higher spread ratio. The sensory acceptability and physicochemical quality of CSB were improved with the application of a low level of WGF (3% and 6%). However, results showed that a high level of WGF over 9% is not recommended because of unsatisfactory taste. As a whole, addition of appropriate level of WGF in wheat flour could improve the quality of CSB.     

Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Nursing Responses to Cuticular Cues Emanating from Short-term Changes in Larval Rearing Environment

Honey bee larvae are dependent on the social structure of colony for their provisioning and survival. With thousands of larvae being managed collectively by groups of foragers (collecting food resources) and nurse bees (processing food and provisioning larvae), coordination of colony efforts in rearing brood depends on multiple dynamic cues of larval presence and needs. Much of these cues appear to be chemical, with larvae producing multiple pheromones, major being brood ester pheromone (BEP; nonvolatile blend of fatty acid esters) that elicits both short-term releaser effects and long-term primer effects. While BEP can affect colony food collection and processing with the signaling of larval presence, it is unclear if BEP signals individual larval needs. To understand this aspect, in a series of experiments we manipulated larval feeding environment by depriving larvae from adult bee contact for 4-h period and examined (1) nurse bee interactions with contact-deprived and nondeprived larvae and larval extracts; (2) forager bee responses to contact-deprived and nondeprived larval extracts. We also characterized BEP of contact-deprived and nondeprived larvae. We found that nurse honey bees tend to aggregate more over contact-deprived larvae when compared with nondeprived larvae, but that these effects were not found in response to whole hexane extracts. Our analytical results suggest that BEP components changed in both quantity and quality over short period of contact deprivation. These changes affected foraging behavior, but did not appear to directly affect nursing behavior, suggesting that different chemical cues are involved in regulating nursing effort to individual larvae.     

Natural seed coats provide protection against penetration by Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae

The seed coat is the first host or non-host tissue contacted by bruchids, suggesting its participation in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to favor legume seeds. In the present work, we studied the influence of seed coat on the ability of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae F.) larvae to penetrate, develop in and survive on seeds. Our results showed that the oviposition, larval eclosion and adult emergence of C. maculatus were drastically reduced in some seeds and that the time necessary for the surviving larvae to perforate the seed coat increased by up to 100% in these seeds. The surviving larvae that crossed the Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosae B.) seed coat reached only 55.6% of the mass of a normal larva. The seed coat of some seeds was very toxic to insect larval development. Despite individual variations, seed coats were generally highly restrictive to the development and survival of the bruchid. The study of the seed coat efficiency as a protection tissue against penetration of insects can provide an important tool for new strategies for crop protection. The strengthening of the seed coat defense mechanisms may represent an efficient strategy because the seed chemical defense barrier would be moved to the outer structures and damage to the embryo would be minimized or avoided.     

Host Plant-Based Artificial Diets Enhance Development,Survival and Fecundity of the Edible Long-Horned Grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Wild swarms of the long-horned grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Serville) which are widely harvested for consumption and sale in Africa are seasonal and unsustainable, hence the need for innovative ways of artificially producing the insects. We investigated the development, survival, and reproduction of R. differens in the laboratory on diets mixed with host plants [Digitaria gayana Kunth, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Megathyrsus maximus Jacq (Poales: Poaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)] identified from guts of their wild conspecifics with a view to developing a suitable diet for artificial mass rearing of the edible insect. A standard diet comprising ground black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Startiomyidae) larvae, soybean flour, maize flour, vitamin premix, and ground bones was tested for rearing R. differens as a control against the same ingredients incorporated with individual powders of the different host plants. Whereas R. differens developed more slowly in the diet mixed with D. gayana than in the control diet; its development was faster in the diet mixed with C. dactylon. Mortalities of R. differens in host plant-based diets were 42.5–52.5%, far lower than in the control diet with 71% mortality. The insects raised on the diet mixed with M. maximus laid approximately twice more eggs compared to R. differens fecundities from the rest of the diets. However, inclusion of host plants in the diets had no detectable influence on R. differens adult weight and longevity. These findings support inclusion of specific host plants in artificial diets used for mass rearing of R. differens to enhance its survival, development, and fecundity.     

Effect of sodium chloride on gluten network formation,dough microstructure and rheology in relation to breadmaking

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an essential ingredient to control the functional properties of wheat dough and bread quality. This study investigated the effect of NaCl at 0, 1 and 2%, (w/w, flour base) on the gluten network formation during dough development, the dough rheology, and the baking characteristics of two commercial flours containing different levels of protein (9.0 and 13.5%) and with different glutenin-to-gliadin ratios. Examination of the dough structure by confocal microscopy at different stages of mixing show that the gluten network formation was delayed and the formation of elongated fibril protein structure at the end of dough development when NaCl was used. The fibril structure of protein influenced the dough strength, as determined by strain hardening coefficient and hardening index obtained from the large deformation extension measurements. NaCl had a greater effect on enhancing the strength of dough prepared from the low protein flour compared to those from the high protein flour. The effect of NaCl on loaf volume and crumb structure of bread followed a similar trend. These results indicate that the effect of NaCl on dough strength and bread quality may be partially compensated by choosing flour with an appropriate amount and quality of gluten protein.     

Chemical composition and selected functional properties of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seed flour

Flour samples were prepared from dehulled and undehulledsweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds. The flour samples were evaluated for proximate composition, mineralcontent and selected functional properties. Proximate analysis showed a composition of 54.2% fat, 28.5% carbohydrate, 5.5% crude fiber, 3.1% crude protein and 2.5% ash for the dehulled orange seed flour (dry weight).Mineral analyses showed high levels of calcium and potassium in flour samples. Partially defatted and undefatted flour samples prepared from dehulled orangeseeds had least gelation concentrations of 10 and 12%(w/v), respectively. Water absorption capacity for thedefatted and undefatted dehulled flour samples were 240and 220%, respectively. Defatting improved oil absorptioncapacity of the orange seed flour by 84%. Emulsion activity, emulsion stability and foaming capacity decreasedfollowing defatting of flour. Foam prepared from defattedflour was less stable than that from full-fat flour.Incorporation of NaCl up to 0.2 M improved the foamingcapacity of orange seed flour.